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{{For|Sir Arthur Cayley, Baronet|Cayley baronets}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Arthur Cayley
|image = Arthur Cayley.jpg
|image_size = 240px
|caption = Portrait in London by<br />Barraud & Jerrard
|birth_date = {{birth date|1821|8|16|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Richmond, London|Richmond]], [[Surrey]], [[UK]]
|residence = [[England]]
|nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1895|1|26|1821|8|16|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Cambridge]], [[England]]
|field = [[Mathematics]]
|work_institution = [[University of Cambridge]]
|alma_mater = [[King's College School]]<br />[[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
|academic_advisors = [[George Peacock]]<br />[[William Hopkins]]
|doctoral_students = [[H. F. Baker]]<br />[[Andrew Forsyth]]<br />[[Charlotte Scott]]
|known_for = [[Projective geometry]]<br /> [[Group theory]]<br /> [[Cayley–Hamilton theorem]]
|awards = [[Copley Medal]] (1882)
|footnotes =
}}
 
'''Arthur Cayley''' [[Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society#Fellows|F.R.S.]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|eɪ|l|i}}; 16 August 1821 – 26 January 1895) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[mathematician]]. He helped found the modern British school of [[pure mathematics]].
 
As a child, Cayley enjoyed solving complex maths problems for amusement. He entered [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he excelled in [[Greek language|Greek]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], and [[Italian language|Italian]], as well as [[mathematics]]. He worked as a [[lawyer]] for 14 years.
 
He postulated the [[Cayley–Hamilton theorem]]—that every [[square matrix]] is a root of its own [[characteristic polynomial]], and verified it for matrices of order 2 and 3.<ref>See Cayley (1858) "A Memoir on the Theory of Matrices", ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London'', '''148''' :  24 : "I have verified the theorem, in the next simplest case, of a matrix of the order 3, … but I have not thought it necessary to undertake the labour of a formal proof of the theorem in the general case of a matrix of any degree."</ref> He was the first to define the concept of a [[group (mathematics)|group]] in the modern way—as a set with a [[Binary function|binary]] operation satisfying certain laws.<ref>Cayley (1854) [http://books.google.com/books?id=_LYConosISUC&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q&f=false "On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation θ<sup>n</sup> = 1,"] ''Philosophical Magazine'', 4th series, '''7''' (42) : 40–47.  However, see also the criticism of this definition in:  [http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/Abstract_groups.html MacTutor:  The abstract group concept].</ref> Formerly, when mathematicians spoke of "groups", they had meant [[permutation group]]s.
 
See also [[Cayley's theorem]].
 
==Early years==
Arthur Cayley was born in [[Richmond, London]], [[England]], on 16 August 1821. His father, [[Henry Cayley]], was a distant cousin of [[George Cayley|Sir George Cayley]] the [[aeronautics]] engineer innovator, and descended from an ancient [[Yorkshire]] family. He settled in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]], as a [[merchant]]. His [[mother]] was Maria Antonia Doughty, daughter of William Doughty. According to some writers she was Russian, but her father's name indicates an English origin. His brother was the linguist [[Charles Bagot Cayley]]. Arthur spent his first eight years in Saint Petersburg. In 1829 his parents were settled permanently at [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]], near London. Arthur was sent to a private school. He early showed great liking for, and aptitude in, numerical calculation. At age 14 he was sent to [[King's College School]]. The school's master observed indications of mathematical genius and advised the father to educate his son not for his own business, as he had intended, but to enter the [[University of Cambridge]].
 
==Education==
At the unusually early age of 17 Cayley began residence at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. The cause of the [[Analytical Society]] had now triumphed, and the ''Cambridge Mathematical Journal'' had been instituted by Gregory and [[Robert Leslie Ellis]]. To this journal, at the age of twenty, Cayley contributed three papers, on subjects which had been suggested by reading the ''Mécanique analytique'' of [[Joseph Louis Lagrange|Lagrange]] and some of the works of [[Laplace]].
 
Cayley's tutor at Cambridge was [[George Peacock]] and his private coach was [[William Hopkins]]. He finished his undergraduate course by winning the place of [[Senior Wrangler]], and the first [[Smith's prize]].<ref>{{acad|id=CLY838A|name=Cayley, Arthur}}</ref> His next step was to take the M.A. degree, and win a Fellowship by competitive examination. He continued to reside at Cambridge University for four years; during which time he took some pupils, but his main work was the preparation of 28 memoirs to the '' Mathematical Journal''.
 
==As a lawyer==
Because of the limited tenure of his fellowship it was necessary to choose a profession; like [[Augustus De Morgan|De Morgan]], Cayley chose law, and at age 25 entered at [[Lincoln's Inn, London]]. He made a specialty of [[conveyancing]]. It was while he was a pupil at the [[bar examination]] that he went to [[Dublin]] to hear [[William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]]'s lectures on [[quaternion]]s.
 
His friend [[James Joseph Sylvester|Sylvester]], his senior by five years at Cambridge, was then an [[actuary]], resident in London; they used to walk together round the courts of [[Lincoln's Inn]], discussing the [[theory of invariants]] and covariants. During this period of his life, extending over fourteen years, Cayley produced between two and three hundred papers.
 
==As a professor==
At Cambridge University the ancient professorship of pure mathematics is denominated by the [[Lucasian Professor of Mathematics|Lucasian]], and is the chair which had been occupied by [[Isaac Newton]]. Around 1860, certain funds bequeathed by Lady Sadleir to the University, having become useless for their original purpose, were employed to establish another professorship of pure mathematics, called the [[Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics|Sadleirian]]. The duties of the new professor were defined to be ''"to explain and teach the principles of pure mathematics and to apply himself to the advancement of that science."'' To this chair Cayley was elected when 42 years old. He gave up a lucrative practice for a modest salary; but he never regretted the exchange, for the chair at Cambridge enabled him to end the divided allegiance between law and mathematics, and to devote his energies to the pursuit which he liked best. He at once married and settled down in Cambridge. More fortunate than Hamilton in his choice, his home life was one of great happiness. His friend and fellow investigator, Sylvester, once remarked that Cayley had been much more fortunate than himself; that they both lived as bachelors in London, but that Cayley had married and settled down to a quiet and peaceful life at Cambridge; whereas he had never married, and had been fighting the world all his days.
 
At first the teaching duty of the Sadleirian professorship was limited to a course of lectures extending over one of the terms of the academic year; but when the University was reformed about 1886, and part of the college funds applied to the better endowment of the University professors, the lectures were extended over two terms. For many years the attendance was small, and came almost entirely from those who had finished their career of preparation for competitive examinations; after the reform the attendance numbered about fifteen. The subject lectured on was generally that of the memoir on which the professor was for the time engaged.
 
The other duty of the chair — the advancement of mathematical science — was discharged in a handsome manner by the long series of memoirs which he published, ranging over every department of pure mathematics. But it was also discharged in a much less obtrusive way; he became the standing referee on the merits of mathematical papers to many societies both at home and abroad.
 
In 1876 he published a ''Treatise on [[elliptic function|Elliptic Functions]]'', which was his only book. He took great interest in the movement for the University education of women. At Cambridge the women's colleges are Girton and Newnham. In the early days of [[Girton College]] he gave direct help in teaching, and for some years he was chairman of the council of [[Newnham College]], in the progress of which he took the keenest interest to the last.
 
In 1872 he was made an honorary fellow of Trinity College, and three years later an ordinary fellow, which meant stipend as well as honour. About this time his friends subscribed for a presentation portrait. [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell]] wrote an address to the committee of subscribers who had charge of the Cayley portrait fund. The verses refer to the subjects investigated in several of Cayley's most elaborate memoirs; such as, Chapters on the Analytical Geometry of <math>n</math> dimensions; On the theory of [[Determinant]]s; Memoir on the theory of Matrices; Memoirs on skew surfaces, otherwise Scrolls; On the delineation of a Cubic Scroll, etc.<ref>[[s:To the Committee of the Cayley Portrait Fund|"To the Committee of the Cayley Portrait Fund"]], 1874</ref>
 
In 1881 he received from the [[Johns Hopkins University]], Baltimore, where Sylvester was then professor of mathematics, an invitation
to deliver a course of lectures. He accepted the invitation, and lectured at Baltimore during the first five months of 1882 on the
subject of the ''Abelian and Theta Functions''.
 
==BMA==
 
In 1883 Cayley was President of the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]]. The meeting was held at Southport, in the north of England. As the President's address is one of the great popular events of the meeting, and brings out an audience of general culture, it is usually made as little technical as possible. {{harvtxt|Cayley|1996}}  took for his subject the Progress of Pure Mathematics.
 
He is buried in the [[Mill Road Cemetery, Cambridge|Mill Road cemetery]], Cambridge.
 
==The ''Collected Papers''==
In 1889 the [[Cambridge University Press]] requested him to prepare his mathematical papers for publication in a collected form—a request which he appreciated very much. They are printed in magnificent [[Bookbinding|quarto volume]]s, of which seven appeared under his own editorship. While editing these volumes, he was suffering from a painful internal malady, to which he succumbed on 26 January 1895, in the 74th year of his age. When the funeral took place, a great assemblage met in Trinity Chapel, comprising members of the University, official representatives of Russia and America, and many of the most illustrious philosophers of [[United Kingdom|Britain]].
 
The remainder of his papers were edited by [[Andrew Forsyth]], his successor in the Sadleirian Chair. The Collected Mathematical papers number thirteen quarto volumes, and contain 967 papers.  Cayley retained to the last his fondness for novel-reading and for travelling. He also took special pleasure in paintings and architecture, and he practiced [[Watercolor painting|water-color painting]], which he found useful sometimes in making mathematical diagrams.
 
==Legacy==
<div style="-moz-column-count:4; column-count:4;">
* [[Cayley's theorem]]
* [[Cayley–Hamilton theorem]] in [[linear algebra]]
* [[Grassmann–Cayley algebra]]
* [[Cayley–Menger determinant]]
* [[Cayley diagram]]s &ndash; used for finding [[cognate linkage]]s in mechanical engineering
* [[Cayley–Dickson construction]]
* [[Octonion|Cayley algebra]]
* [[Cayley graph]]
* [[Cayley numbers]]
* [[Cayley table]]
* [[Cayley–Purser algorithm]]
* [[Cayley's formula]]
* [[Cayley–Klein metric]]
* [[Klein model|Cayley–Klein model]] of [[hyperbolic geometry]]
* [[Cayley's Ω process]]
* [[Cayley surface (disambiguation)|Cayley surface]]
* [[Cayley transform]]
* [[Cayley's nodal cubic surface]]
* [[Cayley's ruled cubic surface]]
* The crater [[Cayley (crater)|Cayley]] on the [[Moon]] (and consequently the Cayley Formation, a geological unit named after the crater)
* [[Cayley's mousetrap]] — a card game
* [[Cayleyan]]
* [[Chasles–Cayley–Brill formula]]
* [[Quippian]]
</div>
 
==Bibliography==
*{{Citation | last1=Cayley | first1=Arthur | author1-link=Arthur Cayley | title=An elementary treatise on elliptic functions | origyear=1876 | url=http://www.archive.org/details/anelementarytre01caylgoog | publisher=Cornell University Library | isbn=978-1-112-28006-1 | mr=0124532 | year=2009}}
*{{Citation | last1=Cayley | first1=Arthur | author1-link=Arthur Cayley | title=The Collected Mathematical Papers | origyear=1889 | url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=umhistmath;idno=ABS3153  | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | series=Cambridge Library Collection – Mathematics | isbn=978-1-108-00507-4 | id=[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=The_collected_mathematical_papers_of_Arthur_Cayley archive] | year=2009 | volume=14 volumes}}
 
== See also ==
 
* [[List of things named after Arthur Cayley]]
 
==References==
<references />
*{{Citation | last1=Cayley | first1=Arthur | author1-link=Arthur Cayley | editor1-last=Ewald | editor1-first=William | title=From Kant to Hilbert: a source book in the foundations of mathematics. Vol. I, II | origyear=1883 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Yil-EmrsT2wC | publisher=The Clarendon Press [[Oxford University Press]] | series=Oxford Science Publications | isbn=978-0-19-853271-2 | mr=1465678 |id=[http://www.archive.org/stream/collmathpapers11caylrich#page/n451/mode/2up Reprinted in collected matheamtical papers volume 11] | year=1996 | chapter=Presidential address to the British Association | pages=542–573}}
*{{Citation | last1=Crilly | first1=Tony | title=A Victorian Mathematician: Arthur Cayley (1821–1895) | jstor=3618297 | publisher=[[The Mathematical Association]] | year=1995 | journal=[[The Mathematical Gazette]] | issn=0025-5572 | volume=79 | issue=485 | pages=259–262 | doi=10.2307/3618297}}
*{{Citation | last1=Crilly | first1=Tony | title=Arthur Cayley. Mathematician laureate of the Victorian age  | url=http://books.google.com/books?isbn=0801880114 | publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | isbn=978-0-8018-8011-7 | mr=2284396 | year=2006}}
*{{Citation | last1=Macfarlane | first1=Alexander | authorlink=Alexander Macfarlane| title=Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century | origyear=1916 | url=http://www.archive.org/details/lecturesontenbri00macf | publisher=[[Cornell University Library]] | series=Mathematical monographs | isbn=978-1-112-28306-2 | year=2009 | volume=17}} ([http://library.beau.org/gutenberg/etext06/tbmms10p.pdf complete text] at [[Project Gutenberg]])
 
==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Cayley}}
* {{MathGenealogy|id=7824}}
* {{ScienceWorldBiography | urlname=Cayley | title=Cayley, Arthur (1821–1895)}}
 
{{Copley Medallists 1851-1900}}
 
{{Authority control|VIAF=69046313}}
{{Persondata<!--Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]-->
|NAME= Cayley, Arthur
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[UK|British]] [[mathematician]]
|DATE OF BIRTH= August 16, 1821
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Richmond, London|Richmond]], [[Surrey]], [[UK]]
|DATE OF DEATH= January 26, 1895
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Cambridge]], [[UK]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cayley, Arthur}}
[[Category:1821 births]]
[[Category:1895 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British mathematicians]]
[[Category:Group theorists]]
[[Category:Algebraic geometers]]
[[Category:Graph theorists]]
[[Category:People educated at King's College School, Wimbledon]]
[[Category:Newnham College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Magic squares]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Royal Medal winners]]
[[Category:Senior Wranglers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the British Science Association]]
[[Category:De Morgan Medallists]]
[[Category:Burials in Cambridge]]

Revision as of 13:36, 11 November 2013

28 year-old Painting Investments Worker Truman from Regina, usually spends time with pastimes for instance interior design, property developers in new launch ec Singapore and writing. Last month just traveled to City of the Renaissance. Template:Infobox scientist

Arthur Cayley F.R.S. (Template:IPAc-en; 16 August 1821 – 26 January 1895) was a British mathematician. He helped found the modern British school of pure mathematics.

As a child, Cayley enjoyed solving complex maths problems for amusement. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he excelled in Greek, French, German, and Italian, as well as mathematics. He worked as a lawyer for 14 years.

He postulated the Cayley–Hamilton theorem—that every square matrix is a root of its own characteristic polynomial, and verified it for matrices of order 2 and 3.[1] He was the first to define the concept of a group in the modern way—as a set with a binary operation satisfying certain laws.[2] Formerly, when mathematicians spoke of "groups", they had meant permutation groups.

See also Cayley's theorem.

Early years

Arthur Cayley was born in Richmond, London, England, on 16 August 1821. His father, Henry Cayley, was a distant cousin of Sir George Cayley the aeronautics engineer innovator, and descended from an ancient Yorkshire family. He settled in Saint Petersburg, Russia, as a merchant. His mother was Maria Antonia Doughty, daughter of William Doughty. According to some writers she was Russian, but her father's name indicates an English origin. His brother was the linguist Charles Bagot Cayley. Arthur spent his first eight years in Saint Petersburg. In 1829 his parents were settled permanently at Blackheath, near London. Arthur was sent to a private school. He early showed great liking for, and aptitude in, numerical calculation. At age 14 he was sent to King's College School. The school's master observed indications of mathematical genius and advised the father to educate his son not for his own business, as he had intended, but to enter the University of Cambridge.

Education

At the unusually early age of 17 Cayley began residence at Trinity College, Cambridge. The cause of the Analytical Society had now triumphed, and the Cambridge Mathematical Journal had been instituted by Gregory and Robert Leslie Ellis. To this journal, at the age of twenty, Cayley contributed three papers, on subjects which had been suggested by reading the Mécanique analytique of Lagrange and some of the works of Laplace.

Cayley's tutor at Cambridge was George Peacock and his private coach was William Hopkins. He finished his undergraduate course by winning the place of Senior Wrangler, and the first Smith's prize.[3] His next step was to take the M.A. degree, and win a Fellowship by competitive examination. He continued to reside at Cambridge University for four years; during which time he took some pupils, but his main work was the preparation of 28 memoirs to the Mathematical Journal.

As a lawyer

Because of the limited tenure of his fellowship it was necessary to choose a profession; like De Morgan, Cayley chose law, and at age 25 entered at Lincoln's Inn, London. He made a specialty of conveyancing. It was while he was a pupil at the bar examination that he went to Dublin to hear Hamilton's lectures on quaternions.

His friend Sylvester, his senior by five years at Cambridge, was then an actuary, resident in London; they used to walk together round the courts of Lincoln's Inn, discussing the theory of invariants and covariants. During this period of his life, extending over fourteen years, Cayley produced between two and three hundred papers.

As a professor

At Cambridge University the ancient professorship of pure mathematics is denominated by the Lucasian, and is the chair which had been occupied by Isaac Newton. Around 1860, certain funds bequeathed by Lady Sadleir to the University, having become useless for their original purpose, were employed to establish another professorship of pure mathematics, called the Sadleirian. The duties of the new professor were defined to be "to explain and teach the principles of pure mathematics and to apply himself to the advancement of that science." To this chair Cayley was elected when 42 years old. He gave up a lucrative practice for a modest salary; but he never regretted the exchange, for the chair at Cambridge enabled him to end the divided allegiance between law and mathematics, and to devote his energies to the pursuit which he liked best. He at once married and settled down in Cambridge. More fortunate than Hamilton in his choice, his home life was one of great happiness. His friend and fellow investigator, Sylvester, once remarked that Cayley had been much more fortunate than himself; that they both lived as bachelors in London, but that Cayley had married and settled down to a quiet and peaceful life at Cambridge; whereas he had never married, and had been fighting the world all his days.

At first the teaching duty of the Sadleirian professorship was limited to a course of lectures extending over one of the terms of the academic year; but when the University was reformed about 1886, and part of the college funds applied to the better endowment of the University professors, the lectures were extended over two terms. For many years the attendance was small, and came almost entirely from those who had finished their career of preparation for competitive examinations; after the reform the attendance numbered about fifteen. The subject lectured on was generally that of the memoir on which the professor was for the time engaged.

The other duty of the chair — the advancement of mathematical science — was discharged in a handsome manner by the long series of memoirs which he published, ranging over every department of pure mathematics. But it was also discharged in a much less obtrusive way; he became the standing referee on the merits of mathematical papers to many societies both at home and abroad.

In 1876 he published a Treatise on Elliptic Functions, which was his only book. He took great interest in the movement for the University education of women. At Cambridge the women's colleges are Girton and Newnham. In the early days of Girton College he gave direct help in teaching, and for some years he was chairman of the council of Newnham College, in the progress of which he took the keenest interest to the last.

In 1872 he was made an honorary fellow of Trinity College, and three years later an ordinary fellow, which meant stipend as well as honour. About this time his friends subscribed for a presentation portrait. Maxwell wrote an address to the committee of subscribers who had charge of the Cayley portrait fund. The verses refer to the subjects investigated in several of Cayley's most elaborate memoirs; such as, Chapters on the Analytical Geometry of n dimensions; On the theory of Determinants; Memoir on the theory of Matrices; Memoirs on skew surfaces, otherwise Scrolls; On the delineation of a Cubic Scroll, etc.[4]

In 1881 he received from the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, where Sylvester was then professor of mathematics, an invitation to deliver a course of lectures. He accepted the invitation, and lectured at Baltimore during the first five months of 1882 on the subject of the Abelian and Theta Functions.

BMA

In 1883 Cayley was President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. The meeting was held at Southport, in the north of England. As the President's address is one of the great popular events of the meeting, and brings out an audience of general culture, it is usually made as little technical as possible. Template:Harvtxt took for his subject the Progress of Pure Mathematics.

He is buried in the Mill Road cemetery, Cambridge.

The Collected Papers

In 1889 the Cambridge University Press requested him to prepare his mathematical papers for publication in a collected form—a request which he appreciated very much. They are printed in magnificent quarto volumes, of which seven appeared under his own editorship. While editing these volumes, he was suffering from a painful internal malady, to which he succumbed on 26 January 1895, in the 74th year of his age. When the funeral took place, a great assemblage met in Trinity Chapel, comprising members of the University, official representatives of Russia and America, and many of the most illustrious philosophers of Britain.

The remainder of his papers were edited by Andrew Forsyth, his successor in the Sadleirian Chair. The Collected Mathematical papers number thirteen quarto volumes, and contain 967 papers. Cayley retained to the last his fondness for novel-reading and for travelling. He also took special pleasure in paintings and architecture, and he practiced water-color painting, which he found useful sometimes in making mathematical diagrams.

Legacy

Bibliography

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    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

See also

References

  1. See Cayley (1858) "A Memoir on the Theory of Matrices", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 148 : 24 : "I have verified the theorem, in the next simplest case, of a matrix of the order 3, … but I have not thought it necessary to undertake the labour of a formal proof of the theorem in the general case of a matrix of any degree."
  2. Cayley (1854) "On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation θn = 1," Philosophical Magazine, 4th series, 7 (42) : 40–47. However, see also the criticism of this definition in: MacTutor: The abstract group concept.
  3. Template:Acad
  4. "To the Committee of the Cayley Portrait Fund", 1874
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 (complete text at Project Gutenberg)

External links

42 year-old Paediatrician Stephan Eure from Saint-Paul, usually spends time with pursuits for example kid advocate, big property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. During the recent several months has made a trip to places like Route of Santiago de Compostela.

Template:Copley Medallists 1851-1900

In the event you've just lately been requested by your employer to be posted to Singapore, then this website is for you. Whether or not you're single or married with kids, whether or not you are looking for a condominium, a bungalow, a semi-detached or a public condo, residing and renting a house in Singapore at this time is straightforward when you recognize the ins and outs, the dos and don'ts.

He is a rip-off!! Severely trust me he's on of the scammer agent. He made me believe that I've a spot to remain then when I was about to move the place isn't out there. Then he just took my deposit and agent's charge. By the best way he's also the landlord of the place i am presupposed to lease. He took my money and ran away. However I went to the HDB and complain him, additionally I complain straight to the police. Then the police called him and he got scared. Finally each penny that I gave him, he give it again since HDB and police office is supporting me. Don't be lazy to complain. Go straight to the police and complain these individuals.

i imagine there are good ethical brokers in Singapore. But i have encounter unhealthy experiencing the Christina Fong from realty master. She is admittedly an unprofessional and never moral one. Only considering of undercutiing and squeezing money from ptther people without defending interest of her personal shopper. Proceed to the section Training and look at a map of all worldwide colleges in Singapore or visit the section residential areas for detailed data on the place to stay and why. Information District and Location Have completed no less than 30 property transactions up to now three years. At least 10 of these transactions will have to be for private properties, and at the very least one other 10 needs to be for HDB flats (also known as public housing); Singapore-Indonesia Commercial Affiliation

Agents need to be very resourceful and so they have to work doubly onerous to succeed in out to extra consumers as a result of when the market swings, it turns into very aggressive," said PropNex Chief Executive Mohamed Ismail. "Beforehand, an agent might focus on one space, comparable to HDB, however at this time you may't." An motion for misrepresentation arises beneath the law of tort. A Misrepresentation happens when the Representor (Property Agent) makes a false assertion of existing truth with data of its falsity and with the intention that the Representee (Buyer or Seller) ought to act on it with the consequence that the Representee does act on it to his detriment. Metropolis & South West (D01-08) Tiong Bahru MRT Quiet C/Room F/Furnished w AC No Agent Price

On February 19 we had an appointment with the proprietor and his agent (A and H!) at the condominium to hand over the keys. They went by means of all the things with a wonderful tooth comb. An important lesson we learned over all this is that you simply MUST ENGAGE YOUR PERSONAL AGENT and never rely on the homeowners agent as his priority is to the proprietor not you. Nevertheless, last night time my own agent called me and informed me suddenly that ECG instructed them a buyer goes handy them a check within the morning, so we higher act fast or we may lose the property. Stamp responsibility is to be paid inside 14 days from the date of acceptance of the OTP or Sale and buy a house in singapore (click hyperlink) (S&P) Settlement. For more information, please go to www.iras.gov.sg - Gown Up Your House Woodlands East Industrial & Industrial Affiliation

There may also be a Code of Ethics and a Skilled Conduct Commonplace, as well as the introduction of disciplinary motion in opposition to errant brokers/businesses and dispute decision mechanisms. Preparations shall be made to manage the transition of existing agencies and agents to these new standards, which have but to be finalized. The Proposed Enchancment in High quality for Actual Property Businesses Wheelock Properties put up 95 items of The Panorama in Ang Mo Kio for balloting. With a reduction of 12 p.c, they claimed to promote 80 to eighty five units. Whereas developers are clearing their existing stock, every month there are new projects acquiring their HIGH and new sites released by the government to construct more private housing. The due date of each rental payment; or

To know who pays actual property commissions - whether or not it's sellers or buyers or both or if it is Landlord's or Tenant's or both Divisions vary. All Brokers work on a commission scheme that is determined by the experience, efficiency and various other elements equivalent to recruitment and many others. New brokers can receive from a range of 60%-70% of the full fee received by them from the closure of a deal. High producing brokers would possibly obtain 100% and pay the company (broker) a desk fee. Everybody else falls somewhere in between. Kindly discuss with the FAQ part of the CEA web site-www.cea.gov.sg Co-Broking / sharing of fee There isn't a set formulation. This is based on the demand and supply circumstances in the market. present agents have tertiary education. Template:Persondata