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{{Other uses|Material implication (disambiguation)}} | |||
{{Distinguish2|[[material inference]]}} | |||
{{Transformation rules}} | |||
In [[propositional logic]], '''material implication''' <ref>{{cite book |last=Hurley |first=Patrick |title=A Concise Introduction to Logic |edition=4th |year=1991 |publisher=Wadsworth Publishing |pages=364–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Copi |first1=Irving M. |authorlink1=Irving Copi |last2=Cohen |first2=Carl |authorlink2=Carl Cohen |title=Introduction to Logic |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2005 |page=371}}</ref> is a [[Validity|valid]] [[rule of replacement]] that allows for a [[material conditional|conditional statement]] to be replaced by a [[logical disjunction|disjunction]] [[if and only if]] the [[antecedent (logic)|antecedent]] is [[Logical negation|negated]]. The rule states that ''P implies Q'' is [[Logical equivalence|logically equivalent]] to ''not-P or Q'' and can replace each other in [[formal proof|logical proofs]]. | |||
:<math>P \to Q \Leftrightarrow \neg P \or Q</math> | |||
Where "<math>\Leftrightarrow</math>" is a [[metalogic]]al [[symbol (formal)|symbol]] representing "can be replaced in a proof with." | |||
== Formal notation == | |||
The ''material implication'' rule may be written in [[sequent]] notation: | |||
:<math>(P \to Q) \vdash (\neg P \or Q)</math> | |||
where <math>\vdash</math> is a metalogical symbol meaning that <math>(\neg P \or Q)</math> is a [[logical consequence|syntactic consequence]] of <math>(P \to Q)</math> in some logical system; | |||
or in [[rule of inference|rule form]]: | |||
:<math>\frac{P \to Q}{\neg P \or Q}</math> | |||
where the rule is that wherever an instance of "<math>P \to Q</math>" appears on a line of a proof, it can be replaced with "<math>\neg P \or Q</math>"; | |||
or as the statement of a truth-functional [[Tautology (logic)|tautology]] or [[theorem]] of propositional logic: | |||
:<math>(P \to Q) \to (\neg P \or Q)</math> | |||
where <math>P</math> and <math>Q</math> are propositions expressed in some [[formal system]]. | |||
==Example== | |||
: If it is a bear, then it can swim. | |||
: Thus, it is not a bear or it can swim. | |||
where <math>P</math> is the statement "it is a bear" and <math>Q</math> is the statement "it can swim". | |||
If it was found that the bear could not swim, written symbolically as <math>P \and \neg Q</math>, then both sentences are false but otherwise they are both true. | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Rules of inference]] | |||
[[Category:Theorems in propositional logic]] |
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Template:Distinguish2
Template:Transformation rules
In propositional logic, material implication [1][2] is a valid rule of replacement that allows for a conditional statement to be replaced by a disjunction if and only if the antecedent is negated. The rule states that P implies Q is logically equivalent to not-P or Q and can replace each other in logical proofs.
Where "" is a metalogical symbol representing "can be replaced in a proof with."
Formal notation
The material implication rule may be written in sequent notation:
where is a metalogical symbol meaning that is a syntactic consequence of in some logical system;
or in rule form:
where the rule is that wherever an instance of "" appears on a line of a proof, it can be replaced with "";
or as the statement of a truth-functional tautology or theorem of propositional logic:
where and are propositions expressed in some formal system.
Example
- If it is a bear, then it can swim.
- Thus, it is not a bear or it can swim.
where is the statement "it is a bear" and is the statement "it can swim".
If it was found that the bear could not swim, written symbolically as , then both sentences are false but otherwise they are both true.
References
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