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| | 31 years old Orthopaedic Surgeon Golden from Buckingham, has several hobbies and interests that include wall art, property developers in singapore and building. Enjoys travel and ended up enthused after traveling to Historic Centre of Riga.<br><br>My web site ... [http://www.araxafrios.com.br/?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=user&id=50398 www.araxafrios.com.br] |
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| In [[quantum field theory]], the '''Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model''' (or more precisely: ''the Nambu and Jona-Lasinio model'') is a complicated effective theory of [[nucleon]]s and [[meson]]s constructed from interacting [[Dirac fermion]]s with [[chiral symmetry]], paralleling the construction of [[Cooper pair]]s from [[electron]]s in the [[BCS theory]] of [[superconductivity]]. The "complicatedness" of the theory has become more natural as it is now seen as a low-energy approximation of the still more basic theory of [[quantum chromodynamics]].
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| The model is much inspired by the different field of [[solid state theory]], particularly from the BCS breakthrough of 1957. The first inventor of the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model, [[Yoichiro Nambu]], also contributed essentially to the theory of superconductivity, i.e., by the "Nambu formalism". The second inventor was [[Giovanni Jona-Lasinio]]. The common paper of the authors that introduced the model appeared in 1961.<ref name="Nambu1961I">{{Cite journal
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| | author = Nambu, Y.; Jona-Lasinio, G.
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| | title = Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity. I
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| | journal = Physical Review
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| | year = April 1961
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| | volume = 122
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| | pages = 345–358
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| | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.122.345
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| |bibcode = 1961PhRv..122..345N }}</ref> They then included [[chiral symmetry breaking]], [[isospin]] and [[strangeness (particle physics)|strangeness]].<ref name="Nambu1961II">{{Cite journal
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| | author = Nambu, Y.; Jona-Lasinio, G.
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| | title = Dynamical Model of Elementary Particles Based on an Analogy with Superconductivity. II
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| | journal = Physical Review
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| | year = October 1961
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| | volume = 124
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| | pages = 246–254
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| | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.124.246
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| |bibcode = 1961PhRv..124..246N }}</ref>
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| The model is quite technical, although based essentially on symmetry principles. It is an example of the importance of [[four-fermion interaction]]s. The model is defined in a spacetime with an even number of dimensions. It is still important and in use, mainly, as mentioned, as a substitute for quantum chromodynamics, which does not work perturbatively at low energies, and must be replaced there by models, which are effective, although not rigorous, at these conditions. The NJL model is of this kind.
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| The dynamical creation of a [[fermionic condensate|condensate]] from fermion interactions inspired many theories of the breaking of [[electroweak symmetry]], such as [[Technicolor (physics)|technicolor]] and the [[top quark condensate|top-quark condensate]].
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| Starting with the one-[[flavor (physics)|flavor]] case first, the [[Lagrangian density]] is
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| :<math>\mathcal{L}=\,i\,\bar{\psi}\partial\!\!\!/\psi+\frac{\lambda}{4} \,\left [\left(\bar{\psi}\psi\right)\left(\bar{\psi}\psi\right)-\left(\bar{\psi}\gamma^5\psi\right)\left(\bar{\psi}\gamma^5 \psi\right)\right]=\, i\,\bar{\psi}_L\partial\!\!\!/\psi_L+\,i\,\bar{\psi}_R\partial\!\!\!/\psi_R+\lambda \,\left(\bar{\psi}_L \psi_R\right)\left(\bar{\psi}_R\psi_L \right).</math> | |
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| The terms proportional to ''λ'' are the four-fermion interactions, which parallel the BCS theory.
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| The [[global symmetry]] of the model is U(1)<sub>Q</sub>×U(1)<sub>χ</sub> where Q is the ordinary charge of the Dirac fermion and χ is the chiral charge.
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| There is no bare mass term because of the chiral symmetry. However, there will be a [[chiral condensate]] (but no [[colour confinement|confinement]]) leading to an effective mass term and a [[spontaneous symmetry breaking]] of the chiral symmetry, but not the charge symmetry.
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| With ''N'' flavors and the flavor indices represented by the Latin letters ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', the Lagrangian density becomes
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| :<math>\mathcal{L}=\,i \,\bar{\psi}_a\partial\!\!\!/\psi^a+\frac{\lambda}{4N} \,\left [\left(\bar{\psi}_a\psi^b\right)\left(\bar{\psi}_b\psi^a\right)-\left(\bar{\psi}_a\gamma^5\psi^b\right)\left(\bar{\psi}_b\gamma^5 \psi^a\right)\right]=\,i\,\bar{\psi}_{La}\partial\!\!\!/\psi_L^a+\,i\,\bar{\psi}_{Ra}\partial\!\!\!/\psi_R^a+\frac{\lambda}{N} \,\left(\bar{\psi}_{La} \psi_R^b\right)\left(\bar{\psi}_{Rb}\psi_L^a \right).</math>
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| Chiral symmetry forbids a bare mass term, but there may be chiral condensates. The global symmetry here is SU(''N'')<sub>L</sub>×SU(''N'')<sub>R</sub>× U(1)<sub>Q</sub> × U(1)<sub>χ</sub> where SU(''N'')<sub>L</sub>×SU(''N'')<sub>R</sub> acting upon the left-handed flavors and right-handed flavors respectively is the chiral symmetry (in other words, there is no natural correspondence between the left-handed and the right-handed flavors), U(1)<sub>Q</sub> is the Dirac charge, which is sometimes called the baryon number and U(1)<sub>χ</sub> is the axial charge. If a chiral condensate forms, then the chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken into a diagonal subgroup SU(''N'') since the condensate leads to a pairing of the left-handed and the right-handed flavors. The axial charge is also spontaneously broken.
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| The broken symmetries lead to massless [[pseudoscalar (physics)|pseudoscalar]] bosons which are sometimes called [[pion]]s. See [[Goldstone boson]].
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| As mentioned, this model is sometimes used as a [[Phenomenology (particle physics)|phenomenological model]] of [[quantum chromodynamics]] in the [[chiral symmetry|chiral limit]]. However, while it is able to model chiral symmetry breaking and chiral condensates, it does not model confinement. Also, the axial symmetry is broken spontaneously in this model, leading to a massless Goldstone boson unlike QCD, where it is broken anomalously.
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| Since the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model is [[nonrenormalizable]] in four spacetime dimensions, this theory can only be an [[effective field theory]] which needs to be [[UV complete]]d.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Gross–Neveu model]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| == External references ==
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| * [[Giovanni Jona-Lasinio]] and [[Yoichiro Nambu]], [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Nambu-Jona-Lasinio_model Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model], Scholarpedia, 5(12):7487, (2010). doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.7487
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| {{four-fermion interactions}}
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| {{Quantum field theories}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Nambu-Jona-Lasinio Model}}
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| [[Category:Quantum field theory]]
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| [[Category:Quantum chromodynamics]]
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| [[Category:Superconductivity]]
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31 years old Orthopaedic Surgeon Golden from Buckingham, has several hobbies and interests that include wall art, property developers in singapore and building. Enjoys travel and ended up enthused after traveling to Historic Centre of Riga.
My web site ... www.araxafrios.com.br