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'''Thévenin's theorem''' holds, to illustrate in DC [[circuit theory]] terms, that (see image): | |||
:*Any [[linearity|linear]] [[electrical network]] with [[voltage source|voltage]] and [[current source|current sources]] and only [[resistance (electricity)|resistance]]s can be replaced at terminals A-B by an equivalent voltage source V<sub>th</sub> in [[series and parallel circuit|series]] connection with an equivalent resistance R<sub>th</sub>. | |||
:*This equivalent voltage V<sub>th</sub> is the voltage obtained at terminals A-B of the network with terminals A-B [[open circuit voltage|open circuit]]ed. | |||
:*This equivalent resistance R<sub>th</sub> is the resistance obtained at terminals A-B of the network with all its independent current sources open circuited and all its independent voltage sources [[short circuit]]ed. | |||
For AC systems, the theorem can be applied to [[Reactive power|reactive]] [[Electrical impedance|impedance]]s as well as resistances. | |||
The theorem was independently derived in 1853 by the German scientist [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] and in 1883 by [[Léon Charles Thévenin]] (1857–1926), an [[electrical engineering|electrical engineer]] with France's national [[Postes, télégraphes et téléphones (France)|Postes et Télégraphes]] telecommunications organization.<ref>Helmholtz</ref><ref>Thévenin (1883a)</ref><ref>Thévenin (1883b)</ref><ref>Johnson (2003a)</ref><ref>Brittain</ref><ref name="Dorf">Dorf</ref> | |||
Thévenin's theorem and its dual, [[Norton's theorem]], are widely used for circuit analysis simplification and to study circuit's initial-condition and steady-state response.<ref>Brenner</ref><ref>Elgerd</ref> Thévenin's theorem can be used to convert any circuit's sources and impedances to a '''Thévenin equivalent'''; use of the theorem may in some cases be more convenient than use of [[Kirchhoff's circuit laws]].<ref name="Dorf"/><ref>Dwight</ref> | |||
[[Image:Thevenin equivalent.png|frame|right|Any [[Black box (systems)|black box]] containing resistances only and voltage and current sources can be replaced to a Thévenin [[equivalent circuit]] consisting of an equivalent voltage source in series connection with an equivalent resistance.]] | |||
== Calculating the Thévenin equivalent == | |||
To calculate the equivalent circuit, the resistance and voltage are needed, so [[Simultaneous equations|two equations]] are required. These two equations are usually obtained by using the following steps, but any conditions placed on the terminals of the circuit should also work: | |||
# Calculate the output voltage, ''V''<sub>AB</sub>, when in [[Open-circuit voltage|open circuit]] condition (no [[External electric load|load resistor]]—meaning infinite resistance). This is ''V''<sub>Th</sub>. | |||
# Calculate the output current, ''I''<sub>AB</sub>, when the output terminals are [[short circuit]]ed (load resistance is 0). ''R''<sub>Th</sub> equals ''V''<sub>Th</sub> divided by this ''I''<sub>AB</sub>. | |||
The equivalent circuit is a voltage source with voltage ''V''<sub>Th</sub> in series with a resistance ''R''<sub>Th</sub>. | |||
Step 2 could also be thought of as: | |||
:2a. Replace the independent voltage sources with short circuits, and independent current sources with open circuits. | |||
:2b. Calculate the resistance between terminals A and B. This is ''R''<sub>Th</sub>. | |||
The Thévenin-equivalent voltage is the voltage at the output terminals of the original circuit. When calculating a Thévenin-equivalent voltage, the [[voltage divider]] principle is often useful, by declaring one terminal to be ''V''<sub>out</sub> and the other terminal to be at the ground point. | |||
The Thévenin-equivalent resistance is the resistance measured across points A and B "looking back" into the circuit. It is important to first replace all voltage- and current-sources with their internal resistances. For an ideal voltage source, this means replace the voltage source with a short circuit. For an ideal current source, this means replace the current source with an open circuit. Resistance can then be calculated across the terminals using the formulae for [[series and parallel circuits]]. This method is valid only for circuits with independent sources. If there are [[dependent source]]s in the circuit, another method must be used such as connecting a test source across A and B and calculating the voltage across or current through the test source. | |||
===Example=== | |||
{| | |||
|[[Image:Thevenin and norton step 1.png|framed|left|Step 0: The original circuit]] || [[Image:Thevenin step 2.png|framed|right|Step 1: Calculating the equivalent output voltage]] || [[Image:Thevenin and norton step 3.png|framed|right|Step 2: Calculating the equivalent resistance]] || [[Image:Thevenin step 4.png|framed|right|Step 3: The equivalent circuit]] | |||
|} | |||
In the example, calculating the equivalent voltage: | |||
:<math> | |||
V_\mathrm{Th} | |||
= {R_2 + R_3 \over (R_2 + R_3) + R_4} \cdot V_\mathrm{1} | |||
</math> | |||
::<math> | |||
= {1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega \over (1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega) + 2\,\mathrm{k}\Omega} \cdot 15 \,\mathrm{V} | |||
</math> | |||
::<math> | |||
= {1 \over 2} \cdot 15 \, \mathrm{V} = 7.5 \,\mathrm{V} | |||
</math> | |||
(notice that ''R''<sub>1</sub> is not taken into consideration, as above calculations are done in an open circuit condition between A and B, therefore no current flows through this part, which means there is no current through R<sub>1</sub> and therefore no voltage drop along this part) | |||
Calculating equivalent resistance: | |||
: <math> | |||
R_\mathrm{Th} = R_1 + \left[ \left( R_2 + R_3 \right) \| R_4 \right] | |||
</math> | |||
:: <math> | |||
= 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + \left[ \left( 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega \right) \| 2\,\mathrm{k}\Omega \right] | |||
</math> | |||
:: <math> | |||
= 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + \left({1 \over ( 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega )} + {1\over (2\,\mathrm{k}\Omega ) }\right)^{-1} = 2\,\mathrm{k}\Omega. | |||
</math> | |||
==Conversion to a Norton equivalent== | |||
{{main|Norton's theorem}} | |||
[[Image:Thevenin to Norton2.PNG|right]] | |||
A [[Norton's theorem|Norton equivalent circuit]] is related to the Thévenin equivalent by the following: | |||
:<math>R_\mathrm{Th} = R_\mathrm{No} \!</math> | |||
:<math>V_\mathrm{Th} = I_\mathrm{No} R_\mathrm{No} \!</math> | |||
:<math>I_\mathrm{No} = V_\mathrm{Th} / R_\mathrm{Th}. \!</math> | |||
==Practical limitations== | |||
* Many, if not most circuits are only linear over a certain range of values, thus the Thévenin equivalent is valid only within this linear range and may not be valid outside the range. | |||
* The Thévenin equivalent has an equivalent I–V characteristic only from the point of view of the load. | |||
* The power dissipation of the Thévenin equivalent is not necessarily identical to the power dissipation of the real system. However, the power dissipated by an external resistor between the two output terminals is the same regardless of how the internal circuit is represented. | |||
==A proof of the theorem== | |||
The proof involves two steps. First use [[superposition theorem]] to construct a solution, and then use [[uniqueness theorem]] to show the solution is unique. The second step is usually implied. Firstly, using the superposition theorem, in general for any linear "black box" circuit which contains voltage sources and resistors, one can always write down its voltage as a linear function of the corresponding current as follows | |||
:<math>V = V_\mathrm{Eq}-Z_\mathrm{Eq}I \!</math> | |||
where the first term reflects the linear summation of contributions from each voltage source, while the second term measures the contribution from all the resistors. The above argument is due to the fact that the voltage of the black box for a given current <math>I</math> is identical to the linear superposition of the solutions of the following problems: (1) to leave the black box open circuited but activate individual voltage source one at a time and, (2) to short circuit all the voltage sources but feed the circuit with a certain ideal voltage source so that the resulting current exactly reads <math>I</math> (or an ideal current source of current <math>I</math>). Once the above expression is established, it is straightforward to show that <math> V_\mathrm{Eq} </math> and <math> Z_\mathrm{Eq} </math> are the single voltage source and the single series resistor in question. | |||
== See also == | |||
*[[Millman's theorem]] | |||
*[[Source transformation]] | |||
*[[Superposition theorem]] | |||
*[[Norton's theorem]] | |||
*[[Maximum power transfer theorem]] | |||
*[[Extra element theorem]] | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
*{{cite conference|coauthors=Javid, Mansour|last=Brenner|first=Egon|title=Chapter 12 - Network Functions|booktitle=Analysis of Electric Circuits|year=1959|publisher=McGraw-Hill|pages=268–269|url=http://books.google.ca/books/about/Analysis_of_electric_circuits.html?id=V4FrAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y}} | |||
*{{cite journal|last=Brittain|first=J.E.|title=Thevenin's theorem|journal=IEEE Spectrum|date=March 1990|volume=27|issue=3|pages=42|doi=10.1109/6.48845|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?newsearch=true&queryText=James+E.+Brittain+Thevenin%27s+theorem&.x=41&.y=17|accessdate=1 February 2013}} | |||
*{{cite conference|last=Dorf|first=Richard C.|coauthors=Svoboda, James A.|title=Chapter 5 - Circuit Theorems|booktitle=Introduction to Electric Circuits|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-0-470-52157-1|url=http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-EHEP000347.html|edition=8th|pages=162–207}} | |||
*{{cite conference|booktitle=Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers |editor-last=Knowlton|editor-first=A.E.|edition=8th|year=1949|title=Sec. 2 - Electric and Magnetic Circuits|first=Herbert B.|last=Dwight|publisher=McGraw-Hill|page=26}} | |||
*{{cite conference|last=Elgerd|first=Olle I.|title=Chapter 10, Energy System Transients - Surge Phenomena and Symmetrical Fault Analysis|booktitle=Electric Energy Systems Theory: An Introduction|year=2007|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill|pages=402–429|url=http://books.google.ca/books/about/Electric_Energy_Systems_Theory.html?id=AKTi3UxfhlgC&redir_esc=y|isbn=978-0070192300}} | |||
*{{cite journal|last=Helmhotz|first=H. | |||
|title=Über einige Gesetze der Vertheilung elektrischer Ströme in körperlichen Leitern mit Anwendung auf die thierisch-elektrischen Versuche (Some laws concerning the distribution of electrical currents in conductors with applications to experiments on animal electricity)|journal=Annalen der Physik und Chemie|volume=89|issue=6|pages=211–233|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151746.image.f225.langFR|year=1853}} | |||
*{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=D.H.|title=Origins of the equivalent circuit concept: the voltage-source equivalent|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE|year=2003a|volume=91|issue=4|pages=636–640|doi=10.1109/JPROC.2003.811716|url=http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/paper1.pdf}} | |||
*{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=D.H.|title=Origins of the equivalent circuit concept: the current-source equivalent|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE|year=2003b|volume=91|issue=5|pages=817–821|doi=10.1109/JPROC.2003.811795|url=http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/paper2.pdf}} | |||
*{{cite journal|last=Thévenin|first=L.|title=Extension de la loi d’Ohm aux circuits électromoteurs complexes (Extension of Ohm’s law to complex electromotive circuits)|journal=Annales Télégraphiques|year=1883a|volume=10|series=3<sup>e</sup> series|pages=222–224|url=http://books.google.com/?id=shUAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA222&lpg=PA222&dq=Extension+de+la+loi+d%E2%80%99Ohm+aux+circuits+%C3%A9lectromoteurs+complexes#v=onepage&q=Extension%20de%20la%20loi%20d%E2%80%99Ohm%20aux%20circuits%20%C3%A9lectromoteurs%20complexes&f=false}} | |||
*{{cite journal|last=Thévenin|first=L.|title=Sur un nouveau théorème d'électricité dynamique (On a new theorem of dynamic electricity)|journal=[[Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences]]|volume=97|pages=159–161|year=1883b}} | |||
*{{cite journal|last=Wenner|first=F.|title=Sci. Paper S531, A principle governing the distribution of current in systems of linear conductors|year=1926|publisher=Bureau of Standards|location=Washington, D.C.}} | |||
== External links == | |||
* [http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_10/8.html Thevenin's theorem at allaboutcircuits.com] | |||
* [http://www.tedpavlic.com/teaching/osu/ece209/support/circuits_sys_review.pdf Filter-Order Filters: Shortcut via Thévenin Equivalent Source] — showing on p. 4 complex circuit's Thévenin's theorem simplication to first-order [[low-pass filter]] and associated [[voltage divider]], [[time constant]] and [[gain]]. | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thevenin's Theorem}} | |||
[[Category:Circuit theorems]] |
Revision as of 00:32, 21 October 2013
Thévenin's theorem holds, to illustrate in DC circuit theory terms, that (see image):
- Any linear electrical network with voltage and current sources and only resistances can be replaced at terminals A-B by an equivalent voltage source Vth in series connection with an equivalent resistance Rth.
- This equivalent voltage Vth is the voltage obtained at terminals A-B of the network with terminals A-B open circuited.
- This equivalent resistance Rth is the resistance obtained at terminals A-B of the network with all its independent current sources open circuited and all its independent voltage sources short circuited.
For AC systems, the theorem can be applied to reactive impedances as well as resistances.
The theorem was independently derived in 1853 by the German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz and in 1883 by Léon Charles Thévenin (1857–1926), an electrical engineer with France's national Postes et Télégraphes telecommunications organization.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Thévenin's theorem and its dual, Norton's theorem, are widely used for circuit analysis simplification and to study circuit's initial-condition and steady-state response.[7][8] Thévenin's theorem can be used to convert any circuit's sources and impedances to a Thévenin equivalent; use of the theorem may in some cases be more convenient than use of Kirchhoff's circuit laws.[6][9]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Thevenin_equivalent.png)
Calculating the Thévenin equivalent
To calculate the equivalent circuit, the resistance and voltage are needed, so two equations are required. These two equations are usually obtained by using the following steps, but any conditions placed on the terminals of the circuit should also work:
- Calculate the output voltage, VAB, when in open circuit condition (no load resistor—meaning infinite resistance). This is VTh.
- Calculate the output current, IAB, when the output terminals are short circuited (load resistance is 0). RTh equals VTh divided by this IAB.
The equivalent circuit is a voltage source with voltage VTh in series with a resistance RTh.
Step 2 could also be thought of as:
- 2a. Replace the independent voltage sources with short circuits, and independent current sources with open circuits.
- 2b. Calculate the resistance between terminals A and B. This is RTh.
The Thévenin-equivalent voltage is the voltage at the output terminals of the original circuit. When calculating a Thévenin-equivalent voltage, the voltage divider principle is often useful, by declaring one terminal to be Vout and the other terminal to be at the ground point.
The Thévenin-equivalent resistance is the resistance measured across points A and B "looking back" into the circuit. It is important to first replace all voltage- and current-sources with their internal resistances. For an ideal voltage source, this means replace the voltage source with a short circuit. For an ideal current source, this means replace the current source with an open circuit. Resistance can then be calculated across the terminals using the formulae for series and parallel circuits. This method is valid only for circuits with independent sources. If there are dependent sources in the circuit, another method must be used such as connecting a test source across A and B and calculating the voltage across or current through the test source.
Example
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
In the example, calculating the equivalent voltage:
(notice that R1 is not taken into consideration, as above calculations are done in an open circuit condition between A and B, therefore no current flows through this part, which means there is no current through R1 and therefore no voltage drop along this part)
Calculating equivalent resistance:
Conversion to a Norton equivalent
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A Norton equivalent circuit is related to the Thévenin equivalent by the following:
Practical limitations
- Many, if not most circuits are only linear over a certain range of values, thus the Thévenin equivalent is valid only within this linear range and may not be valid outside the range.
- The Thévenin equivalent has an equivalent I–V characteristic only from the point of view of the load.
- The power dissipation of the Thévenin equivalent is not necessarily identical to the power dissipation of the real system. However, the power dissipated by an external resistor between the two output terminals is the same regardless of how the internal circuit is represented.
A proof of the theorem
The proof involves two steps. First use superposition theorem to construct a solution, and then use uniqueness theorem to show the solution is unique. The second step is usually implied. Firstly, using the superposition theorem, in general for any linear "black box" circuit which contains voltage sources and resistors, one can always write down its voltage as a linear function of the corresponding current as follows
where the first term reflects the linear summation of contributions from each voltage source, while the second term measures the contribution from all the resistors. The above argument is due to the fact that the voltage of the black box for a given current is identical to the linear superposition of the solutions of the following problems: (1) to leave the black box open circuited but activate individual voltage source one at a time and, (2) to short circuit all the voltage sources but feed the circuit with a certain ideal voltage source so that the resulting current exactly reads (or an ideal current source of current ). Once the above expression is established, it is straightforward to show that and are the single voltage source and the single series resistor in question.
See also
- Millman's theorem
- Source transformation
- Superposition theorem
- Norton's theorem
- Maximum power transfer theorem
- Extra element theorem
References
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Bibliography
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Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
External links
- Thevenin's theorem at allaboutcircuits.com
- Filter-Order Filters: Shortcut via Thévenin Equivalent Source — showing on p. 4 complex circuit's Thévenin's theorem simplication to first-order low-pass filter and associated voltage divider, time constant and gain.