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| [[File:Foundation-l word cloud without headers and quotes.png|thumb|[[mail:foundation-l|foundation-l]] word cloud, created with the complete gzip'ed list archives (without duplicate emails from archives and all headers and quoted text in body), using IBM Word Cloud Generator build 32.<ref>http://www.alphaworks.ibm.com/tech/wordcloud</ref>]]
| | Technicians and Trades Workers Bud Fant from Vernon, has numerous interests which include model trains, property developers in singapore and sleeping. Continues to be a travel enthusiast and recently traveled to Mount Carmel: The Nahal Me’arot / Wadi el-Mughara Caves.<br><br>My web-site: [http://usplus2.com/groups/singapores-leading-property-portal-for-new-condominium-launches-singaporepropertyforsale-info/ http://usplus2.com/groups/singapores-leading-property-portal-for-new-condominium-launches-singaporepropertyforsale-info] |
| [[File:Web 2.0 Map.svg|thumb|A tag cloud with terms related to [[Web 2.0]]]]
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| A '''tag cloud''' ('''word cloud''', or '''weighted list''' in visual design) is a visual representation for text data, typically used to depict [[tag (metadata)|keyword metadata (tags)]] on websites, or to visualize free form text. Tags are usually single words, and the importance of each tag is shown with font size or color.<ref>Martin Halvey and Mark T. Keane, [http://www2007.org/htmlposters/poster988/ An Assessment of Tag Presentation Techniques], poster presentation at WWW 2007, 2007</ref> This format is useful for quickly perceiving the most prominent terms and for locating a term alphabetically to determine its relative prominence. When used as website navigation aids, the terms are hyperlinked to items associated with the tag.
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| ==History==
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| In the language of visual design, a tag cloud (or word cloud) is one kind of "weighted list", as commonly used on geographic maps to represent the relative size of cities in terms of relative typeface size. An early printed example of a weighted list of English keywords was the "subconscious files" in [[Douglas Coupland]]'s ''[[Microserfs]]'' (1995). A German appearance occurred in 1992.<ref>{{cite book
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| |title=Tausend Plateaus. Kapitalismus und Schizophrenie
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| |author=Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari
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| |year=1992
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| |ISBN=3-88396-094-2}}</ref>
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| The specific visual form and common use of the term "tag cloud" rose to prominence in the first decade of the 21st century as a widespread feature of early [[Web 2.0]] websites and blogs, used primarily to visualize the frequency distribution of keyword metadata that describe website content, and as a navigation aid.
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| The first tag clouds on a high-profile website were on the photo sharing site [[Flickr]], created by Flickr co-founder and interaction designer [[Stewart Butterfield]] in 2004. That implementation was based on Jim Flanagan's Search Referral Zeitgeist,<ref>A copy of Jim Flanagan's Search ''Referral Zeitgeis''t was [http://web.archive.org/web/20041204231120/http://twiki.tensegrity.net/bin/view/Main/SearchReferralZeitgeist available at archive.org] but has since been blocked. In the comments of a [http://www.37signals.com/svn/archives/000937.php blog entry], a user identified as Steve Minutillo attribute the idea to Jim Flanagan, stating that Flanagan's site had such displays in 2002.</ref> a visualization of Web site referrers. Tag clouds were also popularized around the same time by [[Del.icio.us]] and [[Technorati]], among others.
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| Oversaturation of the tag cloud method and ambivalence about its utility as a web-navigation tool led to a noted decline of usage among these early adopters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/tag_clouds_rip.php |title=Tag Clouds R.I.P.? |publisher=Readwriteweb.com |date=2011-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://woorkup.com/2010/01/20/the-death-of-tag-clouds/ |title=The Death of Tag Clouds |publisher=Woorkup.com |accessdate=2011-05-23}}</ref> (Flickr would later "apologize" to the web-development community in their five-word acceptance speech for the 2006 "Best Practices" Webby Award, where they simply stated "sorry about the tag clouds.")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webbyawards.com/press/archived-speeches.php#2006 |title=Welcome to the Webby Awards |publisher=Webbyawards.com |date=2011-10-28 |accessdate=2013-07-27}}</ref>
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| A second generation of software development discovered a wider diversity of uses for tag clouds as a basic visualization method for text data. Several extensions of tag clouds have been proposed in this context. Examples include Parallel Tag Clouds,<ref name="Collins2009">Collins, C., Viegas, F. and Wattenberg, M., Parallel Tag Clouds to Explore and Analyze Faceted Text Corpora. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST 2009), pp. 91–98, IEEE, 2009.</ref> SparkClouds,<ref name="Lee2010">Lee, B., Riche, N., Karlson, A., and Carpendale, S., [http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/nath/docs/sparkclouds_infovis2010.pdf SparkClouds: Visualizing Trends in Tag Clouds]. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1182–1189, 2010.</ref> and Prefix Tag Clouds.<ref name="Burch2010">Burch, M., Lohmann, S., Pompe, D., Weiskopf, D., [http://www.vis.uni-stuttgart.de/uploads/tx_vispublications/PrefixTagClouds-IV2013.pdf Prefix Tag Clouds]. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV 2013), pp. 45-50, IEEE, 2013.</ref>
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| ==Types==
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| [[File:Word population tagcloud 2011.png|thumb|A data cloud showing the population of each of the world's countries. Created in [[R (programming language)|R]] with wordcloud package. Data from [[Country population]]. Note that the proportional sizes of China and India were divided in half.]]
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| There are three main types of tag cloud applications in [[social software]], distinguished by their meaning rather than appearance. In the first type, there is a tag for the frequency of each item, whereas in the second type, there are global tag clouds where the frequencies are aggregated over all items and users. In the third type, the cloud contains categories, with size indicating number of subcategories.
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| ===Frequency===
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| In the first type, size represents the number of times that tag has been applied to a single item.<ref>Bielenberg, K. and Zacher, M., [http://bielenberg.info/thesis.pdf Groups in Social Software: Utilizing Tagging to Integrate Individual Contexts for Social Navigation], Masters Thesis submitted to the Program of Digital Media, Universität Bremen (2006)</ref> This is useful as a means of displaying [[metadata]] about an item that has been [[democracy|democratically]] "voted" on and where precise results are not desired. Examples of such use include [[Last.fm]] (to indicate genres attributed to bands) and [[LibraryThing]] (to indicate tags attributed to a book).
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| In the second, more commonly used type,{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} size represents the number of items to which a tag has been applied, as a presentation of each tag's [[popularity]]. Examples of this type of tag cloud are used on the [[image]]-[[Web host|hosting]] service [[Flickr]], [[blog]] [[News aggregator|aggregator]] [[Technorati]] and on [[Google]] search results with [[DeeperWeb]].
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| ===Categorization===
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| In the third type, tags are used as a categorization method for content items. Tags are represented in a cloud where larger tags represent the quantity of content items in that category.
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| There are some approaches to construct tag clusters instead of tag clouds, e.g., by applying tag co-occurrences in documents.<ref>Knautz, K., Soubusta, S., & Stock, W.G. (2010). [http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/fileadmin/Redaktion/Institute/Informationswissenschaft/stock/Knautz_Soubusta_Stock.pdf Tag clusters as information retrieval interfaces]. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-43), January 5–8, 2010. IEEE Computer Society Press (10 pages).</ref>
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| More generally, the same visual technique can be used to display non-tag data,<ref>Kamel Aouiche, Daniel Lemire, Robert Godin, [http://arxiv.org/abs/0710.2156 Collaborative OLAP with Tag Clouds: Web 2.0 OLAP Formalism and Experimental Evaluation], WEBIST 2008, 2008.</ref> as in a word cloud or a data cloud.
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| The term '''keyword cloud''' is sometimes used as a [[search engine marketing]] (SEM) term that refers to a group of keywords that are relevant to a specific website. In recent years tag clouds have gained popularity because of their role in [[search engine optimization]] of Web pages as well as supporting the user in navigating the content in an information system efficiently.<ref>Helic, D., Trattner, C., Strohmaier, M. and Andrews, K.: [http://www.markusstrohmaier.info/documents/2011_JoSCCPS-socialcom2010_extended.pdf Are Tag Clouds Useful for Navigation? A Network-Theoretic Analysis]. Journal of Social Computing and Cyber-Physical Systems, 1(1):33-55, 2011. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJSCCPS.2011.043603</ref> Tag clouds as a navigational tool make the resources of a website more connected,<ref>Trattner, C.:[http://www.austria-lexikon.at/attach/User/Trattner%20Christoph/ctrattner_IADIS_WWW_journal.pdf Linking Related Content in Web Encyclopedias with search query tag clouds]. IADIS Internation Journal on WWW/Internet, Volume 9, Issue 2, 2011</ref> when crawled by a search engine spider, which may improve the site's [[PageRank|search engine rank]].<ref>Article: [http://www.softwaremastercenter.com/free-tag-cloud-generator-script.html Free tag cloud generator script for PHP web pages] Retrieved 2009-11-17</ref> From a user interface perspective they are often used to summarize search results to support the user in finding content in a particular information system more quickly.<ref>Tratter, C., Lin, Y., Parra, D., Yue, Z., Brusilovsky, P.: [http://www.austria-lexikon.at/attach/User/Trattner%20Christoph/ht076-trattner.pdf Evaluating Tag-Based Information Access in Image Collections]. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (HT 2012). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2012</ref>
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| ==Visual appearance==
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| [[File:Top 500 by volume on the NYSE.png|thumb|A data cloud showing stock price movement. Color indicates positive or negative change, font size indicates percentage change.]]
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| Tag clouds are typically represented using inline [[HTML]] elements. The tags can appear in alphabetical order, in a random order, they can be sorted by weight, and so on. Sometimes, further visual properties are manipulated in addition to font size, such as the font color, intensity, or weight.<ref name="Lohmann2009">Lohmann, S., Ziegler, J., Tetzlaff, L. [http://www.uni-due.de/~s400268/Lohmann09-interact.pdf Comparison of Tag Cloud Layouts: Task-Related Performance and Visual Exploration], T. Gross et al. (Eds.): INTERACT 2009, Part I, LNCS 5726, pp. 392–404, 2009.</ref> Most popular is a rectangular tag arrangement with alphabetical sorting in a sequential line-by-line layout. The decision for an optimal layout should be driven by the expected user goals.<ref name="Lohmann2009" /> Some prefer to cluster the tags semantically so that similar tags will appear near each other.<ref>Hassan-Montero, Y., Herrero-Solana, V. [http://www.nosolousabilidad.com/hassan/improving_tagclouds.pdf Improving Tag-Clouds as Visual Information Retrieval Interfaces]. InSciT 2006: Mérida, Spain. October 25-28, 2006.</ref><ref name="kaserlemire2007">Owen Kaser and Daniel Lemire, [http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0703109 Tag-Cloud Drawing: Algorithms for Cloud Visualization], Tagging and Metadata for Social Information Organization (WWW 2007), 2007</ref><ref name="salonen2008">Salonen, J. 2007. [http://matriisi.ee.tut.fi/hypermedia/julkaisut/2007-salonen-som-clouds.pdf Self-organising map based tag clouds - Creating spatially meaningful representations of tagging data]. Proceedings of the 1st OPAALS conference, 26–27 November 2007, Rome, Italy.</ref> [[Heuristics]] can be used to reduce the size of the tag cloud whether or not the purpose is to cluster the tags.<ref name="kaserlemire2007" />
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| ==Data clouds==
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| A '''data cloud''' or '''cloud data''' is a data display which uses font size and/or color to indicate numerical values.<ref>{{cite web |title=ManyEyes Visualization and Commentary: ''World Population Data Cloud.'' |url=http://services.alphaworks.ibm.com/manyeyes/view/SIk76IsOtha6qFGgix3cI2- |last = Apel | first= Warren| accessdate=2007-08-26}}</ref> It is similar to a tag cloud<ref>{{cite web |title=ManyEyes Visualization: ''Ad cloud'' |url=http://services.alphaworks.ibm.com/manyeyes/view/Sh3S9FsOtha6OdUrBNWFF2- | last = Wattenberg | first= Martin | accessdate=2007-03-12}}</ref> but instead of word count, displays data such as population or [[stock market]] prices.
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| ==Text clouds==
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| [[File:State of the union word clouds.png|thumb|Text cloud comparing [[2002 State of the Union Address]] by U.S. President Bush and [[2011 State of the Union Address]] by President Obama.<ref name=stateunion>{{cite web |title=TagCrowd visualization: State of the Union |url=http://www.tagcrowd.com/blog/2011/03/05/state-of-the-union-2002-vs-2011/ | last = Steinbock | first= Daniel | accessdate=2011-03-05}}</ref>]]
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| A '''text cloud''' or '''word cloud''' is a visualization of word frequency in a given text as a weighted list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Text Clouds: A New Form of Tag Cloud?|url=http://www.joelamantia.com/blog/archives/tag_clouds/text_clouds_a_new_form_of_tag_cloud.html | last = Lamantia | first= Joe | accessdate=2008-09-11}}</ref> The technique has recently been popularly used to visualize the topical content of political speeches.<ref name=stateunion /><ref>{{cite web |title=US Presidential Speeches Tag Cloud |url=http://chir.ag/phernalia/preztags/ | last = Mehta | first= Chirag | accessdate=2008-09-11}}</ref>
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| ==Collocate clouds==
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| Extending the principles of a text cloud, a '''collocate cloud''' provides a more focused view of a document or [[text corpus|corpus]]. Instead of summarising an entire document, the collocate cloud examines the usage of a particular word. The resulting cloud contains the words which are often used in conjunction with the search word. These [[collocation|collocates]] are formatted to show frequency (as size) as well as collocational strength (as brightness). This provides interactive ways to browse and explore language.<ref>{{cite web |title=Collocate cloud |url=http://www.scottishcorpus.ac.uk/corpus/search/collocatecloud.php | accessdate=2008-12-05}}</ref>
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| == Perception of tag clouds ==
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| Tag clouds have been subject of investigation in several usability studies. The following summary is based on an overview of research results given by Lohmann et al:<ref name="Lohmann2009" />
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| * Tag size: Large tags attract more user attention than small tags (effect influenced by further properties, e.g., number of characters, position, neighboring tags).
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| * Scanning: Users scan rather than read tag clouds.
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| * Centering: Tags in the middle of the cloud attract more user attention than tags near the borders (effect influenced by [[Page layout|layout]]).
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| * Position: The upper left quadrant receives more user attention than the others (Western reading habits).
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| * Exploration: Tag clouds provide suboptimal support when searching for specific tags (if these do not have a very large font size).
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| ==Creation of a tag cloud==
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| In principle, the font size of a tag in a tag cloud is determined by its incidence. For a word cloud of categories like weblogs, frequency, for example, corresponds to the number of weblog entries that are assigned to a category. For smaller frequencies one can specify font sizes directly, from one to whatever the maximum font size. For larger values, a scaling should be made. In a linear normalization, the weight <math>t_i</math> of a descriptor is mapped to a size scale of 1 through ''f'', where <math>t_{min}</math> and <math>t_{max}</math> are specifying the range of available weights.
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| <math>s_i = \left \lceil \frac{f_{\mathrm{max}}\cdot(t_i - t_{\mathrm{min}})}{t_{\mathrm{max}}-t_{\mathrm{min}}} \right \rceil</math> for <math>t_i > t_{\mathrm{min}}</math>; else <math>s_{i}=1</math>
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| *<math>s_i</math>: display fontsize
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| *<math>f_{\mathrm{max}}</math>: max. fontsize
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| *<math>t_i</math>: count
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| *<math>t_{\mathrm{min}}</math>: min. count
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| *<math>t_{\mathrm{max}}</math>: max. count
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| Since the number of indexed items per descriptor is usually distributed according to a [[power law]],<ref>Jakob Voss: ''Collaborative thesaurus tagging the Wikipedia way''. April 2006 [http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0604036]</ref> for larger ranges of values, a [[logarithm]]ic representation makes sense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.echochamberproject.com/node/247 |title=Kentbyte: ''Tag Cloud Font Distribution Algorithm''. June 2005 |publisher=Echochamberproject.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-27}}</ref>
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| Implementations of tag clouds also include text parsing and filtering out unhelpful tags such as common words, numbers, and punctuation.
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| There are also websites creating artificially or randomly weighted tag clouds, for advertising, or for humorous results.
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| ==See also==
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| [[File:Wikipedia Wordle - Top 1000 vital article hits.png|thumb|Wordle constructed from Wikipedia's top 1000 vital articles sorted by number of views.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikistics.falsikon.de/latest/wikipedia/en/topics/Vital_articles.htm |title=Monthly wiki page Hits for en.wikipedia |publisher=Wikistics.falsikon.de |date=2009-08-31 |accessdate=2013-07-27}}</ref> Available at Wordle gallery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordle.net/show/wrdl/3017653/WikipediaTop1000VitalArticleHits |title=WikipediaTop1000VitalArticleHits |publisher=Wordle |date= |accessdate=2013-07-27}}</ref>]]
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| * [[Concordance (publishing)|Concordance]]
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| * [[Folksonomy]]
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| * [[Keywords]]
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| * [[tf-idf]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{commons category|Word clouds}}
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| * [http://www.joelamantia.com/ideas/tag-clouds-evolve-understanding-tag-clouds Understanding Tag Clouds] - an information design analysis of tag clouds
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| * [http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2007/11/07/tag-clouds-gallery-examples-and-good-practices/ Tag Clouds Gallery: Examples and Good Practices] - comparison of tag cloud visual designs
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| * [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2006/06/08/designing-tag-clouds.html Design tips for building tag clouds] - software development guide from O'Reilly's ONLamp
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| * [http://www.smashingapps.com/2011/12/15/nine-excellent-yet-free-online-word-cloud-generators.html 9 Word Cloud generators in one place] - these are all free to experiment with.
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| * [http://answergarden.ch AnswerGarden] - A realtime social tagcloud creation tool.
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| [[Category:Web 2.0 neologisms]]
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| [[Category:Visualization (graphic)]]
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