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| {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
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| {{Infobox scientist
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| |name = Erwin Schrödinger
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| |image = Erwin Schrödinger.jpg
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| |image_size =
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| |birth_name = Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger
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| |birth_date = {{birth date|1887|8|12|df=y}}
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| |birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
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| |death_date = {{death date and age|1961|1|4|1887|8|12|df=y}}
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| |death_place = Vienna, Austria
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| |citizenship = [[Austria]], [[Ireland]]
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| |nationality = Austrian
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| |fields = [[Physics]]
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| |workplaces = [[University of Breslau]] [[University of Zürich]] [[Humboldt University of Berlin]]<br />
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| [[University of Oxford]]<br /> [[University of Graz]]<br /> [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]]<br /> [[Ghent University]]
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| |alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]
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| |doctoral_advisor = [[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]]
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| |academic_advisors = [[Franz S. Exner]]<br />[[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]]
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| |doctoral_students =
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| |notable_students = [[Linus Pauling]]<br />[[Felix Bloch]]<br />[[Brendan Scaife]]
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| |known_for = {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|'''[[Schrödinger equation]]'''<br />[[Schrödinger's cat]]<br />[[Schrödinger method]]<br />[[Schrödinger functional]]<br />[[Schrödinger group]]<br />[[Schrödinger picture]]<br />[[Schrödinger-Newton equations]]<br />[[Schrödinger field]]<br />[[Møller-Plesset perturbation theory#Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory|Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation]]<br />[[Schrödinger logic]]s<br />[[Classical unified field theories|Schrödinger's pure-affine theory]]<br />[[Coherent states]]<br />[[Energy level]]<br />[[Entropy and life]]<br />[[Interpretations of quantum mechanics]]<br />[[Qualia]]<br />[[Quantum biology]]<br />[[Quantum superposition]]<br />[[Subject–object problem]]<br>[[Cat state]]}}
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| |spouse = Annemarie Bertel (1920–61)<ref name="Moore1992">{{cite book| first =Walter J | last = Moore|title=Schrödinger, life and thought|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m-YF1glKWLoC&pg=PR10|accessdate=7 November 2011|date= 29 May 1992|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43767-7|pages=10–}}</ref>
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| |awards = {{nowrap|[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1933)}}<br />[[Max Planck Medal]] (1937)
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| |signature = Erwin Schrödinger signature.svg
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| }}
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| [[File:Erwin Schrodinger at U Vienna.JPG|thumb|thumb|upright|Bust of Schrödinger, in the courtyard arcade of the main building, [[University of Vienna]], Austria]]
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| '''Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|r|oʊ|d|ɪ|ŋ|ər}}; {{IPA-de|ˈɛʁviːn ˈʃʁøːdɪŋɐ|lang}}; 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961) was an [[Austrians|Austrian]] [[physicist]] who developed a number of fundamental results in the field of [[quantum field theory|quantum theory]], which formed the basis of wave mechanics: he formulated the wave equation (stationary and time-dependent [[Schrödinger equation]]) and revealed the identity of his development of the formalism and [[matrix mechanics]]. Schrödinger proposed an original interpretation of the physical meaning of the wave function and in subsequent years repeatedly criticized the conventional [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of quantum mechanics (using e.g. the paradox of [[Schrödinger's cat]]). | |
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| In addition, he was the author of many works in various fields of physics: [[statistical mechanics]] and [[thermodynamics]], physics of dielectrics, [[color theory]], [[electrodynamics]], [[general relativity]], and [[cosmology]], and he made several attempts to construct a unified field theory. In his book ''[[What Is Life?]]'' Schrödinger addressed the problems of genetics, looking at the phenomenon of life from the point of view of physics. He paid great attention to the philosophical aspects of science, ancient and oriental philosophical concepts, ethics and religion.<ref name = "frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Heitler | first1 = W. | authorlink = Walter Heitler
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| | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1961.0017 | title = Erwin Schrodinger. 1887-1961 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]
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| |volume = 7 | pages = 221–226 | year = 1961 | jstor = 769408}}</ref> He also wrote on philosophy and theoretical biology.
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| == Biography ==
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| === Early years ===
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| On 12 August 1887, Schrödinger was born in Vienna, Austria, to Rudolf Schrödinger (cerecloth producer, botanist) and Georgine Emilia Brenda (daughter of Alexander Bauer, Professor of Chemistry, [[Vienna University of Technology|Technische Hochschule Vienna]]). He was their only child.
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| His mother was half Austrian and half English; his father was Catholic and his mother was Lutheran. Despite being raised in a religious household, he called himself an [[atheist]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Life of Erwin Schrödinger|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521469340|pages=289–290|author=Walter J. Moore|quote=In one respect, however, he is not a romantic: he does not idealize the person of the beloved, his highest praise is to consider her his equal. "When you feel your own equal in the body of a beautiful woman, just as ready to forget the world for you as you for her - oh my good Lord - who can describe what happiness then. You can live it, now and again - you cannot speak of it." Of course, he does speak of it, and almost always with religious imagery. Yet at this time he also wrote, "By the way, I never realized that to be nonbelieving, to be an atheist, was a thing to be proud of. It went without saying as it were." And in another place at about this same time: "Our creed is indeed a queer creed. You others, Christians (and similar people), consider our ethics much inferior, indeed abominable. There is that little difference. We adhere to ours in practice, you don't."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Spooky Physics|publisher=MSAC Philosophy Group|isbn=9781565430808|author=Andrea Diem-Lane|page=42}}</ref> However, he had strong interests in Eastern religions, [[pantheism]] and used religious symbolism in his works. He also believed his scientific work was an approach to the [[god]]head, albeit in a metaphorical sense.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Walter|title=Schrödinger: Life and Thought|year=1989|isbn=0-521-43767-9|quote=He rejected traditional religious beliefs (Jewish, Christian, and Islamic) not on the basis of any reasoned argument, nor even with an expression of emotional antipathy, for he loved to use religious expressions and metaphors, but simply by saying that they are naive.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Schrödinger: Life and Thought|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521437677|author=Walter J. Moore|page=4|quote=He claimed to be an atheist, but he always used religious symbolism and believed his scientific work was an approach to the godhead.}}</ref>
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| He was also able to learn English outside of school, as his maternal grandmother was British.<ref name="hof1">{{cite book|last= Д. Хоффман. |title= Эрвин Шрёдингер|publisher= Мир |year=1987 |pages= 13–17}}</ref> Between 1906 and 1910 Schrödinger studied in Vienna under [[Franz S. Exner]] (1849–1926) and [[Friedrich Hasenöhrl]] (1874–1915). He also conducted experimental work with Karl Wilhelm Friedrich "Fritz" Kohlrausch.
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| In 1911, Schrödinger became an assistant to Exner. At an early age, Schrödinger was strongly influenced by [[Arthur Schopenhauer]]. As a result of his extensive reading of Schopenhauer's works, he became deeply interested throughout his life in color theory and philosophy. In his lecture "Mind and Matter", he said that "The world extended in space and time is but our representation." This is a repetition of the first words of Schopenhauer's main work.
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| === Middle years ===
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| [[File:Erwin Schrodinger2.jpg|thumb|upright|Erwin Schrödinger as a young scientist]]
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| In 1914 Erwin Schrödinger achieved [[Habilitation]] (''venia legendi''). Between 1914 and 1918 he participated in war work as a commissioned officer in the Austrian fortress artillery ([[Gorizia]], [[Duino]], [[Sistiana]], Prosecco, Vienna). In 1920 he became the assistant to [[Max Wien]], in [[Jena]], and in September 1920 he attained the position of ao. Prof. (''ausserordentlicher Professor''), roughly equivalent to Reader (UK) or associate professor (US), in [[Stuttgart]]. In 1921, he became o. Prof. (''ordentlicher Professor'', i.e. full professor), in [[Breslau University|Breslau]] (now Wrocław, Poland).
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| In 1921, he moved to the [[University of Zurich|University of Zürich]]. In 1927, he succeeded [[Max Planck]] at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Friedrich Wilhelm University]] in Berlin. In 1934, however, Schrödinger decided to leave Germany; he disliked the Nazis' anti-semitism. He became a Fellow of [[Magdalen College]] at the [[University of Oxford]]. Soon after he arrived, he received the Nobel Prize together with [[Paul Dirac]]. His position at Oxford did not work out; his unconventional domestic arrangements, sharing living quarters with two women and his cat, Milton,<ref>Walter J. Moore. Schrödinger, life and thought, 278 ff.</ref> was not met with acceptance. In 1934, Schrödinger lectured at [[Princeton University]]; he was offered a permanent position there, but did not accept it. Again, his wish to set up house with his wife and his mistress may have posed a problem.<ref>Deutsche Biographie</ref> He had the prospect of a position at the [[University of Edinburgh]] but visa delays occurred, and in the end he took up a position at the University of Graz in Austria in 1936.
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| In the midst of these tenure issues in 1935, after extensive correspondence with [[Albert Einstein]], he proposed what is now called the [[Schrödinger's cat]] [[thought experiment]].
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| === Later years ===
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| In 1939, after the [[Anschluss]], Schrödinger had problems because of his flight from Germany in 1933 and his known opposition to [[Nazism]]. He issued a statement recanting this opposition (he later regretted doing so and personally apologized to [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]). However, this did not fully appease the new dispensation and the University of Graz dismissed him from his job for political unreliability. He suffered harassment and received instructions not to leave the country, but he and his wife fled to [[Italy]]. From there, he went to visiting positions in [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[Ghent University]].
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| In the same year he received a personal invitation from [[Ireland]]'s [[Taoiseach]], [[Éamon de Valera]], to reside in Ireland and agree to help establish an [[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies|Institute for Advanced Studies]] in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Brian|last=Daugherty|title=Brief Chronology|work=Erwin Schrödinger|url=http://bdaugherty.tripod.com/berlin/schrodinger.html|accessdate=10 December 2012}}</ref> He moved to [[Clontarf, Dublin]], became the Director of the School for Theoretical Physics in 1940 and remained there for 17 years. He became a naturalized Irish citizen in 1948, but retained his Austrian citizenship. He wrote about 50 further publications on various topics, including his explorations of [[classical unified field theories|unified field theory]].
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| In 1944, he wrote ''[[What Is Life?]]'', which contains a discussion of [[negentropy]] and the concept of a complex [[molecule]] with the genetic code for living [[organism]]s. According to [[James D. Watson]]'s memoir, ''[[DNA]], the Secret of Life'', Schrödinger's book gave Watson the inspiration to research the [[gene]], which led to the discovery of the [[DNA]] [[double helix]] structure in 1953. Similarly, [[Francis Crick]], in his autobiographical book ''What Mad Pursuit'', described how he was influenced by Schrödinger's speculations about how genetic information might be stored in molecules. However, the geneticist and 1946 Nobel-prize winner [[H.J. Muller]] had in his 1922 article "Variation due to Change in the Individual Gene"<ref>American Naturalist 56 (1922)</ref> already laid out all the basic properties of the heredity molecule that Schrödinger derives from first principles in ''What Is Life?'', properties which Muller refined in his 1929 article "The Gene As The Basis of Life"<ref>Proceedings of the International Congress of Plant Sciences 1 (1929)</ref> and further clarified during the 1930s, long before the publication of ''What Is Life?''.<ref>In Pursuit of the Gene. From Darwin to DNA — By James Schwartz. Harvard University Press, 2008</ref>
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| Schrödinger stayed in Dublin until retiring in 1955. During this time he remained committed to his particular passion; involvements with students occurred{{Dubious|date=June 2012}} and he fathered two children by two different Irish women.<ref>Newworldencyclopedia</ref> He had a lifelong interest in the [[Vedanta]] philosophy of [[Hinduism]], which influenced his speculations at the close of ''What Is Life?'' about the possibility that individual [[consciousness]] is only a manifestation of a unitary consciousness pervading the [[universe]].<ref>''My View of the World'' Erwin Schrödinger chapter iv. What Is life? the physical aspect of the living cell & Mind and matter — By Erwin Schrodinger</ref> A manuscript [http://www.kingshospital.ie/thekingshospital/Files/Schroedinger%20Bluecoat.pdf "Fragment From An Unpublished Dialogue of Galileo"] from this time recently resurfaced at [[The King's Hospital|The King's Hospital boarding school, Dublin]]<ref>http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2012/0418/1224314875355.html</ref> after it was written for the School's 1955 edition of their Blue Coat to celebrate his leaving of Dublin to take up his appointment as Chair of Physics at the University of Vienna.
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| In 1956, he returned to Vienna (chair ''ad personam''). At an important lecture during the World Energy Conference he refused to speak on nuclear energy because of his skepticism about it and gave a philosophical lecture instead. During this period Schrödinger turned from mainstream quantum mechanics' definition of [[wave–particle duality]] and promoted the [[Wave–particle duality#Wave-only view|wave idea alone]]{{citation needed|date=March 2012}}, causing much controversy.
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| === Personal life ===
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| On 6 April 1920, Schrödinger married Annemarie Bertel.<ref>''Schrödinger: Life and Thought'' by Walter John Moore, Cambridge University Press 1992 ISBN 0-521-43767-9, discusses Schrödinger's unconventional relationships, including his affair with Hildegunde March, in chapters seven and eight, "Berlin" and "Exile in Oxford".</ref>
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| Schrödinger suffered from [[tuberculosis]] and several times in the 1920s stayed at a [[sanatorium]] in [[Arosa]]. It was there that he formulated his wave equation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m-YF1glKWLoC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=schrodinger+arosa |title=''Schrödinger'' by Walter J. Moore: Christmas at Arosa |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |date=9 January 1926 |accessdate=13 March 2010|isbn=978-0-521-43767-7|author1=Moore, Walter J}}</ref>
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| [[File:Grave Schroedinger.jpg|thumb|upright|Annemarie and Erwin Schrödinger's gravesite; above the name plate [[Schrödinger equation|Schrödinger's quantum mechanical wave function]] is inscribed:
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| {{Equation box 1
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| |equation=<math>i \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t}\Psi = \hat H \Psi</math>
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| |border colour = #50C878
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| |background colour = #ECFCF4}}]]
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| On 4 January 1961, Schrödinger died in [[Vienna]] at the age of 73 of tuberculosis. He left a widow, Anny (born Annemarie Bertel), and was buried in [[Alpbach]], Austria, in a Catholic cemetery. Although he was not Catholic, the priest in charge of the cemetery permitted the burial after learning Schrödinger was a member of the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Schrödinger: Life and Thought|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521437677|page=482|author=Walter J. Moore|quote=There was some problem about burial in the churchyard since Erwin was not a Catholic, but the priest relented when informed that he was a member in good standing of the Papal Academy, and a plot was made available at the edge of the Friedhof.}}</ref> His wife, Anny (born 3 December 1896) died on 3 October 1965.
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| == Scientific activities ==
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| === Early activities ===
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| Early in his life, Schrödinger experimented in the fields of electrical engineering, atmospheric electricity, and atmospheric radioactivity; he usually worked with his former teacher Franz Exner. He also studied vibrational theory, the theory of Brownian movement, and mathematical statistics. In 1912, at the request of the editors of the ''Handbook of Electricity and Magnetism'', Schrödinger wrote an article titled ''Dieelectrism''. That same year, Schrödinger gave a theoretical estimate of the probable height distribution of radioactive substances, which is required to explain the observed radioactivity of the atmosphere, and in August 1913 executed several experiments in Zeehame that confirmed his theoretical estimate and those of Victor Franz Hess. For this work, Schrödinger was awarded the 1920 Haytingera Prize (Haitinger-Preis) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.<ref name="Mehra">Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics, J.Mehra</ref> Other experimental studies conducted by the young researcher in 1914 were checking formulas for capillary pressure in gas bubbles and the study of the properties of soft beta-radiation appearing in the fall of gamma rays on the surface of metal. The last work he performed together with his friend Fritz Kohlrausch. In 1919, Schrödinger performed his last physical experiment on coherent light and subsequently focused on theoretical studies.
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| === Quantum mechanics ===
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| ==== Old quantum theory ====
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| In the first years of his career Schrödinger became acquainted with the ideas of quantum theory, developed in the works of [[Max Planck]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[Arnold Sommerfeld]], and others. This knowledge helped him work on some problems in statistical physics, but the Austrian scientist at the time was not yet ready to part with the traditional methods of classical physics.
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| The first publications of Schrödinger about atomic theory and the theory of spectra began to emerge only from the beginning of the 1920s, after his personal acquaintance with Sommerfeld and [[Wolfgang Pauli]] and his move to Germany. In January 1921, Schrödinger finished his first article on this subject, about the framework of the Bohr-Sommerfeld effect of the interaction of electrons on some features of the spectra of the alkali metals. Of particular interest to him was the introduction of relativistic considerations in quantum theory. In autumn 1922 he analyzed the electron orbits in an atom from a geometric point of view, using methods developed by the mathematician [[Hermann Weyl]] (1885-1955). This work, in which it was shown that quantum orbits are associated with certain geometric properties, was an important step in predicting some of the features of wave mechanics. Earlier in the same year he created the Schrödinger equation of the relativistic Doppler effect for spectral lines, based on the hypothesis of light quanta and considerations of energy and momentum. He liked the idea of his teacher Exner on the statistical nature of the conservation laws, so he enthusiastically embraced the articles of Bohr, [[Hans Kramers|Kramers]], and [[John C. Slater|Slater]], which suggested the possibility of violation of these laws in individual atomic processes (for example, in the process of emission of radiation). Despite the fact that the experiments of [[Hans Geiger]] and [[Walther Bothe]] soon cast doubt on this, the idea of energy as a statistical concept was a lifelong attraction for Schrödinger and he discussed it in some reports and publications.<ref name=jammer>''The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966; 2nd ed: New York: American Institute of Physics, 1989. ISBN 0-88318-617-9</ref>
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| ==== Creation of wave mechanics ====
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| In January 1926, Schrödinger published in ''[[Annalen der Physik]]'' the paper "''Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem''"{{fullcite}} [''tr''. Quantization as an [[Eigenvalue]] Problem] on wave mechanics and presented what is now known as the [[Schrödinger equation]]. In this paper, he gave a "derivation" of the wave equation for time-independent systems and showed that it gave the correct energy eigenvalues for a hydrogen-like atom. This paper has been universally celebrated as one of the most important achievements of the twentieth century and created a revolution in quantum mechanics and indeed of all physics and chemistry. A second paper was submitted just four weeks later that solved the [[quantum harmonic oscillator]], [[rigid rotor]], and [[diatomic molecule]] problems and gave a new derivation of the Schrödinger equation. A third paper, published in May, showed the equivalence of his approach to that of [[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg]] and gave the treatment of the Stark effect. A fourth paper in this series showed how to treat problems in which the system changes with time, as in scattering problems. These papers were his central achievement and were at once recognized as having great significance by the physics community.
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| === Color ===
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| One of Schrödinger's lesser-known areas of scientific contribution was his work on [[color]], [[color perception]], and [[colorimetry]] (''Farbenmetrik''). In 1920, he published three papers in this area:
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| * "Theorie der Pigmente von größter Leuchtkraft," ''Annalen der Physik'', (4), 62, (1920), 603–22 (Theory of Pigments with Highest Luminosity)
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| * "Grundlinien einer Theorie der Farbenmetrik im Tagessehen," ''Annalen der Physik'', (4), 63, (1920), 397–456; 481–520 (Outline of a theory of color measurement for daylight vision)
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| * "Farbenmetrik," ''Zeitschrift für Physik'', 1, (1920), 459–66 (Color measurement).
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| The second of these is available in English as "Outline of a Theory of Color Measurement for Daylight Vision" in ''Sources of Color Science'', Ed. David L. MacAdam, The MIT Press (1970), 134–82.
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| == Legacy ==
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| The philosophical issues raised by [[Schrödinger's cat]] are still debated today and remain his most enduring legacy in popular science, while [[Schrödinger's equation]] is his most enduring legacy at a more technical level. To this day, Schrödinger is known as the father of quantum physics. The large crater [[Schrödinger (crater)|Schrödinger]], on the [[Far side (Moon)|far side of the Moon]], is named after him. The [[Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics]] was established in Vienna in 1993.
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| Schrödinger's portrait was the main feature of the design of the [[Austrian schilling#Banknotes|1983-1997 Austrian 1000-Schilling banknote,]] the second-highest denomination.
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| A building is named after him at the University of Limerick, in Limerick, Ireland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buildings at A Glance |publisher=[[University of Limerick]] |date= |url=http://www2.ul.ie/web/WWW/Services/Buildings_and_Estates/At_A_Glance|accessdate=2013-11-17 }}</ref>
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| Schrödinger's 126th birthday anniversary was celebrated with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Physicist Erwin Schrödinger's Google doodle marks quantum mechanics work|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/aug/12/erwin-schrodinger-google-doodle|accessdate=25 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Rob|title=Google Doodle honours quantum physicist Erwin Schrödinger (and his theoretical cat)|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/google-doodle-honours-quantum-physicist-erwin-schrdinger-and-his-theoretical-cat-8756744.html|accessdate=25 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=12 August 2013}}</ref>
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| == Honors and awards ==
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| {{iw-ref|de}}
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| * [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] (1933) - for the formulation of the [[Schrödinger equation]]
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| * [[Max Planck Medal]] (1937)
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| * [[Erwin Schrödinger Prize]] of the [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]] (1956)
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| * [[Austrian Decoration for Science and Art]] (1957)
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| == Bibliography ==
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| * [http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebibliographie/publications.htm The List of Erwin Schrödinger's publications, compiled by Auguste Dick, Gabriele Kerber, Wolfgang Kerber and Karl von Meyenn's ''Erwin Schrödinger: Publications'']
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| * ''Science and the human temperament'' [[Allen & Unwin]] (1935), translated and introduced by [[James Vincent Murphy|James Murphy]], with a foreword by [[Ernest Rutherford]]
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| * ''Nature and the Greeks'' and ''Science and Humanism'' Cambridge University Press (1996) ISBN 0-521-57550-8.
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| * ''The interpretation of Quantum Mechanics'' Ox Bow Press (1995) ISBN 1-881987-09-4.
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| * ''Statistical Thermodynamics'' Dover Publications (1989) ISBN 0-486-66101-6.
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| * ''Collected papers'' Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn (1984) ISBN 3-7001-0573-8.
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| * ''My View of the World'' Ox Bow Press (1983) ISBN 0-918024-30-7.
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| * ''Expanding Universes'' Cambridge University Press (1956).
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| * ''Space-Time Structure'' Cambridge University Press (1950) ISBN 0-521-31520-4.
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| * ''[[What Is Life?]]'' Macmillan (1946).
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| * ''What Is Life? & Mind and Matter'' Cambridge University Press (1974) ISBN 0-521-09397-X.
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| * {{Cite journal | first =Walter J | last = Moore|title=Schrödinger, life and thought|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m-YF1glKWLoC |accessdate=7 November 2011|date= 29 May 1992|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43767-7 }}.
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| * {{Cite journal | title = A Life of Erwin Schrödinger | first = Walter J | last = Moore | publisher = Cambridge University Press | edition = Canto | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-521-46934-1 | bibcode = 1994les..book.....M | journal = A Life of Erwin Schrödinger }}.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[List of things named after Erwin Schrödinger]]
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| * [[Entropy and life]]
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| * [[List of Austrian scientists]]
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| * [[List of Austrians]]
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| * ''[[Quantum Aspects of Life]]''
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| * [[Subject-object problem]]
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist|30em}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * [[John Gribbin]] (2012), Erwin Schrödinger and the Quantum Revolution, Bantam Press.
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| == External links ==
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| {{commons}}
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| {{wikiquote}}
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| * [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Erwin Schrödinger on an Austrian banknote.]
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| * [http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=8GZdZUouzBY 1927 Solvay video with opening shot of Schrödinger]
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| * "''[http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/bio/bio1.htm biographie]''" (in German) or
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| * "''[http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/schrodinger/ebio/bio1.htm Biography from the Austrian Central Library for Physics]''" (in English)
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| * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066219/Erwin-Schrodinger Encyclopaedia Britannica article on Erwin Schrodinger]
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| * "''[http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz106819.html Deutsche Biographie]''"
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| * [[Nobel Lecture]]s, [[Physics]] 1922–1941, "''[http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1933/schrodinger-bio.html Erwin Schrödinger Biography]''" from NobelPrize.org
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| * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Schrodinger}}
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| * Vallabhan, C. P. Girija, "''[http://www.photonics.cusat.edu/article2.html Indian influences on Quantum Dynamics]''" [''ed.'' Schrödinger's interest in [[Vedanta]]]
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| * [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/watoc Schrödinger Medal] of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists ([[WATOC]])
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| * [http://holiker.narod.ru/four/schrodinger-speech.html ''The Discovery of New Productive Forms of Atomic Theory'' Nobel Banquet speech] (in German)
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| * [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Schrödinger,+Erwin Annotated bibliography for Erwin Schrodinger from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]
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| * {{it icon}} [http://www.disf.org/CosaDevoSapere/Schroedinger.asp Critical interdisciplinary review of Schrödinger's "What Is life?"]
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| {{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1926-1950}}
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| {{page foot DNA discovery}}
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| {{Authority control|PND=118823574|LCCN=n/50/2905|VIAF=56616247 |ISNI=0000000109035603}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
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| |NAME = Schrödinger, Erwin
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| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Schrödinger, Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander (full name)
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| |SHORT DESCRIPTION = [[Physicist]]
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| |DATE OF BIRTH = 12 August 1887
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| |PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Erdberg, Vienna|Erdberg]], [[Vienna]], Austria
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| |DATE OF DEATH = 4 January 1961
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| |PLACE OF DEATH = [[Vienna]], Austria
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Schroedinger, Erwin}}
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