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[[Concrete]] is a brittle material and can only withstand small amount of tensile [[Deformation_(mechanics)#Engineering_strain|strain]] due to [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]] before cracking. When a [[reinforced concrete]] member is put in tension, after cracking, the member elongates by widening of cracks and by formation of new cracks. | |||
[[File:Formation of internal cracks.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Figure 1 Formation of internal cracks]] | |||
Ignoring the small elastic strain in the concrete between the cracks, we can relate the crack width to the strain of the member by: | |||
:<math>{w}_{m}= \epsilon_{cf}s_m</math> | |||
==Spacing of Primary cracks== | |||
Primary cracks (Figure 1) form when the [[tensile stress]] at the outer surface of the concrete reaches the tensile strength of concrete. When a primary crack forms, the concrete in the vicinity of the crack is relieved of any tension, resulting in a stress free zone near the crack. | |||
==CEB-FIP code expressions for crack spacing and crack widths== | |||
In the CEB-FIP Code the following expression is used to account for the average crack spacing: | |||
:<math>s_m = 2(c + \frac{s}{10}) + k_1k_2\frac{d_b}{\rho_{ef}}</math> | |||
where | |||
:<math>c</math> = clear concrete cover | |||
:<math>s</math> = maximum spacing between longitudinal reinforcing bars (shall not be taken greater than <math>15d_b</math>) | |||
:<math>d_b</math> = bar diameter | |||
:<math>\rho_{ef}</math> = <math>A_s/A_{ce f}</math> | |||
:<math>A_s</math> = area of steel considered to be effectively bonded to the concrete | |||
:<math>A_{ce f}</math> = area of effective embedment zone of the concrete wehre the reinforcing bars can influence the crack widths. The effective embeddment zone is the area of concrete around the reinforcing bar at the distance of 7.5 bar diameter | |||
:<math>k_1</math> = coefficient that characterizes bond properties of bars | |||
::<math>k_1</math> = 0.4 for deformed bars | |||
::<math>k_1</math> = 0.8 for plain bars | |||
:<math>k_2</math> = coefficient to account for strain gradient | |||
::<math>k_2 = 0.25(\epsilon_1+\epsilon_2)/2\epsilon_1</math> (e1 and e2 = the largest and the smallest tensile strains in the effective embedment zone) | |||
==Crack spacing of inclined cracks== | |||
According to the [[Modified Compression Field Theory]] (MCFT), the spacing of inclined cracks in reinforced concrete will depend upon the crack control characteristics of both the longitudinal and the transverse reinforcement. It is suggested that the spacing is taken as: | |||
:<math>{s}_{m\theta}=1/(\frac{sin\theta}{s_{mx}} + \frac{cos \theta}{s_{mv}})</math> | |||
Where <math>s_{mx}</math> is the average crack spacings that would result if the member was subjected to longitudinal tension while <math>s_{mv}</math> is the average crack spacing that would result if the member was subjected to a transverse tension. | |||
These crack spacings can be estimated from the CEB-FIP Code crack spacing expression above. | |||
==Crack spacing in shear areas== | |||
The above CEB expression was intended to calculate crack spacings on the surface of the member. Crack spacings become larger as the distance from the reinforcement increases. For this case, it is suggested to use the maximum distance from the reinforcement, instead of cover distance c (Collins & Mitchell). Thus, for the uniform tensile straining the above CEB expression is modified to: | |||
:<math>s_{mx} = 2(c_x + \frac{s_x}{10}) + 0.25k_1\frac{d_{bx}}{\rho_{x}}</math> | |||
:<math>s_{mv} = 2(c_v + \frac{s}{10}) + 0.25k_1\frac{d_{bv}}{\rho_{v}}</math> | |||
The above equations are suggested for better approximation of crack spacings in the shear area of the beam. | |||
==References== | |||
* {{cite book|last=Collins & Mitchell|title=Prestressed Concrete Structures|year=1997|publisher=Response Publications|location=Canada|isbn=0968195806|pages=152, 349}} | |||
* {{cite book|last=CEP-FIP|title=Model Code for Concrete Structures: CEP-FIP International Recommendations|year=1978|publisher=Comite Euro-International du Beton|location=Paris|pages=348}} | |||
[[Category:Concrete]] | |||
Revision as of 23:54, 29 January 2014
Template:Multiple issues Concrete is a brittle material and can only withstand small amount of tensile strain due to stress before cracking. When a reinforced concrete member is put in tension, after cracking, the member elongates by widening of cracks and by formation of new cracks.
Ignoring the small elastic strain in the concrete between the cracks, we can relate the crack width to the strain of the member by:
Spacing of Primary cracks
Primary cracks (Figure 1) form when the tensile stress at the outer surface of the concrete reaches the tensile strength of concrete. When a primary crack forms, the concrete in the vicinity of the crack is relieved of any tension, resulting in a stress free zone near the crack.
CEB-FIP code expressions for crack spacing and crack widths
In the CEB-FIP Code the following expression is used to account for the average crack spacing:
where
- = clear concrete cover
- = maximum spacing between longitudinal reinforcing bars (shall not be taken greater than )
- = bar diameter
- =
- = area of steel considered to be effectively bonded to the concrete
- = area of effective embedment zone of the concrete wehre the reinforcing bars can influence the crack widths. The effective embeddment zone is the area of concrete around the reinforcing bar at the distance of 7.5 bar diameter
- = coefficient that characterizes bond properties of bars
- = coefficient to account for strain gradient
Crack spacing of inclined cracks
According to the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT), the spacing of inclined cracks in reinforced concrete will depend upon the crack control characteristics of both the longitudinal and the transverse reinforcement. It is suggested that the spacing is taken as:
Where is the average crack spacings that would result if the member was subjected to longitudinal tension while is the average crack spacing that would result if the member was subjected to a transverse tension.
These crack spacings can be estimated from the CEB-FIP Code crack spacing expression above.
Crack spacing in shear areas
The above CEB expression was intended to calculate crack spacings on the surface of the member. Crack spacings become larger as the distance from the reinforcement increases. For this case, it is suggested to use the maximum distance from the reinforcement, instead of cover distance c (Collins & Mitchell). Thus, for the uniform tensile straining the above CEB expression is modified to:
The above equations are suggested for better approximation of crack spacings in the shear area of the beam.
References
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- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534