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-[[File:Deposition Scheme1.png|thumb|right|200px|Deposition of particles (grey) on a planar substrate (blue). Initial stages of particle deposition (top), blocking (middle), ripening (bottom)]]
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Your color scheme will modify properly.<br><br>Beef isn't really the only method to obtain protein, and it's one of many very least healthier versions. More protein places that happen to be edible exist. You can take in nut products, soy products, tofu, or beans. The majority of these can be made as enhancements to dishes or perhaps the major training course. To avoid the potential risk of becoming bored with your daily diet, make certain you incorporate diverse varieties of health proteins.<br><br>You should consume a lot of healthy proteins daily. The proteins along with other nutrition in proteins provide to build up your skin, blood flow, bodily organs and muscles, and also sustain their dependability and well being. They also help the body within both vitality metabolic process mobile processes. Proteins also enjoy a vital role with your immunity mechanism. There are several meals you can select from to find the protein you need. They incorporate dairy products, tofu, species of fish and chicken.<br><br>An elementary training of health professionals is to reduce the quantity of processed cereals in diet programs. Milled whole grains are practical, but getting rid of the grain's husk also eliminates the majority of its nutritional value. As opposed to buying a fiber nutritional supplement, just consume grain. Almost certainly, your answer is no.<br><br>If you loved this short article and you would love to receive details regarding [https://www.ju-hyang.org:8000/home/pds1/311062 singapore best weight gainer] please visit our web site. Don't use sea salt when cooking drinking water. Sea salt lessens boiling hot time, but it provides extra sodium for your dish. Considering that sea salt is not required in this instance, ignore it and merely hold out a couple of more minutes.<br><br>In case your meals demands it to be microwaved, this generally means it must not be eaten to start with. 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-'''Particle deposition''' is the spontaneous attachment of particles to surfaces. The particles in question are normally [[colloid|colloidal particles]], while the surfaces involved may be planar, curved, or may represent particles much larger in size than the depositing ones (e.g., sand grains). Deposition processes may be triggered by appropriate hydrodynamic flow conditions and favorable particle-surface interactions. Depositing particles may just form a monolayer which further inhibits additional particle deposition, and thereby one refers to ''surface blocking''. Initially attached particles may also serve as seeds for further particle deposition, which leads to the formation of thicker particle deposits, and this process is termed as ''surface ripening'' or ''fouling''. While deposition processes are normally irreversible, initially deposited particles may also detach. The latter process is known as ''particle release'' and is often triggered by the addition of appropriate chemicals or a modification in flow conditions.
-[[Microorganisms]] may deposit to surfaces in a similar fashion as colloidal particles. When macromolecules, such as [[protein adsorption|protein]]s, [[polymer adsorption|polymer]]s or [[polyelectrolyte adsorption|polyelectrolyte]]s attach to surfaces, one rather calls this process [[adsorption]]. While adsorption of macromolecules largely resembles particle deposition, macromolecules may substantially deform during adsorption. The present article mainly deals with particle deposition from liquids, but similar process occurs when [[aerosol]]s or [[dust]] deposit from the gas phase.
-==Initial Stages==
-A particle may diffuse to a surface in quiescent conditions, but this process is inefficient as a thick depletion layer develops, which leads to a progressive slowing down of the deposition. When particle deposition is efficient, it proceeds almost exclusively in a system under flow. In such conditions, the hydrodynamic flow will transport the particles close to the surface. Once a particle is situated close to the surface, it will attach spontaneously, when the particle-surface interactions are attractive. In this situation, one refers to ''favorable deposition conditions''. When the interaction is repulsive at larger distances, but attractive at shorter distances, deposition will still occur but it will be slowed down. One refers to ''unfavorable deposition conditions'' here. The initial stages of the deposition process can be described with the rate equation<ref name=russel>W. B. Russel, D. A. Saville, W. R. Schowalter,''Colloidal Dispersions'',Cambridge University Press, 1989.</ref>
-:<math>  {d \Gamma \over dt } = k c </math>
-where &Gamma; is the number density of deposited particles, ''t'' is the time, ''c'' the particle number concentration, and ''k'' the deposition rate coefficient. The rate coefficient depends on the flow velocity, flow geometry, and the interaction potential of the depositing particle with the substrate. In many situations, this potential can be approximated by a superposition of attractive [[van der Waals force]]s and repulsive electrical double layer forces and can be described by [[DLVO theory]]. When the charge of the particles is of the same sign as the substrate, deposition will be favorable at high salt levels, while it will be unfavorable at lower salt levels. When the charge of the particles is of the opposite sign as the substrate, deposition is favorable for all salt levels, and one observes a small enhancement of the deposition rate with decreasing salt level due to attractive electrostatic double layer forces. Initial stages of the deposition process are relatively similar to the early stages of [[particle aggregation#Homoaggregation_versus_Heteroaggregation|particle heteroaggregation]], whereby one of the particles is much larger than the other.
-==Blocking==
-When depositing particles repel each other, the deposition will stop by the time when enough particles have deposited. At one point, such a surface layer will repel any particles that may still make attempts to deposit. The surface is said to be ''saturated'' or ''blocked'' by the deposited particles. The blocking process can be described by the following equation<ref name=gregory>M. Elimelech, J. Gregory, X. Jia, R. Williams, ''Particle Deposition and Aggregation: Measurement, Modelling and Simulation'', Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998.</ref>
-:<math>  {d \Gamma \over dt } = k c B(\Gamma) </math>
-where ''B''(&Gamma;) is the surface blocking function. When there are no deposited particles, &Gamma; = 0 and ''B''(0) = 1. With increasing number density of deposited particles, the blocking function decreases. The surface saturates at &Gamma;=&Gamma;<sub>0</sub>  and ''B''(&Gamma;<sub>0</sub>)  = 0. The simplest blocking function is<ref name=adamczyk>Z. Adamczyk, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, 100, 267-347.</ref>
-:<math>  B(\Gamma)  = 1-\Gamma/\Gamma_0 </math>
-and it is referred to as the Langmuir blocking function, as it is related to the [[Langmuir equation|Langmuir isotherm]].
-[[File:Random Sequential Adsorption Disks1.png|thumb|left|200px|Jamming in the random sequential adsorption (RSA) of circular disks.]]
-The blocking process has been studied in detail in terms of the ''random sequential adsorption'' (RSA) model.<ref name=evans>J. W. Evans, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65 (1993) 1281-1329.</ref> The simplest RSA model related to deposition of spherical particles considers irreversible adsorption of circular disks. One disk after another is placed randomly at a surface. Once a disk is placed, it sticks at the same spot, and cannot be removed. When an attempt to deposit a disk would result into an overlap with an already deposited disk, this attempt is rejected. Within this model, the surface is initially filled rapidly, but the more one approaches saturation the slower the surface is being filled. Within the RSA model, saturation is referred to as jamming. For circular disks, jamming occurs at a coverage of 0.547. When the depositing particles are polydisperse, much higher surface coverage can be reached, since the small particles will be able to deposit into the holes in between the larger deposited particles. On the other hand, rod like particles may lead to much smaller coverage, since a few misaligned rods may block a large portion of the surface.
-Since the repulsion between particles in aqueous suspensions originates from electric double layer forces, the presence of salt has an important effect on surface blocking. For small particles and low salt, the diffuse layer will extend far beyond the particle, and thus create an exclusion zone around it. Therefore, the surface will be blocked at a much lower coverage than what would be expected based on the RSA model.<ref name=bohmer>M. R. Bohmer, E. A. van der Zeeuw, G. J. M. Koper, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 197 (1998) 242-250.</ref>  At higher salt and for larger particles, this effect is less important, and the deposition can be well described by the RSA model.
-==Ripening==
-When the depositing particles attract each other, they will deposit and aggregate at the same time. This situation will result in a porous layer made of [[particle aggregation|particle aggregates]] at the surface, and is referred to as ripening. The porosity of this layer will depend whether the particle aggregation process is fast or slow. Slow aggregation will lead to a more compact layer, while fast aggregation to a more porous one. The structure of the layer will resemble the structure of the aggregates formed in the later stages of the aggregation process.
-==Experimental Techniques==
-Particle deposition can be followed by various experimental techniques. Direct observation of deposited particles is possible with an [[optical microscope]], [[scanning electron microscope]], or the [[atomic force microscope]]. Optical microscopy has the advantage that the deposition of particles can be followed in real time by video techniques and the sequence of images can be analyzed quantitatively.<ref>Y. Luthi, J. Ricka, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 206 (1998) 302-313.</ref> On the other hand, the resolution of optical microscopy requires that the particle size investigated exceeds at least 100&nbsp;nm.
-An alternative is to use surface sensitive techniques to follow particle deposition, such as [[reflectivity]], [[ellipsometry]], [[surface plasmon resonance]], or [[quartz crystal microbalance]].<ref name=bohmer /> These techniques can provide information on the amount of particles deposited as a function of time with good accuracy, but they do not permit to obtain information concerning the lateral arrangement of the particles.
-Another approach to study particle deposition is to investigate their transport in a [[chromatography|chromatographic]] column. The column is packed with larges particles or with a porous medium to be investigated. Subsequently, the column is flushed with the solvent to be investigated, and the suspension of the small particles is injected at the column inlet. The particles are detected at the outlet with a standard chromatographic detector. When particles deposit in the porous medium, they will not arrive at the outlet, and from the observed difference the deposition rate coefficient can be inferred.
-==Relevance==
-Particle deposition occurs in numerous natural and industrial systems. Few examples are given below.
-* '''[[Coating]]s and [[Surface modification|surface functionalization]].''' [[Paint]]s and [[adhesive]]s often are concentrated suspensions of colloidal particles, and in order to adhere well to the surface the particles must deposit to the surface in question. Deposits of a monolayer of colloidal particles can be used to pattern the surface on a &mu;m or nm scale, a process referred to as ''colloidal lithography''.<ref>R. Michel, I. Reviakine, D. S. Sutherland, G. Fokas, G. Csucs, G. Danuser, N. D. Spencer, M. Textor, Langmuir 18 (2002) 8580-8586.</ref>
-* '''[[Filter (chemistry)|Filters]] and [[Membrane technology|filtration membranes]].''' When particle deposit to filters or filtration membranes, they lead to pore clogging a membrane [[fouling]].<ref name=zhu>X. Zhu, M. Elimelech, Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 (1997) 3654-3662.</ref> When designing well functioning membranes, particle deposition must be avoided, and proper functionalization of the membranes is essential.
-* '''Deposition of [[microorganisms]]'''. Microorganisms may deposit similarly to colloidal particles. This deposition is a desired phenomenon in subsurface waters, as the aquifer filters out eventually injected microorganisms during the [[groundwater recharge|recharge]] of aquifers.<ref>S. F. Simoni, H. Harms, T. N. P. Bosma, A. J. B. Zehnder, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) 2100-2105</ref> On the other hand, such deposition is highly undesired at the surface of human teeth as it represent the origin of [[dental plaque]]s. Deposition of microorganisms is also relevant in the formation of [[biofilm]]s.
-==See also==
-{{Div col|cols=4}}
-*[[Adsorption]]
-*[[Aerosol]]
-*[[Biofilm]]
-*[[Colloid]]
-*[[DLVO theory]]
-*[[Double layer forces]]
-*[[Electrical double layer]]
-*[[Fouling]]
-*[[Nanoparticle]]
-*[[Particle aggregation]]
-*[[Polyelectrolyte adsorption]]
-*[[Polymer adsorption]]
-*[[Protein adsorption]]
-*[[Surface charge]]
-*[[van der Waals force]]
-{{Div col end}}
-==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Particle deposition}}
-[[Category:Chemistry]]
-[[Category:Materials science]]
-[[Category:Colloidal chemistry]]

Folded Reed–Solomon code: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 13:30, 5 May 2014

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