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| The '''Wingate test''' (also known as the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WANT))is an [[anaerobic exercise|anaerobic]] test, most often performed on a [[cycle ergometer]], that is used to measure peak anaerobic power, as well as anaerobic capacity.<ref name=Vandewalle1987>
| | Dental crowns are basically a "cap" that is about over a tooth. Lots of these caps is to really make it the size and shape of the tooth, increase its strength, or enable look more appropriate. For those who need them, these caps can certainly create world of difference for their oral shape.<br><br> |
| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Vandewalle|first1=D
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| |last2=Gilbert|first2=P
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| |last3=Monod|first3=H
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| |year=1987
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| |title=Standard anaerobic tests
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| |journal=Sports Medicine
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| |volume=4|pages=268–289}}</ref> The test, which can also be performed on an arm crank ergometer, consists of a set time pedaling at maximum speed against a constant force.<ref name=Bar-Or1987>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last=Bar-Or
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| |first=O
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| |year=1987
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| |title=The Wingate anaerobic test: An update on methodology, reliability and validity
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| |journal=Sports Medicine|volume=4|pages=381–394}}</ref> The prototype test based on the Cumming’s test was introduced in 1974,<ref name=Ayalon>
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| {{cite book
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| |last1=Ayalon|first1=A
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| |last2=Inbar|first2=O
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| |last3=Bar-Or|first3=O
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| |year=1974
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| |chapter=Relationships among measurements of explosive strength and anaerobic power
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| |editor1-first=RC|editor1-last=Nelson
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| |editor2-first=CA|editor2-last=Morehouse
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| |series=Internataional series on sport sciences
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| |volume=1
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| |title=Biomechnics IV
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| |pages=572–577
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| |publisher=University Press|location=Baltimore}}</ref> at the [[Wingate Institute]]{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
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| and has undergone modifications as time has progressed. The Wingate test has also been used as a basis to design newer tests in the same vein,<ref>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Tossavainen|first1=M
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| |last2=Nummela|first2=A
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| |last3=Paavolainen|first3=L
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| |last4=Mero|first4=A
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| |last5=Rusko|first5=H
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| |year=1996
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| |title=Comparison of two maximal anaerobic cycling tests
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| |journal=International Journal of Sports Medicine
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| |volume=17|number=S 2|pages=S120-S124}}</ref> and others which utilize running as the mode of exercise instead of cycling.<ref>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Nummela|first1=A
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| |last2=Alberts|first2=M
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| |last3=Rjintjes|first3=RP
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| |last4=Luhtanen|first4=P
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| |last5=Rusko|first5=H
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| |year=1996
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| |title=Reliability and validity of the maximal anaerobic running test
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| |journal=International Journal of Sports Medicine
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| |volume=17|number=S 2|pages=S97-S102}}</ref> [[Interval training|Sprint interval testing]] such as is similar to the construction of the Wingate test has been shown to increase both aerobic and anaerobic performance.<ref name=Hazell>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Hazell|first1=TJ
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| |last2=MacPherson|first2=REK
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| |last3=Gravelle|first3=BMR
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| |last4=Lemon|first4=PWR
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| |year=2010
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| |title=10 or 30-s sprint interval training bouts enhance both aerobic and anaerobic performance
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| |journal=European Journal of Applied Physiology
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| |volume=110|pages=153–160}}</ref>
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| The Wingate Test was developed at the [[Wingate Institute]] in [[Israel]] during the 1970's.
| | Componeers require minimal or no tooth reduction and can be easily repaired so they generally are less expensive than half the fees for porcelain veneers, the other more expensive and multi-dentist office visit alternative.<br><br>Purchase a whitening toilet tissue. While it may take quite ages dentist to see significant results, you will ultimately see them. These mouthwashes have hydrogen peroxide, it is a common teeth whitener. Adhere to the manufacturers instructions for proper use of whitening mouthwashes.<br><br>Copy - Make positive that the copy you me is short and concise. The copy may not only meet with your target audience, but your existing customer begin. By utilizing your customer base you are able to to better enhance your time and energy and begin with the start.<br><br>If you loved this short article and you would like to obtain additional facts pertaining to dentists tampa ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4To0cBm6IsM see this website]) kindly browse through our web site. You should brush for any minimum of two seconds. Working from gum-line to the top of each tooth; brush your teeth gently one after the other. Don't brush too hard or you own dentist the risk of damaging your gums and teeth. Plunge to a softer brush anyone have notice gum pain from brushing.<br><br>Using hang tags regarding intricate piece to your marketing campaign draws instant attention marketing secured. Below are essentially the most successful hang tag marketing tactics, enjoy any business can use in their marketing efforts. So before start off printing guaranteed that you operate through the high three design tips.<br><br>Halloween is such an possibility for create memories that can last forever, trying to the one handing the actual candy or the one collecting the candy. I encourage you to go the extra mile to be successful memorable for a kid, in addition to return, they will remember one. |
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| ==Validity==
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| In order to determine validity of a testing procedure, one must test the protocol against a "[[gold standard (test)|gold standard]]" which is trusted to elicit the "true" values. In instances where there is a “gold standard,” such as [[hydrostatic weighing]] in determination of body composition, this is an easy task.<ref name=McArdle>
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| {{cite book
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| |last1=McArdle|first1=W.
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| |last2=Katch|first2=F.
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| |last3=Katch|first3=V.
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| |year=2007
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| |title=Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance
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| |edition=Sixth
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| |location=Baltimore, MD
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| |publisher=Lippencott Williams & Wilkins}}</ref> There is however no such standard protocol for the determination of either anaerobic capacity or power<ref name=Bar-Or1987/> Due to this problem, the Wingate test has instead been compared with sport performance, sport specialty, and laboratory findings. These comparisons have determined that the Wingate test is measuring what it claims to measure, and is a good indicator of these measurements.<ref name=Bar-Or1987/>
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| ==Application==
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| The Wingate test is believed to show two things: all-out peak anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity.<ref name=Vandewalle1987/> These two values have been reported as important factors in sports with quick, all-out efforts. Short sprinting events rely heavily upon the anaerobic energy pathways during execution<ref name=Bar-Or1987/> which leads to the theories that greater performance in a Wingate test can predict success in these events. This has not been proven, and the more applicable theory would be that improvements in Wingate scores could predict improvements in sprinting times.
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| ==Variations==
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| The Wingate test has undergone many variations since its inception in the 1970s. Many researchers have utilized a 30-sec Wingate,<ref>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Astorino|first1=TA
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| |last2=White|first2=AC
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| |year=2010
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| |title=Assessment of anaerobic power to verify VO2 max attainment
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| |journal=Scandinavian Society of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine
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| |volume=30|pages=294–300}}</ref><ref>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Del Coso|first1=J
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| |last2=Mora-Rodriguez|first2=R
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| |year=2006
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| |title=Validity of cycling peak power as measured by a short-sprint test versus the Wingate anaerobic test
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| |journal=Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism
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| |volume=31|pages=186–189}}</ref> while others have lengthened the duration to 60-sec<ref name=Lericollais>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Lericollais|first1=R
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| |last2=Gauthier|first2=A
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| |last3=Bessot|first3=N
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| |last4=Davenne|first4=D
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| |year=2010
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| |title=Diurnal evolution of cycling biomechanical parameters during a 60-s Wingate test
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| |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports
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| |volume=21|pages=1–9}}</ref> or even 120-sec.<ref name=Katch1977>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Katch|first1=VL
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| |last2=Weltman|first2=A
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| |last3=Martin|first3=R
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| |last4=Gray|first4=L
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| |year=1977
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| |title=Optimal test characteristics for maximal anaerobic work on the bicycle ergometer
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| |journal=Research Quarterly
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| |volume=48|pages=319–327}}</ref> The main purpose of this alteration is to more fully stress both the alactic and lactic anaerobic energy systems, which are the main source of energy for the first two minutes of exercise.<ref name=Vandewalle1987/>
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| Another alteration that has been made is the repetition of Wingate tests. In current literature, this test has been repeated four, five, or even six times in one testing session.<ref name=Hazell/><ref>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Greer|first1=F
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| |last2=McLean
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| |last3=Graham|first3=T. E.
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| |year=1998
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| |title=Caffeine, performance, and metabolism during repeated Wingate exercise tests
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| |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology
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| |volume=85|pages=1502–1508}}</ref> Repeating the Wingate test during training sessions can increase aerobic power and capacity, as well as maximal aerobic capacity.<ref name=Hazell/>
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| The last common alteration is the workload during the test. The original Wingate test used a load of 0.075 [[Kilogram-force|kp]] per [[kilogram|kg]] bodyweight of the subject.<ref name=Ayalon/> As these were young subjects, it has been suggested that higher workloads should be used for adult subjects, and several different loads have been utilized. Katch et al.<ref name=Katch1977/> used workloads of 0.053, 0.067, and 0.080 kp per kg bodyweight, while other researchers have increased the workload even higher to 0.098 kp per kg bodyweight.<ref>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Evans|first1=JA
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| |last2=Quinney|first2=HA
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| |year=1981
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| |title=Determination of resistance settings for anaerobic power testing
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| |journal=Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science
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| |volume=6|pages=53–56}}</ref> The advantage of increasing the workload can show an increased, and therefore more representative, value for peak power in collegiate athletes. Although the workload can be altered, a standard Wingate test still utilizes the original workload.
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| ==Common Testing Procedure==
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| Before the subject starts the Wingate test, they typically perform a low-resistance warm-up for at least five minutes to help minimize the risk of injury. During the warm-up the subject generally completes two or three 15 second “sprints” to make sure they are used to the fast movement before the actual beginning of the test. Upon completion of the warm-up the subject should rest for one minute, after which the test will begin. The subject will get a five second countdown to the beginning of the test, during which time they will pedal as fast as they can. Upon the start of the test the workload will be dropped instantly (within 3 seconds if using a mechanical ergometer) and the subject will continue to pedal quickly for 30 seconds. If using an ergometer with an electromagnetic brake data will generally be shown through a computer. If using a mechanical ergometer the researcher will need to count and record the number of revolutions pedaled for every five second interval during the test, through which power data can be determined. Upon completion of the test the subject should pedal against a low resistance in a cool-down phase.
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| The Wingate test can be completed on several types of bicycle ergometers, which can be controlled with either mechanical or electromagnetic brakes. If an ergometer with an electromagnetic braking system is used, it must be capable of applying a constant resistance.<ref name=Bar-Or1987/>
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| ==Relevant Calculations==
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| ; Peak Power (PP)
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| Ideally measured within the first 5 sec of the test, and is calculated by:
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| <math> P = \tfrac{F \times d}{t}</math><ref name="Sport fitness advisor">{{cite web | |
| |url=http://www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/wingate-test.html
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| |title=Sport fitness advisor
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| |date=2011-03-09}}</ref>
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| where t is time in seconds. On an ergometer with mechanical brakes the force is the resistance (kg) added to the flywheel, while distance is:
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| <math>d = revolutions \times d_f</math><ref name="Sport fitness advisor"/>
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| where <math>d_f</math> is the distance around the flywheel (measured in meters). Peak power values are given on a computer with electromagnetically braked ergometers. Power is expressed in Watts (W).
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| ; Relative Peak Power (RPP)
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| This allows for comparisons between people of varying sizes and body masses, and is calculated by:
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| <math>RPP = \tfrac{PP}{BW}</math><ref name="Sport fitness advisor"/>
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| where BW is body weight.
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| ;Anaerobic Fatigue (AF)
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| Anaerobic fatigue shows the percentage of power lost from the beginning to end of the Wingate. This is calculated by:
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| <math>AF = \tfrac{PP - LP}{PP}</math><ref name="Sport fitness advisor"/>
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| where PP is peak power and LP is lowest power.
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| ;Anaerobic Capacity (AC) | |
| Anaerobic capacity is the total work completed during the test duration.
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| <math>\sum_{i=0}^n P_i</math><ref name="Sport fitness advisor"/>
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| where <math>P_i</math> is power at any point starting at the beginning of the test (i) to the end (n).
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| ==Testing Considerations==
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| [[Chronotype|Diurnal variations]] occur within the body in many forms, such as hormone levels and motor coordination, therefore it is important to consideration what effects may become apparent in Wingate testing. Recent studies have confirmed that circadian rhythms can significantly alter peak power output during a Wingate test.<ref name=Lericollais/><ref name=Souissi>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Souissi|first1=N
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| |last2=Driss|first2=T
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| |last3=Chamari|first3=K
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| |last4=Vandewalle|first4=H
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| |last5=Davenne|first5=D
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| |last6=Gam|first6=A
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| |last7=Fillard|first7=J-R
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| |last8=Jousselin|first8=E
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| |year=2009
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| |title=Diurnal variation in Wingate test performances: Influence of active warm-up
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| |journal=Chronobiology International
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| |volume=27|pages=640–652}}</ref> According to these studies, an early morning Wingate test will elicit significantly lower peak power values than a late afternoon or evening Wingate test.
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| As in every physical exertion there are several outside factors which can play a role in Wingate performance. Motivation is present in almost every sporting event, and some believe that it can improve performance. Cognitive motivation has not been shown to influence Wingate performance; emotional motivation however has been found to improve peak power ratings.<ref name=Bar-Or1987/> It is therefore suggested that all outside factors that involve emotion be standardized if possible in Wingate testing environments.
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| Another outside factor which is important to consider is warm-up. According to some literature, a 15 minute intermittent warm-up improved mean power output by 7% while having no impact on peak values.<ref name=Inbar>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Inbar|first1=O
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| |last2=Bar-Or|first2=O
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| |year=1975
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| |title=The effects of intermittent warm-up on 7-9 year-old boys
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| |journal=European Journal of Applied Physiology
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| |volume=34|pages=81–89}}</ref> These findings suggest that warm-up is an unimportant factor in peak power levels, but if mean power is the variable of interest it is important to standardize the warm-up.
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| Since the Wingate test stresses the anaerobic metabolic systems glucose consumption pre-testing can be another influential factor. The anaerobic energy systems utilize glucose as the primary source of energy, and a greater quantity of glucose available could influence the power output over short intervals; therefore glucose consumption prior to testing should be standardized between all participants<ref name=McArdle/>
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| Sampling rate can severely impact the values obtained for peak and average power output.<ref name=Santos>
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| {{cite journal
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| |last1=Santos|first1=EL
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| |last2=Novaes|first2=JS
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| |last3=Reis|first3=VM
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| |last4=Giannella-Neto|first4=A
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| |year=2010
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| |title=Low sampling rates bias outcomes from the Wingate test
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| |journal=International Journal of Sports Medicine
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| |volume=31
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| |pages=784–789}}</ref> Sampling rates consistent with a standard mechanical ergometer test show significantly lower peak and average power values than a test which has computer data feeds with much higher sampling rates. Furthermore, tests utilizing low sampling rates (< 2 Hz) tend to be less consistent than tests with high sampling rates.<ref name=Santos/> This data suggests that for most accurate results a sampling rate of at least 5 Hz (0.2 sec) should be used.
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| ==Other Uses==
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| The Wingate test can also been used in training instances, especially in cyclists.<ref name=Hazell/> In many races cyclists finish the race with a sprint which is a maximal exertion which stresses the anaerobic energy pathways. As Hazell et al.<ref name=Hazell/> have demonstrated, training in the manner can increase both aerobic and anaerobic performance. Since anaerobic performance can be increased through this method, many cycling athletes have taken to using repeated sprint intervals such as the Wingate test as training devices which increase performance in the final leg of the race. These Wingate tests may be slightly modified version of the standard test laid out above.
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| ==See also==
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| [[Anaerobic training|Anaerobic Training]]
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| [[High-intensity interval training|High-Intensity Interval Training]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| [[Category:Exercise physiology]]
| |
Dental crowns are basically a "cap" that is about over a tooth. Lots of these caps is to really make it the size and shape of the tooth, increase its strength, or enable look more appropriate. For those who need them, these caps can certainly create world of difference for their oral shape.
Componeers require minimal or no tooth reduction and can be easily repaired so they generally are less expensive than half the fees for porcelain veneers, the other more expensive and multi-dentist office visit alternative.
Purchase a whitening toilet tissue. While it may take quite ages dentist to see significant results, you will ultimately see them. These mouthwashes have hydrogen peroxide, it is a common teeth whitener. Adhere to the manufacturers instructions for proper use of whitening mouthwashes.
Copy - Make positive that the copy you me is short and concise. The copy may not only meet with your target audience, but your existing customer begin. By utilizing your customer base you are able to to better enhance your time and energy and begin with the start.
If you loved this short article and you would like to obtain additional facts pertaining to dentists tampa (see this website) kindly browse through our web site. You should brush for any minimum of two seconds. Working from gum-line to the top of each tooth; brush your teeth gently one after the other. Don't brush too hard or you own dentist the risk of damaging your gums and teeth. Plunge to a softer brush anyone have notice gum pain from brushing.
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