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'''Bolt thrust''' or '''breech pressure''' is a term used in [[internal ballistics]] and firearms (whether small arms or artillery) that describes the amount of rearward force exerted by the [[propellant]] gases on the [[Bolt (firearm)|bolt]] or [[Breechblock|breech]] of a [[firearm action]] or [[Breech-loading weapon|breech]] when a projectile is fired. The applied [[force]] has both [[Euclidean vector#Length|magnitude]] and [[Direction (geometry, geography)|direction]], making it a [[Vector (geometric)|vector]] quantity.
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Bolt thrust is an important factor in weapons design. The greater the bolt thrust, the stronger the locking mechanism has to be to withstand it. Assuming equal engineering solutions and materiel adding strength to a locking mechanism causes an increase in weight and size of locking mechanism components.<br>
Bolt thrust is not a measure to determine the amount of [[recoil]]/[[free recoil]].
 
 
==Calculating bolt thrust==
With a basic calculation the bolt thrust produced by a particular firearms cartridge can be calculated fairly accurately.
 
===Formula===
 
:<math>\vec{F}_{bolt} = P_{max} \cdot A_{internal}. </math> <ref>[http://www.riflebarrels.com/articles/custom_actions/bolt_lug_strength.htm A Look at Bolt Lug Strength By Dan Lilja]</ref>
 
where:
*''F<sub>bolt</sub>'' = the amount of bolt thrust
*''P<sub>max</sub>'' = the maximum (peak) chamber [[pressure]] of the firearms cartridge
*''A<sub>internal</sub>'' = the inside area (of the cartridge case head) that the [[propellant]] [[deflagration]] gas pressure acts against
 
Cartridge case heads and chambers are generally [[Circle|circular]]. The [[Area of a disk|area enclosed by a circle]] is:
 
:<math>Area = \pi r^2 \approx 3{.}1416 \cdot r^2. </math>
 
where:
*''π'' ≈ 3.1416
*''r'' = the radius of the circle
 
Equivalently, denoting the diameter of the circle by ''d''.
 
:<math>Area = \frac{\pi d^2}{4} \approx 0{.}7854 \cdot d^2. </math>
 
[[File:Bolt thrust.JPG|thumb|100px|The green line denotes the internal case head diameter and the red line the external case head base diameter of a rifle cartridge case.]]
 
A practical problem regarding this method is that the internal case head diameter of a particular production lot of cartridge cases (different brands and lots normally differ dimensionally) can not be easily measured without damaging them.
 
===Friction effects===
A complicating matter regarding bolt thrust is that a cartridge case expands and deforms under high pressure and starts to "stick" to the chamber. This "friction-effect" can be accounted for with finite elements calculations on a computer, but it is a lot of specialized work and generally not worth the trouble.<ref>[http://www.varmintal.net/abolt.htm Stolle Panda Bolt Stress and Deflection Analysis]</ref>
 
By oiling proof rounds during [[NATO EPVAT testing]] procedures, NATO test centers intentionally lower case friction to promote high bolt thrust levels.
 
==Practical method to estimate bolt thrust==
Instead of using the internal case head diameter, the external case head base diameter can also be measured with a [[caliper]] or [[micrometer]] or taken from the appropriate [[C.I.P.]] or [[SAAMI]] cartridge or chamber data tables and used for bolt thrust estimation calculations.
 
The basic calculation method is almost the same, but now the larger outside area of the cartridge case head is used instead of the smaller inside area.
 
:<math>\vec{F_{bolt}} = P_{max} \cdot A_{external}. </math>
 
where:
*''F<sub>bolt</sub>'' = the amount of bolt thrust
*''P<sub>max</sub>'' = the maximum (peak) chamber pressure of the firearms cartridge
*''A<sub>external</sub>'' = the outside area of the cartridge case head
 
This method is fine for getting a good estimate regarding bolt thrust and assumes an overly large area that the gas pressure acts against yielding pessimistic estimations, generating a safety margin in the process for worse case scenarios which can result in increased maximum (peak) chamber pressure of the firearms cartridge, like a round that is chambered in an already very warm [[Chamber (firearms)|chamber]] that can result in [[cooking off]] (i.e. a thermally induced unintended firing).
 
===Bolt thrust estimations for various pistol/revolver cartridges===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! | '''Chambering''' || '''P1 diameter''' (mm) || '''A<sub>external</sub>''' (cm<sup>2</sup>) || '''P<sub>max</sub>''' ([[Bar (unit)|bar]]) || '''F<sub>bolt</sub>''' ([[Kilogram-force|kgf]]) || '''F<sub>bolt</sub>'''''
|-s
| [[.22 Long Rifle]] || 5.74 || 0.2587 || 1,650 || 435 || {{convert|4268|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[9x19 mm Parabellum]] || 9.93 || 0.7744 || 2,350 || 1,820 || {{convert|17847|N|lb-f|lk=on|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.357 SIG]] || 10.77 || 0.9110 || 3,050 || 2,779 || {{convert|27248|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.380 ACP]] || 9.70 || 0.7390 || 1,500 || 1,130 || {{convert|11085|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.40 S&W]] || 10.77 || 0.9110 || 2,250 || 2,050 || {{convert|20101|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[10 mm Auto]] || 10.81 || 0.9178 || 2,300 || 2,111 || {{convert|20701|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.45 ACP]] || 12.09 || 1.1671 || 1,300 || 1,517 || {{convert|14879|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.454 Casull]] || 12.13 || 1.1556 || 3,900 || 4,507 || {{convert|44197|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.500 S&W Magnum]] || 13.46 || 1.4229 || 4,270 || 6,076 || {{convert|59584|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|}
 
The P1 (cartridge case base) diameters and P<sub>max</sub> used in the calculations were taken from the appropriate [[C.I.P.]] data sheets.
 
===Bolt thrust estimations for various rifle cartridges===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! | '''Chambering''' || '''P1 diameter''' (mm) || '''A<sub>external</sub>''' (cm<sup>2</sup>) || '''P<sub>max</sub>''' ([[Bar (unit)|bar]]) || '''F<sub>bolt</sub>''' ([[Kilogram-force|kgf]]) || '''F<sub>bolt</sub>'''''
|-s
| [[5.45x39mm]] || 10.00 || 0.7854 || 3,800 || 2,985 || {{convert|29268|N|lb-f|lk=on|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.223 Remington]] || 9.58 || 0.7208 || 4,300 || 3,099 || {{convert|30396|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[7.62x39mm]] || 11.35 || 1.0118 || 3,550 || 3,592 || {{convert|35223|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.308 Winchester]] || 11.96 || 1.1234 || 4,150 || 4,662 || {{convert|45722|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.300 Winchester Magnum]] || 13.03 || 1.3335 || 4,300 || 5,734 || {{convert|56230|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.300 WSM]] || 14.12 || 1.5659 || 4,450 || 6,968 || {{convert|68334|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.300 Remington Ultra Magnum]] || 13.97 || 1.5328 || 4,480 || 6,876 || {{convert|67341|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.338 Lapua Magnum]] || 14.91 || 1.7460 || 4,200 || 7,333 || {{convert|71914|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.300 Lapua Magnum]] || 14.91 || 1.7460 || 4,700 || 8,339 || {{convert|81776|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[.50 BMG]] || 20.42 || 3.2749 || 3,700 || 12,117 || {{convert|118829|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|-
| [[14.5x114mm]] || 26.95 || 5.7044 || 3,600 || 20,536 || {{convert|201387|N|lb-f|abbr=on}}''
|}
 
The P1 (cartridge case base) diameters and P<sub>max</sub> used in the calculations were taken from the appropriate [[C.I.P.]] data sheets.
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==External links==
*[http://lutz-moeller-jagd.de/Waffen/Blaser/R93/Blaser-R93.html Blaser R93 Unfälle - zur  Verschlußbelastung {{de icon}}]
*[http://lutz-moeller-jagd.de/Waffen/Technik/Zylinderverschluss/Zylinderverschluesse.htm Zylinderverschluß - Verschlußkräfte {{de icon}}]
 
[[Category:Firearms]]
[[Category:Firearm actions]]
[[Category:Firearm terminology]]
[[Category:Ammunition]]

Revision as of 17:11, 4 March 2014

In like method, the Warthog knife sharpener is a multi-purpose one which can be utilized in sharpening scissors, chisels and airplane blades. In contrast to any other sharpeners, the Warthog provides fastened oilstone that is why there is no such thing as a need to use stone or rod over the blade. Likewise, this knife sharpener has tons to supply that is why users can easily discover one which suits their wants. You'll be able to choose from 17 to 35 levels and it additionally provides 5 steps setting that you should utilize on your knives On the other hand, you may as well use 60 to 90 levels in your scissors.

Overall the Mini Griptilian is a wonderful light-weight knife and near-excellent for everyday use. All however one reviewer on Amazon has rated this knife 5 stars so it’s clear we're not alone in our reward. It can be had for less than $a hundred. >> Click on here for current pricing and reviews on the Mini Griptilian. Buck 110 So, you’re right here searching for one of the best pocket knife! Luckily, you may have come to the fitting place. In this article, I will talk you through the process of discovering the most effective knife to fit your needs. As well as, I will make a couple of recommendations for specific knives which may meet your needs.

You can compare, think and make choices after you read the each overview individually. Every review is posted as a separate submit. This be sure to can learn one review at a time without specializing in the a number of evaluations on the identical time. We personally undergo the evaluations and pick out the best knives that go to our recommendation checklist good hunting knives brands which is useful for you. We choose the knives which can be very talked-about and greatest-selling in the marketplace at present. The Sandvik 14C28N steel blade is very sharp which is able to stay sharp for a protracted interval. However, it is suggested not to use it in the heavy-obligation things.

Though the critiques are mainly optimistic, a few red flags have been unfurled by prospects. The most common is within the initial that is in phase 1 of the diet. Since the carb consumption is almost nil in phase 1, it could lead to a general feeling of fatigue. Nonetheless, this drawback is taken care of in the end of the weight loss program itself. Few clients additionally report minor issues or complaints like constipation. Nonetheless, such experiences are rare. Also in case of such problems, the official website has contact details of pros and doctors that offer one-on-one assistance that can aid you type out the issue you're going through.

The Kershaw Leek knife comes in several types of colours to be able to choose the colour that you like. It is lightweight and sleek which has a superior and fashionable design construction that's consumer-pleasant. It has obtained almost a total 670+ real reviews with a median rating of 4.7 out of 5. Benchmade is without doubt one of the main greatest pocket knife producers on the earth. Their Griptilian knife collection has become a tremendous hit and common among the finest pocket knife enthusiasts. Spyderco Tenacious is a tactical knife that can be used as an EDC knife. It has a leaf formed blade that is very sharp.

The Benchmade Griptilian is a improbable knife that I usually advocate to my associates. At 3.45″ long for the complete dimension and 2.91″ lengthy for the mini, the blade might be had in a variety of grinds. The blade metal is 154CM, which is an awesome all arounder that has great edge holding capabilities, is straightforward best Japanese hunting knives to sharpen, and is proof against corrosion. The knife has a grippy zytel handle, which is extraordinarily gentle and fills the hand nicely. The axis lock is without doubt one of the finest within the industry and is very useful. One significantly nice feature of the axis lock is that it's utterly ambidextrous.