1992–93 Mersin İdmanyurdu season: Difference between revisions

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[[File:OS2 TD-Gammon Screenshot.png|thumb|OS/2 TD-Gammon game screenshot]]
Leave it to a organization that made Oragami inspired fenders to rethink the multi tool. Generally a brick shaped object like a Swiss Army knife on steroids, most multi tools offer a quantity of different tools, but whether they're valuable or not is another story.<br><br>The mechanism that provides these tools their oscillating action is very straightforward. A bearing — slightly off-center with respect to the motor shaft — fits in between a pair of arms that are connected to the blade-mounting spindle. With each turn of the motor, the bearing pushes the arms a single way and then the other. It is a miniscule movement, but the high quantity of oscillations per minute (opm) enables the tool to function efficiently. The opm matches the rpm of the motor, so at prime speed the teeth on a cutting blade (which reduce in each directions) could be taking 40,000 bites per minute.<br><br>This is hands down a fantastic multi-tool, it delivers the power and speed you want to get the job performed, but the XMT03Z lacks some no brainer capabilities that leave the user wanting more. Initial and foremost this is a brick of a tool, it seems to lack any ergonomic considerations and it pretty hefty compared to the cordless OMT competitors. Should you adored this post as well as you wish to get more information about [http://www.Thebestpocketknifereviews.com/best-automatic-knife-discover-the-pefect-model/ benchmade out the Front automatic Knife] i implore you to stop by our own web site. This tool is flat, but with a slight curve so it fits completely into a hydration pack or seat bag. The weight is affordable, the cost is spot on, and you will be amazed at how regularly you'll dig it out on the trail, in particular on group rides. The Monteverde 1 Touch Multi-Tool pen has some handy options that you won't locate in common pens, such as the flat head and Philips head screwdrivers shown above and under.<br><br>Seeking for a wonderful gift for the man in your life? No matter whether he is an outdoorsman, household handyman, technology geek or just an average Joe – there is a multitool that he will appreciate. Lengthy gone are the days of the clunky sheet metal multi tools that cut into your palm when utilizing the pliers and shred your fingers attempting to pry open the tools, today's modern multitools combine intense function with intelligent, artful style and precision engineering. This tool generally has the tool I want. It also fits nicely in my [http://Lovechurch.nayana.com/xe/?document_srl=159364 compact CamelBak]. I forget that it's even there until I will need it. I even use it for stuff at property from time to time since it's usually much easier to get to as opposed to searching out the ideal size hex bit in the tool box. Leatherman Wave Read the Overview<br><br>I reside in the middle of nowhere so theshops here are a complete joke. I went to the only 3 locations about that sell bikes and none had a spoke wrench of any sort. Even even though they had some 3000 dollar bikes (sad globe we live in eh?). I came back not being aware of how I would finish my wheel, and grabbed the spoke wrench on my new multitool. Surprise, it worked perfectly. My last multitool had a fully useless spoke wrench. Apparently this is well developed and it comes with a tin as effectively so it does not get ski wax all over it in the winter. Appears like I will have to get their pedals. Excellent tool.<br><br>My initially multi tool assessment is the leatherman Mut was originally developed with a military shooter in mind so the shooter would have all the adjustment tools in one particular location, no a lot more rifling around in a cleaning kit pouch for a tool to adjust the sights and it even has a threaded attachment so you can put on a cleaning rods and brushes for a rapid field cleaning. The screwdrivers are sized for standard military and civilian sights so you can adjust on the spot.<br><br>1 of the downsides to all compact tools is just that, they are smaller and compact. It can be a small difficult to get the leverage necessary to break the pedal or nut loose. To enable remedy this predicament, the inner tools rotate out providing you five.5 inches of leverage. This might not be adequate for a rusted on or otherwise stubborn nut, but it will give you enough to give it your greatest shot. Also the integrated neoprene cover can be slid over the tool use in use to give a padded manage.
 
'''TD-Gammon''' was a [[computer]] [[backgammon]] program developed in 1992 by [[Gerald Tesauro]] at [[IBM]]'s [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]]. Its name comes from the fact that it is an [[artificial neural net]] trained by a form of [[temporal-difference learning]], specifically [[TD-lambda]].
 
TD-Gammon achieved a level of play just slightly below that of the top human backgammon players of the time. It explored strategies that humans had not pursued and led to advances in the theory of correct backgammon play.
 
==Algorithm for play and learning==
Each turn while playing a game, TD-Gammon examines all possible legal moves and all their possible responses (two-[[ply (game theory)|ply]] [[look-ahead]]), feeds each resulting board position into its [[evaluation function]], and chooses the move that leads to the board position that got the highest score. In this respect, TD-Gammon is no different than almost any other computer board-game program. TD-Gammon's innovation was in how it learned its evaluation function.
 
TD-Gammon's learning algorithm consists of updating the weights in its neural net after each turn to reduce the difference between its evaluation of previous turns' board positions and its evaluation of the present turn's board position—hence "[[temporal-difference learning]]". The score of any board position is a set of four numbers reflecting the program's estimate of the likelihood of each possible game result: White wins normally, Black wins normally, White wins a gammon, Black wins a gammon. For the final board position of the game, the algorithm compares with the actual result of the game rather than its own evaluation of the board position.<ref name="CACM">{{cite journal | url=http://www.bkgm.com/articles/tesauro/tdl.html | title=Temporal Difference Learning and TD-Gammon | date=March 1995 | accessdate=2013-Nov-1 | last=Tesauro | first=Gerald | journal=Communications of the ACM | year=1995 | month=March | volume=38 | issue=3}}</ref>
 
After each turn, each weight in the neural net gets updated according to the following rule:
 
: <math>w_{t+1} - w_t = \alpha(Y_{t+1} - Y_t)\sum_{k=1}^{t}\lambda^{t-k} \nabla_w Y_k</math>
where:
:{|
|- valign="top"
| <math>w_{t+1} - w_t</math>
| is the amount to change the weight from its value on the previous turn.
|- valign="top"
| <math>Y_{t+1} - Y_t</math>
| is the difference between the current and previous turn's board evaluations.
|- valign="top"
| <math>\alpha</math>
| is a "learning rate" parameter.
|- valign="top"
| <math>\lambda</math>
| is a parameter that affects how much the present difference in board evaluations should feed back to previous estimates. <math>\lambda = 0</math> makes the program correct only the previous turn's estimate; <math>\lambda = 1</math> makes the program attempt to correct the estimates on all previous turns; and values of <math>\lambda</math> between 0 and 1 specify different rates at which the importance of older estimates should "decay" with time.
|- valign="top"
| <math>\nabla_w Y_k</math>
| is the [[gradient]] of neural-network output with respect to weights: that is, how much changing the weight affects the output.<ref name=CACM/>
|}
 
==Experiments and stages of training==
Unlike previous neural-net backgammon programs such as [[Neurogammon]] (also written by Tesauro), where an expert trained the program by supplying the "correct" evaluation of each position, TD-Gammon was at first programmed "knowledge-free".<ref name="CACM"/>  In early experimentation, using only a raw board encoding with no human-designed features, TD-Gammon reached a level of play comparable to Neurogammon: that of an intermediate-level human backgammon player.
 
Even though TD-Gammon discovered insightful features on its own, Tesauro wondered if its play could be improved by using hand-designed features like Neurogammon's. Indeed, the self-training TD-Gammon with expert-designed features soon surpassed all previous computer backgammon programs. It stopped improving after about 1,500,000 games (self-play) using 80 hidden units.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sutton | first = Richard S. | authorlink = | coauthors = Andrew G. Barto | title = Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction | publisher = MIT Press | year = 1998 | location = | pages = Table 11.1 | url = http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~sutton/book/ebook/node108.html | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref>
 
==Advances in backgammon theory==
TD-Gammon's exclusive training through self-play (rather than tutelage) enabled it to explore strategies that humans previously hadn't considered or had ruled out erroneously. Its success with unorthodox strategies had a significant impact on the backgammon community.<ref name="CACM"/>
 
For example, on the opening play, the conventional wisdom was that given a roll of 2-1, 4-1, or 5-1, White should move a single checker from point 6 to point 5. Known as "slotting", this technique trades the risk of a hit for the opportunity to develop an aggressive position. TD-Gammon found that the more conservative play of 24-23 was superior. Tournament players began experimenting with TD-Gammon's move, and found success. Within a few years, slotting had disappeared from tournament play (it's now reappearing for 2-1,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bkgm.com/openings.html|title=Backgammon: How to Play the Opening Rolls}}</ref> though).
 
Backgammon expert [[Kit Woolsey]] found that TD-Gammon's positional judgement, especially its weighing of risk against safety, was superior to his own or any human's.<ref name=CACM/>
 
TD-Gammon's excellent positional play was undercut by occasional poor endgame play. The endgame requires a more analytic approach, sometimes with extensive lookahead. TD-Gammon's limitation to two-ply lookahead put a ceiling on what it could achieve in this part of the game. TD-Gammon's strengths and weaknesses were the opposite of [[artificial intelligence#Symbolic|symbolic artificial intelligence]] programs and most computer software in general: it was good at matters that require an intuitive "feel", but bad at systematic analysis.
 
==References==
<references/>
 
{{tables games}}
 
[[Category:Backgammon]]
[[Category:Applied machine learning]]

Latest revision as of 23:51, 8 November 2014

Leave it to a organization that made Oragami inspired fenders to rethink the multi tool. Generally a brick shaped object like a Swiss Army knife on steroids, most multi tools offer a quantity of different tools, but whether they're valuable or not is another story.

The mechanism that provides these tools their oscillating action is very straightforward. A bearing — slightly off-center with respect to the motor shaft — fits in between a pair of arms that are connected to the blade-mounting spindle. With each turn of the motor, the bearing pushes the arms a single way and then the other. It is a miniscule movement, but the high quantity of oscillations per minute (opm) enables the tool to function efficiently. The opm matches the rpm of the motor, so at prime speed the teeth on a cutting blade (which reduce in each directions) could be taking 40,000 bites per minute.

This is hands down a fantastic multi-tool, it delivers the power and speed you want to get the job performed, but the XMT03Z lacks some no brainer capabilities that leave the user wanting more. Initial and foremost this is a brick of a tool, it seems to lack any ergonomic considerations and it pretty hefty compared to the cordless OMT competitors. Should you adored this post as well as you wish to get more information about benchmade out the Front automatic Knife i implore you to stop by our own web site. This tool is flat, but with a slight curve so it fits completely into a hydration pack or seat bag. The weight is affordable, the cost is spot on, and you will be amazed at how regularly you'll dig it out on the trail, in particular on group rides. The Monteverde 1 Touch Multi-Tool pen has some handy options that you won't locate in common pens, such as the flat head and Philips head screwdrivers shown above and under.

Seeking for a wonderful gift for the man in your life? No matter whether he is an outdoorsman, household handyman, technology geek or just an average Joe – there is a multitool that he will appreciate. Lengthy gone are the days of the clunky sheet metal multi tools that cut into your palm when utilizing the pliers and shred your fingers attempting to pry open the tools, today's modern multitools combine intense function with intelligent, artful style and precision engineering. This tool generally has the tool I want. It also fits nicely in my compact CamelBak. I forget that it's even there until I will need it. I even use it for stuff at property from time to time since it's usually much easier to get to as opposed to searching out the ideal size hex bit in the tool box. Leatherman Wave Read the Overview

I reside in the middle of nowhere so theshops here are a complete joke. I went to the only 3 locations about that sell bikes and none had a spoke wrench of any sort. Even even though they had some 3000 dollar bikes (sad globe we live in eh?). I came back not being aware of how I would finish my wheel, and grabbed the spoke wrench on my new multitool. Surprise, it worked perfectly. My last multitool had a fully useless spoke wrench. Apparently this is well developed and it comes with a tin as effectively so it does not get ski wax all over it in the winter. Appears like I will have to get their pedals. Excellent tool.

My initially multi tool assessment is the leatherman Mut was originally developed with a military shooter in mind so the shooter would have all the adjustment tools in one particular location, no a lot more rifling around in a cleaning kit pouch for a tool to adjust the sights and it even has a threaded attachment so you can put on a cleaning rods and brushes for a rapid field cleaning. The screwdrivers are sized for standard military and civilian sights so you can adjust on the spot.

1 of the downsides to all compact tools is just that, they are smaller and compact. It can be a small difficult to get the leverage necessary to break the pedal or nut loose. To enable remedy this predicament, the inner tools rotate out providing you five.5 inches of leverage. This might not be adequate for a rusted on or otherwise stubborn nut, but it will give you enough to give it your greatest shot. Also the integrated neoprene cover can be slid over the tool use in use to give a padded manage.

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