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| {{wikibooks|X86 Assembly/AVX, AVX2, FMA3, FMA4}}
| | They are typically a free website that are pre-designed for enabling businesses of every size in marking the presence on the internet and allows them in showcasing the product services and range through images, contents and various other elements. Online available for hiring are most qualified, well knowledgeable and talented Wordpress developer India from offshore Wordpress development services company. Change the site's theme and you have essentially changed the site's personality. After confirming the account, login with your username and password at Ad - Mob. The top 4 reasons to use Business Word - Press Themes for a business website are:. <br><br>Choosing what kind of links you'll be using is a ctitical aspect of any linkwheel strategy, especially since there are several different types of links that are assessed by search engines. If you cherished this posting and you would like to acquire more data about [http://deurl.de/backup_plugin_672599 wordpress backup plugin] kindly take a look at our webpage. But as expected the level of support you get with them can be hit or miss based on the developer's free time and desire. This may possibly also permit it currently being seriously straightforward to modify the hues within your Ad - Sense code so the ads blend nicely with the many term broad internet word wide web web page in case you can come to your conclusion to run the adverts. Apart from these, you are also required to give some backlinks on other sites as well. But in case you want some theme or plugin in sync with your business needs, it is advisable that you must seek some professional help. <br><br>Here are a few reasons as to why people prefer Word - Press over other software's. Now if we talk about them one by one then -wordpress blog customization means customization of your blog such as installation of wordpress on your server by wordpress developer which will help you to acquire the SEO friendly blog application integrated with your site design as well as separate blog administration panel for starting up your own business blog,which demands a experienced wordpress designer. Are you considering getting your website redesigned. Storing write-ups in advance would have to be neccessary with the auto blogs. Purchase these from our site, or bring your own, it doesn't matter, we will still give you free installation and configuration. <br><br>The primary differences are in the plugins that I install, as all sites don't need all the normal plugins. High Quality Services: These companies help you in creating high quality Word - Press websites. Some examples of its additional features include; code inserter (for use with adding Google Analytics, Adsense section targeting etc) Webmaster verification assistant, Link Mask Generator, Robots. Contact Infertility Clinic Providing One stop Fertility Solutions at:. OSDI, a Wordpress Development Company based on ahmedabad, India. <br><br>Someone with a basic knowledge of setting up a website should be able to complete the process in a couple of minutes however even basic users should find they are able to complete the installation in around 20 minutes by following the step by step guide online. Here's a list of some exciting Word - Press features that have created waves in the web development industry:. It can be concluded that white label SEO comprise of a third party who resells a contract involving IT expert or consultant, SEO professional and end user. with posts or testimonials updated as they are uploaded to a particular section of the website. However, if you're just starting out your blog site or business site, you can still search for an ideal theme for it without breaking your bank account. |
| The '''FMA instruction set''' is the name of an extension to the 128 and 256-bit [[Streaming SIMD Extensions|SIMD]] instructions in the [[x86]] [[microprocessor]] [[instruction set]] to perform [[fused multiply–add]] (FMA) operations.<ref name=prime95>"FMA3 and FMA4 are not instruction sets, they are individual instructions -- fused multiply add. They could be quite useful depending on how Intel and AMD implement them" {{cite web|last=Woltmann|first=George (Prime95)|title=Intel AVX and GIMPS|url=http://www.mersenneforum.org/showthread.php?t=14335&highlight=fused+multiply+add|work=http://www.mersenneforum.org/index.php|publisher=Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS) project|accessdate=27 July 2011}}</ref> Two different variants of FMA instruction sets are used:
| |
| * '''FMA4''' is supported in [[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]] processors starting with [[Bulldozer (microarchitecture)|Bulldozer]] architecture. FMA4 was realized in hardware before FMA3.
| |
| * '''FMA3''' is supported in AMD processors starting with [[Piledriver (microarchitecture)|Piledriver]] architecture and [[Intel Corporation|Intel]] starting with [[Haswell (microarchitecture)|Haswell processors]] and will be supported by [[Broadwell (microarchitecture)|Broadwell processors]] in 2014.
| |
| | |
| ==New instructions==
| |
| The FMA3 and FMA4 instruction sets have almost identical functionality but are not mutually compatible. Both contain [[fused multiply–add]] (FMA) instructions for [[floating point]] scalar and [[SIMD]] operations. It will take some time for the compiler creators to support the differences and to optimize code accordingly.
| |
| | |
| ==Compatibility issue==
| |
| The difference between FMA3 and FMA4 concerns the issue of whether the instruction can have three or four different operands. The FMA operation has the form: | |
| | |
| <math>d=a+b\times c</math> | |
| | |
| The 4-operand form (FMA4) allows a, b, c and d to be four different registers, while the 3-operand form (FMA3) requires that d is the same register as either a, b or c. The 3-operand form makes the code shorter and the hardware implementation slightly simpler while the 4-operand form provides more programming flexibility.
| |
| | |
| See [[XOP instruction set#Compatibility issues|XOP instruction set]] for more discussion of compatibility issues between Intel and AMD.
| |
| | |
| ==FMA3 instruction set==
| |
| | |
| ===CPUs with FMA3===
| |
| * Intel
| |
| ** Intel introduced hardware FMA in processors based on [[Haswell (microarchitecture)]] during 2013.
| |
| * AMD
| |
| ** AMD introduced FMA3 support in processors starting with [[Piledriver (microarchitecture)|Piledriver]] architecture for compatibility reasons.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://developer.amd.com/2009/05/06/striking-a-balance | title=Striking a balance | date=May 7, 2009 | publisher=Dave Christie, AMD Developer blogs | accessdate=2009-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Maffeo|first=Robin|title=AMD and the Visual Studio 11 Beta|url=http://developer.amd.com/2012/03/01/amd-and-the-visual-studio-11-beta/|publisher=AMD|accessdate=19 April 2012}}</ref> The 2nd generation APU processors based on [[List of AMD Fusion microprocessors#.22Trinity.22 .2832nm.29|"Trinity" (32nm)]] supporting FMA3 instructions were launched May 15, 2012. The 2nd generation Bulldozer processors with [[Piledriver (microarchitecture)#FX-series and Opteron|Piledriver cores]] supporting FMA3 instructions were launched October 23, 2012.
| |
| | |
| ===Excerpt from FMA3===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Mnemonic (AT&T)
| |
| ! Operands
| |
| ! Operation
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD132PDy
| |
| |rowspan=2|ymm, ymm, ymm/m256
| |
| |rowspan=6|$0 = $0×$2 + $1
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD132PSy
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD132PDx
| |
| |rowspan=2|xmm, xmm, xmm/m128
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD132PSx
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD132SD
| |
| |xmm, xmm, xmm/m64
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD132SS
| |
| |xmm, xmm, xmm/m32
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD213PDy
| |
| |rowspan=2|ymm, ymm, ymm/m256
| |
| |rowspan=6|$0 = $1×$0 + $2
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD213PSy
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD213PDx
| |
| |rowspan=2|xmm, xmm, xmm/m128
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD213PSx
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD213SD
| |
| |xmm, xmm, xmm/m64
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD213SS
| |
| |xmm, xmm, xmm/m32
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD231PDy
| |
| |rowspan=2|ymm, ymm, ymm/m256
| |
| |rowspan=6|$0 = $1×$2 + $0
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD231PSy
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD231PDx
| |
| |rowspan=2|xmm, xmm, xmm/m128
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD231PSx
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD231SD
| |
| |xmm, xmm, xmm/m64
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADD231SS
| |
| |xmm, xmm, xmm/m32
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==FMA4 instruction set==
| |
| | |
| ===CPUs with FMA4===
| |
| * AMD
| |
| ** [[Bulldozer (processor)|Bulldozer]] processor core, launched October 12, 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://support.amd.com/us/Processor_TechDocs/43479.pdf | title=AMD64 Architecture Programmer’s Manual Volume 6: 128-Bit and 256-Bit XOP, FMA4 and CVT16 Instructions | date=May 1, 2009 | publisher=[[AMD]]}}</ref>
| |
| ** [[Piledriver (microarchitecture)|Piledriver]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2012/10/New-Bulldozer-and-Piledriver-Instructions.pdf | title=New "Bulldozer" and "Piledriver" Instructions A step forward for high performance software development | date=October 2012 | publisher=[[AMD]]}}</ref>
| |
| * Intel
| |
| ** It is uncertain whether future Intel processors will support FMA4, due to Intel's announced change to FMA3.
| |
| | |
| ===Excerpt from FMA4===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Mnemonic (AT&T)
| |
| ! Operands
| |
| ! Operation
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADDPDx
| |
| |xmm, xmm, xmm/m128, xmm/m128
| |
| | rowspan=6 | $0 = $1×$2 + $3
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADDPDy
| |
| |ymm, ymm, ymm/m256, ymm/m256
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADDPSx
| |
| |xmm, xmm, xmm/m128, xmm/m128
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADDPSy
| |
| |ymm, ymm, ymm/m256, ymm/m256
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADDSD
| |
| |xmm, xmm, xmm/m64, xmm/m64
| |
| |-
| |
| |VFMADDSS
| |
| |xmm, xmm, xmm/m32, xmm/m32
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==History==
| |
| The incompatibility between Intel's FMA3 and AMD's FMA4 is due to both companies changing plans without coordinating coding details with each other. AMD changed their plans from FMA3 to FMA4 while Intel changed their plans from FMA4 to FMA3 almost at the same time. The history can be summarized as follows:
| |
| * August 2007: [[AMD]] announces the [[SSE5]] instruction set, which includes 3-operand FMA instructions. A new coding scheme (DREX) is introduced for allowing instructions to have three operands.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://developer.amd.com/SSE5 | title=128-Bit SSE5 Instruction Set | publisher=[[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]] Developer Central | accessdate=2008-01-28 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080115163416/http://developer.amd.com/SSE5 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-01-15}}</ref>
| |
| * April 2008: [[Intel]] announces their [[Advanced Vector Extensions|AVX]] and FMA instruction sets, including 4-operand FMA instructions. The coding of these instructions uses the new [[VEX prefix|VEX]] coding scheme which is more flexible than AMD's DREX scheme. (Section requires an actual source, Intel sources are not acceptable for debatable specifics.)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://softwarecommunity.intel.com/isn/downloads/intelavx/Intel-AVX-Programming-Reference-31943302.pdf | title=Intel Advanced Vector Extensions Programming Reference | publisher=[[Intel]] | accessdate=2008-04-05}}</ref>
| |
| * December 2008: Intel changes the specification for their FMA instructions from 4-operand to 3-operand instructions. The VEX coding scheme is still used.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://software.intel.com/en-us/avx/ | title=Intel Advanced Vector Extensions Programming Reference | publisher=[[Intel]] | accessdate=2009-05-06}}</ref>
| |
| * May 2009: AMD changes the specification of their FMA instructions from the 3-operand DREX form to the 4-operand VEX form, compatible with the April 2008 Intel specification rather than the December 2008 Intel specification.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://forums.amd.com/devblog/blogpost.cfm?threadid=112934&catid=208 | title=Striking a balance | date=May 7, 2009 | publisher=Dave Christie, AMD Developer blogs | accessdate=2009-05-08}}</ref>
| |
| * October 2011: AMD [[Amd bulldozer|Bulldozer]] processor supports FMA4.<ref name="developer.amd.com">{{cite web|title=New Bulldozer and Piledriver Instructions |url=http://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2012/10/New-Bulldozer-and-Piledriver-Instructions.pdf|publisher=AMD|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref>
| |
| * January 2012: AMD announces FMA3 support in future processors codenamed [[AMD Fusion#Future platforms|Trinity]] and [[AMD Bulldozer#Post-2011|Vishera]]; they are based on the Piledriver architecture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Software Optimization Guide for AMD Family 15h Processors|url=http://support.amd.com/us/Processor_TechDocs/47414_15h_sw_opt_guide.pdf|publisher=AMD|accessdate=19 April 2012}}</ref>
| |
| * May 2012: AMD [[Piledriver (microarchitecture)|Piledriver]] processor supports both FMA3 and FMA4.<ref name="developer.amd.com"/>
| |
| * June 2013: Intel [[Haswell (microarchitecture)|Haswell]] processor supports FMA3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Intel Architecture Instruction Set Extensions Programming Reference|url=http://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/319433-015.pdf|publisher=Intel|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| It is currently uncertain whether the 3-operand VEX coded form (here called FMA3) or the 4-operand form (FMA4) will be the dominating standard in the future.
| |
| | |
| ==Compiler and assembler support==
| |
| Different compilers provide different levels of support for FMA4:
| |
| * [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] supports FMA4 with -mfma4 since version 4.5.0<ref name="theinquirer">{{cite web|url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2124866/amd-bulldozer-fma4-xop-instructions-supported-gcc| title=AMD Bulldozer only FMA4 and XOP instructions are supported by GCC Intel still mute|work=The Inquirer|first=Lawrence |last=Latif|date=Nov 14, 2011|year=2011}}</ref> and FMA3 with -mfma since version 4.7.0.
| |
| * [[Visual C++|Microsoft Visual C++]] 2010 SP1 supports FMA4 instructions.<ref name="msdn">{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/gg445134(v=vs.100).aspx|title=FMA4 Intrinsics Added for Visual Studio 2010 SP1}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Visual C++|Microsoft Visual C++]] 2012 supports FMA3 instructions.
| |
| * [[PathScale]] supports FMA4 with -mfma.<ref name="pathscale">{{cite web|url=http://www.pathscale.com/node/272|title=EKOPath man doc}}</ref>
| |
| * [[Open64]] 5.0 adds "limited support".
| |
| * [[Intel Fortran Compiler|Intel compilers]] support only FMA3 instructions.<ref name="theinquirer" />
| |
| * [[Netwide Assembler|NASM]] supports FMA3 instructions since version 2.03 and FMA4 instructions since 2.06.
| |
| * [[YAsm]] supports FMA3 and FMA4 instructions since version 1.1.0.
| |
| * [[FASM]] supports both FMA3 and FMA4 instructions.
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| |
| | |
| {{Multimedia extensions}}
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Fma Instruction Set}}
| |
| [[Category:X86 architecture]]
| |
| [[Category:X86 instructions]]
| |
| [[Category:SIMD computing]]
| |
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