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| {{Taxobox
| | It depends on the quality of the Wordpress theme but even if it's not a professional one you will be able to average 50-60$ EACH link. If you beloved this posting and you would like to obtain far more facts concerning [http://www.ase.re/wordpress_backup_plugin_1629473 wordpress dropbox backup] kindly pay a visit to our webpage. What I advise you do next is save the backup data file to a remote place like a CD-ROM, external disk drive if you have one or a provider such as Dropbox. A pinch of tablet centric strategy can get your Word - Press site miles ahead of your competitors, so here are few strategies that will give your Wordpress websites and blogs an edge over your competitors:. Hosted by Your Domain on Another Web Host - In this model, you first purchase multiple-domain webhosting, and then you can build free Wordpress websites on your own domains, taking advantage of the full power of Wordpress. provided by Word - Press Automatic Upgrade, so whenever you need to update the new version does not, it automatically creates no webmaster. <br><br> |
| | name = Hardhead catfish
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| | status = NE
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| | status_system = iucn3.1
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| | image = Arius_felis.jpg
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| | regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| | classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
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| | ordo = [[Siluriformes]]
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| | familia = [[Ariidae]]
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| | genus = '''''[[Ariopsis (fish genus)|Ariopsis]]'''''
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| | species = '''''A. felis'''''
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| | binomial = '''''Ariopsis felis'''''
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| | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766)
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| }}
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| The '''hardhead catfish''' (''Ariopsis felis'') is a saltwater species of [[sea catfish]] similar to the [[gafftopsail catfish]]. It is one of thirteen species in the genus ''Ariopsis''. The common name, hardhead catfish, is derived from the presence of a hard, bony plate extending rearward toward the [[dorsal fin]] from a line between the catfish's eyes.<ref name="dnr.sc.gov">Webster, Pearse. Hardhead Catfish. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. http://www.dnr.sc.gov/cwcs/pdf/Hardheadcatfish.pdf</ref> It is an elongate marine catfish that reaches 19.5 in. (49.5 cm) in length. The average weight is under 1 pound, but they may reach up to 3 pounds. They are often a dirty gray color on top, with white undersides. The world record hardhead catfish is 3 pounds and 5 ounces.
| | Creating a website from scratch can be such a pain. When you write a new post, you'll see a small bar that goes across the text input area. Which is perfect for building a mobile site for business use. Now, I want to anxiety that not every single query will be answered. The biggest advantage of using a coupon or deal plugin is that it gives your readers the coupons and deals within minutes of them becoming available. <br><br>Here are a few reasons as to why people prefer Word - Press over other software's. When a business benefits from its own domain name and a tailor-made blog, the odds of ranking higher in the search engines and being visible to a greater number of people is more likely. Possibly the most downloaded Word - Press plugin, the Google XML Sitemaps plugin but not only automatically creates a site map linking to everyone your pages and posts, it also notifies Google, Bing, Yahoo, and Ask. You can allow visitors to post comments, or you can even allow your visitors to register and create their own personal blogs. Article Source: Stevens works in Internet and Network Marketing. <br><br>The disadvantage is it requires a considerable amount of time to set every thing up. Quttera - Quttera describes itself as a 'Saa - S [Software as a Service] web-malware monitoring and alerting solution for websites of any size and complexity. When we talk about functional suitability, Word - Press proves itself as one of the strongest contestant among its other rivals. If you are looking for Hire Wordpress Developer then just get in touch with him. Where from they are coming, which types of posts are getting top traffic and many more. <br><br>A sitemap is useful for enabling web spiders and also on rare occasions clients, too, to more easily and navigate your website. If you operate a website that's been built on HTML then you might have to witness traffic losses because such a site isn't competent enough in grabbing the attention of potential consumers. Useful Plugins Uber - Menu Top Megamenu Now it is the time of sticky Top navbar. Word - Press is an open source content management system which is easy to use and offers many user friendly features. Article Source: Hostgator discount coupons for your Wordpress site here. |
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| ==Habits, distribution, and characteristics==
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| Hardhead catfish are found mostly in the near shore waters of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Western Atlantic Ocean]], around the southeast coast of the United States, around the [[Florida Keys]] and the coast of the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name="dnr.sc.gov"/><ref>Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2009. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. http://www.fishbase.org version (07/2009)</ref> Hardhead catfish are also found in [[Brackish water|brackish]] [[Estuary|estuaries]] and river mouths where the bottom is sandy or muddy.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ohwy.com/us/h/hardhead.htm|title= Hardhead Catfish_ Arius felis}}</ref> It tends to move from shallower to deeper waters in the winter months.
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| The hardhead catfish has four [[barbels]] under the chin, with two more at the corners of the mouth.<ref>K. Hill, Smithsonian Marine Station 2005. http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLSpec/Ariops_felis.htm</ref> These barbels help the catfish find crabs, fish and shrimp in the muddy bays where they live. The dorsal and [[pectoral fin]]s each are supported by a sharp, slime-covered barbed spine. The dorsal spine is normally erect when the fish is excited and a tennis shoe or even a leather-soled shoe offers little protection. The [[gafftopsail catfish]] looks similar to the hardhead catfish, but its dorsal spine has a distinctive fleshy extension (like the fore-and-aft topsail of a ship). | |
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| ==Feeding Behavior==
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| ''Ariopsis felis'' consumes a wide range of food. Hardhead catfish are [[Biological opportunism|opportunistic consumers]] that use mud and sand flats as hunting grounds.<ref name=Ariopsis/> They are also mainly [[Trophic level|secondary consumers]], ingesting primarily detritus, meio-, and [[macrobenthos|macrobenthic]] [[fauna]] and fish. Their diet primarily consists of [[algae]], seagrasses, [[cnidarians]], [[sea cucumbers]], [[gastropods]], [[polychaetes]], shrimps, and crabs. They can occasionally be [[Trophic level|tertiary consumers]].<ref name=Ariopsis/> Their diet depends on their size and location. Younger hardhead catfish tend to eat small [[crustaceans]], like [[amphipoda|amphipods]], shrimp, blue crabs, [[mollusca|mollusks]], and [[annelids]].<ref name=int-res/> Juveniles that are still under the protection of the male [[mouthbrooder]] will feed predominately on planktonic crustaceans close by to the mouth of the parent.<ref name=Ariopsis/> The adults primarily consume larger fish.<ref name=int-res>{{cite journal|last=Yáñez-Arancibia|first=Alejandro|coauthors=Ana Laura Lara-Domínguez|title=Ecology of three sea catfishes (Ariidae) in a tropical coastal ecosystem-Southern Gulf of Mexico|journal=Marine Ecology-Progress Series|date=30 November 1988|volume=49|pages=215–230}}</ref>
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| ==Locomotion==
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| Significant evidence suggests shows correlation between the fish's activity patterns and seasonal changes. Under controlled conditions of [[Photoperiodism|photoperiod]], temperature, and water quality, hardhead catfish display non-random oscillations in angular orientation of locomotive activity. There appears to be annual, bimodal cycles for all three of the aforementioned variables. The cycles match with the seasonal inshore-offshore migrations of hardhead catfish. [[Photoperiodism|Photoperiod]] appears to be the [[exogenous]] cue that triggers the cyclic changes in behavior. The presence of this seasonal behavior indicates that there may exist a circadian neural mechanism in hardhead catfish.<ref name=Oscillation>{{cite journal|last=Steele|first=Craig W.|title=Non-Random, Seasonal Oscillations in the Orientation and Locomotor Activity of Sea Catfish (Arius felis) in a Multiple-Choice Situation|journal=Biological Bulletin|date=June 1985|volume=168|issue=3|pages=359–376}}</ref>
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| ==Communication==
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| ===Chemical===
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| Studies show that hardhead catfish respond to chemicals released by injured individuals with increased activity, illustrating communication amongst catfish. Their activity level was highest right after the onset of the chemical stimulus. In the studies, they also responded to chemical cues from injured [[sailfin molly|sailfin mollies]], but this response was weaker than that of the response from their own species. After examining the [[epidermis (zoology)|epidermis]] of the hardhead catfish, it appeared that the alarm substance cells were similar to those of freshwater catfish. Prior to this study, these chemical responses had only been seen in freshwater [[Ostariophysi|ostariophysans]]. Hardhead catfish are the first marine [[Ostariophysi|ostariophysans]] to elicit this type of alarm reaction.<ref name=Alarm>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Michael E.|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|date=1 January 2000|volume=26|issue=7|pages=1635–1647|doi=10.1023/A:1005586812771}}</ref>
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| ===Echolocation===
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| Furthermore, hardhead catfish are the first indicator that [[Osteichthyes|steichthyes]] possibly could use directional hearing to detect obstacles. Through observation, researchers noted that emissions of low-frequency sounds were related to the detection and avoidance of close by obstacles. Individuals within the group who produced sound avoided obstacles, whereas silent individuals crashed into obstacles frequently. Many fish have been associated with sound production for alarm, territorial, and courtship purposes, but sound probing of surroundings seems to be only be seen in hardhead catfish. So far, there is no evidence for far-field [[echolocation]], such as seen in bats or toothed whales. The signal parameters have low frequency and amplitude, so it is unlikely that far-field reverberations would be useful. If [[echolocation]] exists, it is likely only useful in the near field by the catfish.<ref name=Echolocation>{{cite journal|last=Schmidtke|first=Daniel|coauthors=Jochen Schulz, Jörg Hartung, Karl-Heinz Esser|title=Structure and Possible Functions of Constant-Frequency Calls in Ariopsis seemanni (Osteichthyes, Ariidae)|journal=PLoS ONE|date=31 May 2013|volume=8|issue=5}}</ref>
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| ===Sound production===
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| There is some evidence that sound production in hardhead catfish is differentiated both mechanistically and contextually. Mechanistically, sound can be produced in a different ways. There are thin bones by the [[swim bladder]] that can be vibrated by specialized sonic muscles. Also, grinding of the [[Pharynx|pharyngeal]] teeth and rubbing of the pectoral spines against the pectoral girdle can produce sound. These two mechanisms appear to be evolved fright responses by the hardhead catfish. Some argue that hardhead catfish use an unrefined form of sonar as a means of [[echolocation]], which also implies some directional hearing ability. It is possible, but insofar unproven, that sound is used in [[courtship]] and [[spawning]].<ref name=DOSITS>{{cite web|title=Hardhead Sea Catfish|url=http://www.dosits.org/audio/fishes/hhseacatfish/|publisher=Discovery of Sound in the Sea|accessdate=1 October 2013}}</ref>
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| ==Life Cycle and reproduction==
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| The hardhead catfish has a reproductive season from around May to September.<ref name=Oxygen>{{cite journal|last=Surge|first=Donna|coauthors=Karen Jo Walker|title=Oxygen isotope composition of modern archaeological otoliths from the estuarine hardhead catfish (Ariopsis felis) and their potential to record low-latitude climate change|journal=Palaeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|date=22 November 2005|volume=228|issue=1-2|pages=179–191}}</ref> Males and females reach sexual maturity before age 2.<ref name=Ariopsis/><ref name=Oxygen/> Females at maturity are around 12.6-26.5 centimeters, and males are slightly larger, averaging around 25 centimeters. At maturity, females develop flap-like fatty tissue by their [[pelvic fins]], which results in them having larger pelvic fins than males. It has been suggested that these enhanced pelvic fins are the site of fertilization and that they play a part in moving the fertilized eggs to the male mouthbrooder for incubation. Another possibility is that males pick up eggs from depressions in the sand, as eggs tend to be [[demersal]].<ref name=Ariopsis/> | |
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| ==Parental Care==
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| ===Mouthbrooding===
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| Like other members of the family [[Ariidae]], hardhead catfish are paternal [[mouthbrooders]]. After spawning, the male will carry the eggs in his mouth until they hatch. There are several non-functioning eggs within the brood that attach to the larger, viable eggs. It has been speculated that these non-functioning eggs are used as food for the male mouthbrooder, since mouthbrooders do not feed while they are taking care of the brood. .<ref name=Ariopsis/> Oral incubations continue through the [[Yolk sac|yolk-sac]] larval state, for a total length of approximately 8–11 weeks.<ref name=Geographic/> Under laboratory conditions, offspring can hatch in roughly 30 days.<ref name=Ariopsis>{{cite web|last=Hill|first=K.|title=Ariopsis felis|url=http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Ariops_felis.htm|publisher=Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce|accessdate=1 October 2013}}</ref> The offspring are roughly 6-8 centimeters long and slowly adapt to adult behavior, such as opportunistic bottom-feeding and scavenging.<ref name=Geographic>{{cite journal|last=Avise|first=John C.|coauthors=Carol A. Reeb, Nancy C. Saunders|title=Geographic Population Structure and Species Differences in Mitochondrial DNA of Mouthbrooding Marine Catfishes (Ariidae) and Demersal Spawning Toadfishes (Batrachoididae)|journal=Evolution|date=September 1987|volume=41|pages=991–1002}}</ref> At absorption of the yolk sac, juveniles begin to show adult characteristics.<ref name= Ariopsis/> The parental male can choose to carry the young after they have hatched until they are larger and capable of surviving on their own.<ref name=DC>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=P.W., F.D Martin, J.D. Hardy Jr.|title=Development of fishes of the mid-Atlantic Bight: an atlas of egg, larval, and juvenile stages. Volume I: Acipenseridae through Ictaluridae|year=1978|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Programs|location=Ft. Collins, CO}}</ref>
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| ===Advantages===
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| There are many advantages to mouthbrooding as opposed to other forms of parental care, such as [[Bubble nest|bubblenesting]]. Mouthbreeders are able to freely move with the eggs in their mouth, and thus, can move as necessary to protect both himself and the brood. Even though mouthbrooding requires more energy by the male, there is also a greater chance of his young surviving to adulthood, and therefore, reproducing and continuing his genes; the eggs are not defenseless while in their father’s mouth.<ref name="I've"/> Mouthbrooding by males counters the relatively low [[fecundity]] of females, who only have 20-65 eggs per spawning episode.<ref name=Ariopsis/> Finally, through breathing, the male is able to keep the brood well oxygenated, which also increases brood survival.<ref name="I've">{{cite web|last=Hellweg|first=Mike|title=I've Got a New Mouthbrooding Betta-Now What?|url=http://smp.ibcbettas.org/articles/hellwigmouthbrood.html|publisher=Species Maintenance Program|accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref>
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| ==Fishing==
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| Hardhead catfish are voracious feeders and will bite on almost any natural bait. Hardhead catfish are also known to steal bait. Shrimp is a particularly effective bait to use. When fishing for this species in fresh water, assorted meats tend to work best as bait. For example: bacon, chicken, cuts of steak, and smaller fish. Hardhead catfish are generally regarded as an undesirable catch by most anglers, this may be largely due to the risk associated with handling the venomous fish as well as its 'fishy' taste as opposed to desirable game fish. A size 1 hook is usually effective for catching this fish. Anglers commonly use lightweight tackle if they are fishing specifically for this species, but many others use heavyweight tackle because the hardhead catfish seems to bite equally well on both. Care must be taken in handling hardhead catfish because the slime on their spines is mildly poisonous.<ref>Texas Parks and Wildlife Department page on hardhead catfish http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/hardhead/</ref> If the skin is punctured, pain and swelling will ensue, and infection may set in. The spine is barbed, which makes withdrawal an even more unpleasant process.
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| Hardhead catfish are edible but, like all catfish, require some effort to clean. It is one of the thirty most recreationally harvested species in the 5-county area (Volusia, Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie, Martin) encompassing the Indian River Lagoon (IRL)in central Florida.<ref>k. Hill Smithsonian Marine Station 2005. http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLSpec/Ariops_felis.htm</ref> From 1997-2001, 361,022 hardhead catfish were harvested within 200 miles of the shore in the IRL region.
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| Hardhead are also harvested for industrial purposes in commercial bottom trawling operations. Annual harvests vary greatly, but from 1987–2001, 1.04 million pounds of marine catfishes (including both the hardhead catfish and the gafftopsail catfish) were harvested in the IRL region. The harvest was valued at $777,497.<ref>K. Hill Smithsonian Marine Station http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLSpec/Ariops_felis.htm</ref>
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| ==Weight and Length==
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| [[Image:hardhead.png|250px | right | thumb]]
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| Hardhead catfish weigh on average one pound and measure ten to twelve inches long.
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| As hardhead catfish grow longer, they increase in weight. The relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between total length (L, in inches) and total weight (W, in pounds) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form:
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| :<math>W = cL^b\!\,</math>
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| Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, and c is a constant that varies among species.
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| The relationship described in this section suggests that a 20-inch hardhead catfish will weigh about 3 pounds, while a 25-inch hardhead catfish will likely weigh at least 6 pounds.
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.sms.si.edu/IRLSpec/Ariops_felis.htm Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce]
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| * [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=947 FishBase.org page on Hardhead Catfish]
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| [[Category:Edible fish]]
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| [[Category:Commercial fish]]
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| [[Category:Sport fish]]
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| [[Category:Seafood]]
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| [[Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean]]
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| [[Category:Ariidae]]
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| [[Category:Saltwater fish of Florida]]
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