|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
| | It depends on the quality of the Wordpress theme but even if it's not a professional one you will be able to average 50-60$ EACH link. You can either install Word - Press yourself or use free services offered on the web today. The effect is to promote older posts by moving them back onto the front page and into the rss feed. s and intelligently including a substantial amount of key words in the title tags, image links, etc. In the event you liked this post in addition to you would want to acquire details regarding [http://zpib.com/backup_plugin_482234 backup plugin] generously check out the internet site. This particular wordpress plugin is essential for not only having the capability where you improve your position, but to enhance your organic searches for your website. <br><br>You just download ready made templates to a separate directory and then choose a favorite one in the admin panel. If a newbie missed a certain part of the video then they could always rewind. Which is perfect for building a mobile site for business use. Now, I want to anxiety that not every single query will be answered. For a Wordpress website, you don't need a powerful web hosting account to host your site. <br><br>Just ensure that you hire experienced Word - Press CMS developer who is experienced enough to perform the task of Word - Press customization to get optimum benefits of Word - Press CMS. But if you are not willing to choose cost to the detriment of quality, originality and higher returns, then go for a self-hosted wordpress blog and increase the presence of your business in this new digital age. You can now search through the thousands of available plugins to add all kinds of functionality to your Word - Press site. User friendly features and flexibility that Word - Press has to offer is second to none. For any web design and development assignment, this is definitely one of the key concerns, specifically for online retail outlets as well as e-commerce websites. <br><br>It has become a more prevalent cause of infertility and the fertility clinic are having more and more couples with infertility problems. And, make no mistake,India's Fertility Clinics and IVF specialists are amongst the best in the world,and have been for some time. Next you'll go by way of to your simple Word - Press site. So, we have to add our social media sharing buttons in website. If your site does well you can get paid professional designer to create a unique Word - Press theme. <br><br>You will know which of your Word - Press blog posts are attracting more unique visitors which in turn will help you develop better products and services for your customers. By using Word - Press MLM websites or blogs, an online presence for you and your MLM company can be created swiftly and simply. Word - Press can also be quickly extended however improvement API is not as potent as Joomla's. with posts or testimonials updated as they are uploaded to a particular section of the website. Verify whether your company has a team of developers or programmers having hands-on experience and knowledge about all Word - Press concepts. |
| {{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}
| |
| [[File:LorentzianWormhole.jpg|thumb|Visual representation of a Schwarzschild [[wormhole]]. Wormholes have never been observed, but they are predicted to exist through [[mathematical model]]s and [[scientific theory]].]]
| |
| '''Theoretical physics''' is a branch of [[physics]] which employs [[mathematical model]]s and [[abstraction]]s of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural [[phenomenon|phenomena]]. This is in contrast to [[experimental physics]], which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.
| |
| | |
| The advancement of [[science]] depends in general on the interplay between [[experiment]]al studies and [[theory]]. In some cases, theoretical physics adheres to standards of [[Mathematical rigour|mathematical rigor]] while giving little weight to experiments and observations.<ref group="lower-alpha">There is some debate as to whether or not theoretical physics uses mathematics to build intuition and illustrativeness to extract physical insight (especially when normal [[experience]] fails), rather than as a tool in formalizing theories. This links to the question of it using mathematics in a less formally rigorous, and more intuitive or [[heuristic]] way than, say, [[mathematical physics]].</ref> For example, while developing [[special relativity]], [[Albert Einstein]] was concerned with the [[Lorentz transformation]] which left [[Maxwell's equations]] invariant, but was apparently uninterested in the [[Michelson–Morley experiment]] on [[Earth]]'s drift through a [[luminiferous aether|luminiferous ether]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} On the other hand, Einstein was awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] for explaining the [[photoelectric effect]], previously an experimental result lacking a theoretical formulation.
| |
| | |
| ==Overview==
| |
| A '''physical theory''' is a model of physical events. It is judged by the extent to which its predictions agree with empirical observations. The quality of a physical theory is also judged on its ability to make new predictions which can be verified by new observations. A physical theory differs from a [[mathematics|mathematical]] [[theorem]] in that while both are based on some form of [[axioms]], judgment of mathematical applicability is not based on agreement with any experimental results.
| |
| | |
| {{Rquote|right|
| |
| <math>\mathrm{Ric} = k\,g</math> | |
| | |
| ''The equations for an [[Einstein manifold]], used in [[general relativity]] to describe the curvature of [[spacetime]]''
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| A physical theory involves one or more relationships between various measurable quantities. [[Archimedes]] realized that a ship floats by displacing its mass of water, [[Pythagoras]] understood the relation between the length of a [[oscillation|vibrating]] string and the [[music]]al tone it produces. Other examples include [[entropy]] as a measure of the uncertainty regarding the positions and [[motion (physics)|motions]] of unseen [[molecule|particles]] and the [[quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] idea that ([[action (physics)|action]] and) [[energy]] are not continuously variable.
| |
| | |
| Theoreticial physics consists of several different approaches. In this regard, [[theoretical particle physics]] forms a good example. For instance: "[[Phenomenology (science)|phenomenologists]]" might employ ([[semi-empirical|semi-]]) [[empirical]] formulas to agree with experimental results, often without deep physical understanding.<ref group="lower-alpha">The work of [[Johann Balmer]] and [[Johannes Rydberg]] in spectroscopy, and the [[semi-empirical mass formula]] of nuclear physics are good candidates for examples of this approach.</ref> "Modellers" (also called "model-builders") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of [[mathematical modelling]] to physics problems.<ref group="lower-alpha">The [[Ptolemaic model|Ptolemaic]] and [[Heliocentrism|Copernican]] models of the Solar system, the Bohr model of hydrogen atoms and [[nuclear shell model]] are good candidates for examples of this approach.</ref> Some attempt to create approximate theories, called ''[[Effective field theories|effective theories]]'', because fully developed theories may be regarded as unsolvable or [[complexity|too complicated]]. Other theorists may try to [[unified field theories|unify]], formalise, reinterpret or generalise extant theories, or create completely new ones altogether.<ref group="lower-alpha">Arguably these are the most celebrated theories in physics: Newton's theory of gravitation, Einstein's theory of relativity and Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism share some of these attributes.</ref> Sometimes the vision provided by pure mathematical systems can provide clues to how a physical system might be modeled;<ref group="lower-alpha">This approach is often favoured by (pure) mathematicians and mathematical physicists.</ref> e.g., the notion, due to [[Bernhard Riemann|Riemann]] and others, that [[space]] itself might be curved. Theoretical problems that need computational investigation are often the concern
| |
| of [[computational physics]]. | |
| | |
| Theoretical advances may consist in setting aside old, incorrect [[paradigm]]s (e.g., burning consists of evolving [[phlogiston]], or [[Astronomy|astronomical]] bodies revolve around the [[Earth]]) or may be an alternative model that provides answers that are more accurate or that can be more widely applied. In the latter case, a [[correspondence principle]] will be required to recover the [[classical limit|previously known result]].
| |
| | |
| Physical theories become accepted if they are able to make correct predictions and no (or few) incorrect ones. The theory should have, at least as a secondary objective, a certain economy and elegance (compare to [[mathematical beauty]]), a notion sometimes called "[[Occam's razor]]" after the 13th-century English [[philosophy|philosopher]] [[William of Ockham|William of Occam]] (or Ockham), in which the simpler of two theories that describe the same matter just as adequately is preferred (but conceptual simplicity may mean mathematical complexity). They are also more likely to be accepted if they connect a wide range of phenomena. Testing the consequences of a theory is part of the [[scientific method]].
| |
| | |
| Physical theories can be grouped into three categories: ''[[theoretical physics#Mainstream theories|mainstream theories]]'', ''[[theoretical physics#Proposed theories|proposed theories]]'' and ''[[theoretical physics#Fringe theories|fringe theories]]''.
| |
| | |
| ==History==
| |
| {{details|History of physics}}
| |
| | |
| Theoretical physics began at least 2,300 years ago, under the [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|Pre-socratic philosophy]], and continued by [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], whose views held sway for a millennium. During the rise of [[medieval universities]], the only [[Medieval university#Characteristics|acknowledged intellectual disciplines]] were the seven [[liberal arts]] of the ''[[Trivium]]'' like [[grammar]], [[logic]], and [[rhetoric]] and of the ''[[Quadrivium]]'' like [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]], [[music]] and [[astronomy]]. As the concepts of [[matter]], energy, space, time and [[causality]] slowly began to acquire the form we know today, other sciences spun off from the rubric of [[natural philosophy]]. During the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Renaissance]], the concept of [[experiment]]al science, the [[counterpoint]] to theory, began with scholars such as [[Ibn al-Haytham]] and [[Francis Bacon]]. The modern era of theory began perhaps with the [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernican]] paradigm shift in [[astronomy]], soon followed by [[Johannes Kepler]]'s expressions for planetary orbits, which summarized the meticulous observations of [[Tycho Brahe]].
| |
| | |
| The great push toward the modern concept of explanation started with [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]], one of the few [[physicist]]s who was both a consummate theoretician and a great [[experimentalist]]. The [[analytic geometry]] and mechanics of [[René Descartes|Descartes]] were incorporated into the [[calculus]] and [[classical mechanics|mechanics]] of [[Isaac Newton]], another theoretician/experimentalist of the highest order, [[Writing of Principia Mathematica|writing Principia Mathematica]].<ref name="hooke1679nov24">See 'Correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol.2, 1676–1687' ed. H W Turnbull, Cambridge University Press 1960; at page 297, document #235, letter from Hooke to Newton dated 24 November 1679.</ref> In it contained a grand synthesis of the work of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler; as well as Newton's theories of mechanics and gravitation, which held sway as worldviews until the early 20th century. [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]], [[Leonhard Euler]] and [[William Rowan Hamilton]] would extend the theory of classical mechanics considerably. Each of these individuals picked up the interactive intertwining of [[mathematics]] and [[physics]] begun two millennia earlier by Pythagoras.
| |
| | |
| Among the great conceptual achievements of the 19th and 20th centuries were the consolidation of the idea of [[energy]] by the inclusion of [[heat]], then [[electricity and magnetism]] and [[light]]. The [[laws of thermodynamics]], and most importantly the introduction of the singular concept of [[entropy]] began to provide a macroscopic explanation for the properties of matter. Statistical mechanics (followed by statistical physics) emerged as an offshoot of thermodynamics late in the 19th century. Another important event in the 19th century was the discovery of [[electromagnetic theory]], unifying the previously separate phenomena of electricity, magnetism and light.
| |
| | |
| The pillars of [[modern physics]], and perhaps the most revolutionary theories in the history of physics, have been [[theory of relativity|relativity theory]] and [[quantum mechanics]]. Newtonian mechanics was subsumed under special relativity and Newton's [[gravity]] was given a [[kinematic]] explanation by [[general relativity]]. Quantum mechanics led to an understanding of [[black body|blackbody]] [[electromagnetic radiation|radiation]] (which indeed, was an original motivation for the theory) and of anomalies in the [[specific heat capacity|specific heats]] of [[solid]]s — and finally to an understanding of the internal structures of [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s. Quantum mechanics soon gave way to the formulation of [[quantum field theory]] (QFT), begun in the late 1920s. The 1960s and 70s saw the formulation of the [[Standard model of particle physics]] using QFT, in parallel to applications of relativity to [[golden age of cosmology|problems in astronomy and cosmology]].
| |
| | |
| All of these achievements depended on the theoretical physics as a moving force both to suggest experiments and to consolidate results — often by ingenious application of existing mathematics, or, as in the case of Descartes and Newton (with [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]]), by inventing new mathematics. [[Joseph Fourier|Fourier's]] studies of heat conduction led to a new branch of mathematics: [[Fourier series|infinite, orthogonal series]].
| |
| | |
| Modern theoretical physics attempts to unify theories and explain phenomena in further attempts to understand the [[Universe]], from the [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] to the [[elementary particle]] scale. Where experimentation cannot be done, theoretical physics still tries to advance through the use of mathematical models.
| |
| | |
| ==Mainstream theories==
| |
| '''Mainstream theories''' (sometimes referred to as ''central theories'') are the body of knowledge of both factual and scientific views and possess a usual scientific quality of the tests of repeatability, consistency with existing well-established science and experimentation. There do exist mainstream theories that are generally accepted theories based solely upon their effects explaining a wide variety of data, although the detection, explanation, and possible composition are subjects of debate.
| |
| | |
| ===Examples===
| |
| {{colbegin|4}}
| |
| * [[Black hole thermodynamics]]
| |
| * [[Classical mechanics]]
| |
| * [[Condensed matter physics]]
| |
| * [[Conservation of energy]]
| |
| * [[Dark Energy]]
| |
| * [[Dark matter]]
| |
| * [[Dynamics (mechanics)|Dynamics]]
| |
| * [[Electromagnetism]]
| |
| * [[Field theory (physics)|Field theory]]
| |
| * [[Fluid dynamics]]
| |
| * [[General relativity]]
| |
| * [[Molecular modeling]]
| |
| * [[Particle physics]]
| |
| * [[Physical cosmology]]
| |
| * [[Quantum chromodynamics]]
| |
| * [[Quantum computers]]
| |
| * [[Quantum electrochemistry]]
| |
| * [[Quantum electrodynamics]]
| |
| * [[Quantum field theory]]
| |
| * [[Quantum information theory]]
| |
| * [[Quantum mechanics]]
| |
| * [[Quantum Gravity]]
| |
| * [[Solid mechanics]]
| |
| * [[Solid state physics]] or [[Condensed Matter Physics]] and the [[Semiconductor|electronic structure of materials]]
| |
| * [[Special relativity]]
| |
| * [[Standard Model]]
| |
| * [[Statistical mechanics]]
| |
| <!--* [[String theory]]--> | |
| <!--Removed string theory per Joshua's suggestion on discussion page, pending input that string theory actually does have strong experimental support, per definition of this class of models/theories--> | |
| * [[Thermodynamics]]
| |
| {{colend}}
| |
| | |
| ==Proposed theories==
| |
| The '''proposed theories''' of physics are usually relatively new theories which deal with the study of physics which include scientific approaches, means for determining the validity of models and new types of reasoning used to arrive at the theory. However, some proposed theories include theories that have been around for decades and have eluded methods of discovery and testing. Proposed theories can include fringe theories in the process of becoming established (and, sometimes, gaining wider acceptance). Proposed theories usually have not been tested.
| |
| | |
| ===Examples===
| |
| {{colbegin}}
| |
| * [[Causal Sets]]
| |
| * [[Dark energy]] or [[Cosmological Constant|Einstein's Cosmological Constant]]
| |
| * [[Einstein–Rosen Bridge]]
| |
| * [[Emergence]]
| |
| * [[Grand unification theory]]
| |
| * [[Loop quantum gravity]]
| |
| * [[M-theory]]
| |
| * [[String theory]]
| |
| * [[Supersymmetry]]
| |
| * [[Theory of everything]]
| |
| * [[Unparticle physics]]
| |
| {{colend}}
| |
| | |
| == Fringe theories ==
| |
| '''Fringe theories''' include any new area of scientific endeavor in the process of becoming established and some proposed theories. It can include speculative sciences. This includes physics fields and physical theories presented in accordance with known evidence, and a body of associated predictions have been made according to that theory.
| |
| | |
| Some fringe theories go on to become a widely accepted part of physics. Other fringe theories end up being disproven. Some fringe theories are a form of [[protoscience]] and others are a form of [[pseudoscience]]. The falsification of the original theory sometimes leads to reformulation of the theory.
| |
| | |
| === Examples ===
| |
| {{colbegin}}
| |
| * [[Biefeld–Brown effect#Electrogravity|Biefeld Brown electrogravity]]
| |
| * [[Nikola Tesla#Field theories|Dynamic theory of gravity]]
| |
| * [[Luminiferous aether]]
| |
| * [[Orgone]]
| |
| {{colend}}
| |
| | |
| ==Thought experiments vs real experiments==
| |
| {{Main|Thought experiment}}
| |
| | |
| "Thought" experiments are situations created in one's mind, asking a question akin to "suppose you are in this situation, assuming such is true, what would follow?". They are usually created to investigate phenomena that are not readily experienced in every-day situations. Famous examples of such thought experiments are [[Schrödinger's cat]], the [[EPR paradox|EPR thought experiment]], [[Time dilation#Simple inference of time dilation|simple illustrations of time dilation]], and so on. These usually lead to real experiments designed to verify that the conclusion (and therefore the assumptions) of the thought experiments are correct. The EPR thought experiment led to the [[Bell inequalities]], which were then [[Bell test experiments|tested to various degrees of rigor]], leading to the acceptance of the current formulation of [[quantum mechanics]] and [[Quantum indeterminacy|probabilism]] as a [[working hypothesis]].
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| {{Wikipedia books|Physics}}
| |
| * [[Experimental physics]]
| |
| * [[List of theoretical physicists]]
| |
| * [[Timeline of developments in theoretical physics]]
| |
| * [[Symmetry in quantum mechanics]]
| |
| | |
| ==Notes==
| |
| {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==Suggested Reading List==
| |
| *Duhem, Pierre. "La théorie physique - Son objet, sa structure," (in French). 2nd edition - 1914. English translation: "The physical theory - its purpose, its structure,". Republished by [[:fr:Joseph Vrin|Joseph Vrin]] philosophical library (1981), ISBN 2711602214.
| |
| | |
| * Feynman, et al. "[[Feynman lectures on physics]]" (3 vol.). First edition: Addison–Wesley, (1964, 1966).
| |
| * Landau et al. "[[Course of theoretical physics]]".
| |
| : Famous series of books dealing with in theoretical concepts in physics covering 10 volumes, translated in to many languages and reprinted over many editions. Often known simply as "Landau and Lifschits" or "Landau-Lifschits" in the literature.
| |
| * Longair, MS. "Theoretical Concepts in Physics: An Alternative View of Theoretical Reasoning in Physics". [[Cambridge University Press]]; 2d edition (4 Dec 2003). ISBN 052152878X. ISBN 978-0521528788
| |
| * Planck, Max (1909). [http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Eight_Lectures_on_Theoretical_Physics_De.html?id=KisvtatMApwC&redir_esc=y "Eight Lectures on theoretical physics"]. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 1465521887, ISBN 9781465521880.
| |
| : A set of lectures given in 1909 at [[Columbia University]].
| |
| * Sommerfeld, Arnold. "Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik" (Lectures on theoretical physics); German, 6 volumes.
| |
| : Series of lessons from a master educator of theoretical physicists.
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| {{wikibooks|Introduction to Theoretical Physics}}
| |
| *[http://superstringtheory.com/history/history3.html Timeline of Theoretical Physics]
| |
| *[http://ctp.lns.mit.edu/index.html MIT Center for Theoretical Physics]
| |
| *[http://www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/theorist.html How to Become a Theoretical Physicist by a Nobel Laureate]
| |
| *[http://www.odomann.com Theory of longitudinal and transversal angular momentums]
| |
| | |
| {{Physics-footer}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Theoretical physics| ]]
| |
| [[Category:History of physics]]
| |
| | |
| [[de:Physik#Theoretische Physik]]
| |
It depends on the quality of the Wordpress theme but even if it's not a professional one you will be able to average 50-60$ EACH link. You can either install Word - Press yourself or use free services offered on the web today. The effect is to promote older posts by moving them back onto the front page and into the rss feed. s and intelligently including a substantial amount of key words in the title tags, image links, etc. In the event you liked this post in addition to you would want to acquire details regarding backup plugin generously check out the internet site. This particular wordpress plugin is essential for not only having the capability where you improve your position, but to enhance your organic searches for your website.
You just download ready made templates to a separate directory and then choose a favorite one in the admin panel. If a newbie missed a certain part of the video then they could always rewind. Which is perfect for building a mobile site for business use. Now, I want to anxiety that not every single query will be answered. For a Wordpress website, you don't need a powerful web hosting account to host your site.
Just ensure that you hire experienced Word - Press CMS developer who is experienced enough to perform the task of Word - Press customization to get optimum benefits of Word - Press CMS. But if you are not willing to choose cost to the detriment of quality, originality and higher returns, then go for a self-hosted wordpress blog and increase the presence of your business in this new digital age. You can now search through the thousands of available plugins to add all kinds of functionality to your Word - Press site. User friendly features and flexibility that Word - Press has to offer is second to none. For any web design and development assignment, this is definitely one of the key concerns, specifically for online retail outlets as well as e-commerce websites.
It has become a more prevalent cause of infertility and the fertility clinic are having more and more couples with infertility problems. And, make no mistake,India's Fertility Clinics and IVF specialists are amongst the best in the world,and have been for some time. Next you'll go by way of to your simple Word - Press site. So, we have to add our social media sharing buttons in website. If your site does well you can get paid professional designer to create a unique Word - Press theme.
You will know which of your Word - Press blog posts are attracting more unique visitors which in turn will help you develop better products and services for your customers. By using Word - Press MLM websites or blogs, an online presence for you and your MLM company can be created swiftly and simply. Word - Press can also be quickly extended however improvement API is not as potent as Joomla's. with posts or testimonials updated as they are uploaded to a particular section of the website. Verify whether your company has a team of developers or programmers having hands-on experience and knowledge about all Word - Press concepts.