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| {{About|flight vehicles|the topic in combustion physics|fuel mass fraction}}
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| [[File:GlobalFlyer at KSC before launch.jpg|thumb|The [[Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer|GlobalFlyer]] had a fuel fraction near 85% — it could carry five times its weight in fuel.]]
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| In [[aerospace engineering]], an aircraft's '''fuel fraction''', '''fuel weight fraction''',<ref>{{cite book | last = Brandt | first = Steven | title = Introduction to Aeronautics: a Design Perspective | publisher = AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics & Ast) | page = 359 | year = 2004 | isbn = 1-56347-701-7 }}</ref> or a spacecraft's '''propellant fraction''', is the weight of the fuel or propellant divided by the gross take-off weight of the craft (including propellant):<ref>{{cite book | last = Vinh | first = Nguyen | title = Flight Mechanics of High-Performance Aircraft | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | page = 139| year = 1993 | isbn = 0-521-47852-9 }}</ref>
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| :<math>\ \zeta = \frac{\Delta W}{W_1} </math>
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| The fractional result of this mathematical division is often expressed as a percent. For aircraft with external [[drop tank]]s, the term '''internal fuel fraction''' is used to exclude the weight of external tanks and fuel.
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| Fuel fraction is a key parameter in determining an aircraft's range, the [[Range (aircraft)|distance it can fly without refueling]].
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| [[Louis Charles Breguet|Breguet]]’s aircraft [[range (aircraft)|range]] equation describes the relationship of range with [[airspeed]], [[lift-to-drag ratio]], [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|specific fuel consumption]], and the part of the total fuel fraction available for cruise, also known as the '''cruise fuel fraction''', or ''' cruise fuel weight fraction'''.<ref>{{cite book
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| |title=Flight Performance of Fixed and Rotary Wing Aircraft
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| |author=Filippone, Antonio
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| |year=2006
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| |publisher=Elsevier
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| |page=426
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| |isbn=0-7506-6817-2}}</ref>
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| ==Fighter aircraft==
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| At today’s state of the art for jet [[fighter aircraft]], fuel fractions of 29 percent and below typically yield subcruisers; 33 percent provides a quasi–[[supercruise]]r; and 35 percent and above are needed for useful supercruising missions. The U.S. [[F-22 Raptor]]’s fuel fraction is 29 percent,<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050908090849/http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=199 8200/27900 = 0.29]</ref> [[Eurofighter]] is 31 percent, both similar to those of the subcruising [[F-4 Phantom II]], [[F-15 Eagle]] and the Russian [[Mikoyan MiG-29]] "Fulcrum". The Russian supersonic interceptor, the [[Mikoyan MiG-31]] "Foxhound", has a fuel fraction of over 45 percent.<ref>[http://www.pogo.org/p/defense/do-000812-f22.htm The F-22 Program FACT VERSUS FICTION] by Everest E. Riccioni, Col. USAF, Ret.</ref> The [[Panavia Tornado]] had a relatively low internal fuel fraction of 26 percent, and frequently carried drop tanks.<ref>{{cite book | last = Spick | first = Mike | title = Brassey's Modern Fighters | publisher = Potomac Books | location = Washington | year = 2002 | pages = 51–53 | isbn = 1-57488-462-X }}</ref>
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| ==Airliners==
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| Airliners typically have a fuel fraction between 25 and 45 percent, so less than half their takeoff weight is fuel. The [[Boeing 777-200]]-IGW very long range airliner has a fuel fraction of 47 percent.<ref>[http://www.mh-aerotools.de/company/paper_7/astec_2002.htm The Sonic Cruiser – A Concept Analysis] by Dr. Martin Hepperle</ref> The [[Concorde]] [[supersonic transport]] had a high fuel fraction of around 55%.<ref>[http://mae.ucdavis.edu/faculty/sarigul/AIAA_2003_0909_revised_Sep03.pdf Manned Sub-Orbital Space Transportation Vehicles<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| ==General aviation==
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| The [[Rutan Voyager]] took off on its [[1986 in aviation|1986]] around-the-world flight at 72 percent, the highest figure ever at the time.<ref>{{cite journal
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| |journal=[[Popular Mechanics]]
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| |title=Burt Rutan and the Ultimate Solo
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| |author=Noland, David
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| |date=February 2005
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| |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/air_space/1262012.html?page=3
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| }}</ref> [[Steve Fossett]]'s [[Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer]] could attain a fuel fraction of nearly 85 percent, meaning that it carried more than five times its empty weight in fuel.<ref>
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| {{cite news
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| | first = Mike
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| | last = Schneider
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| | title = Adventurer Set for Record-Setting Flight
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| | url = http://www.space.com/news/ap_060206_fosset_flight.html
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| | agency = Associated Press
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| | publisher = [[Space.com]]
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| | date = 2006-02-06
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| | accessdate = 2007-03-18
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| | quote = At takeoff, fuel is expected to account for almost 85 percent of the graphite-made aircraft's weight.
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| }}</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| *[[Mass ratio]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| [[Category:Aerospace engineering]]
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