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| {{Unreferenced|date=January 2007}}
| | Health Marketing Officer Cristopher Paterno from Medicine Hat, spends time with pursuits such as ghost hunting, como ganhar dinheiro na internet and spelunkering. Preceding year very recently completed a trip Kondoa Rock-Art Sites.<br><br>my homepage; [http://ganhedinheironainternet.comoganhardinheiro101.com/ ganhando dinheiro na internet] |
| [[File:Harmonic partials on strings.svg|thumb|right|Basic and harmonic oscillations of a string]]
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| A '''guitar harmonic''' is a musical [[note]] played by preventing or amplifying [[vibration]] of certain [[overtones]] of a [[guitar]] string. {{TOC right}}
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| Music using [[harmonic]]s can contain very high [[Pitch (music)|pitch]] notes difficult or impossible to reach by [[fret]]ting. Guitar harmonics also produce a different sound quality than fretted notes, and are one of many techniques used to create musical variety.
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| ==Technique==
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| Harmonics are mainly generated manually by different playing techniques. Another method is sound wave feedback of a guitar amplifier at high volume, which causes an "infinite" vibration of certain string harmonics. A third method, magnetic string drivers like the [[EBow]], can generate string harmonics.
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| Harmonics are most often played by lightly placing a finger on a string at a [[Node (physics)|nodal point]] of one of the overtones at the moment when the string is driven. The finger immediately [[damping|damps]] all overtones that do not have a node near the location touched. The lowest-pitch overtone dominates the resulting sound.
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| ==Overtones==
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| [[File:Guitar Tuning by Overtone.ogg|thumb|noicon|[[Guitar tunings|Tuning a guitar]] using overtones (listen)]]
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| [[Image:Harmonic motion4.PNG|280px|right|thumb|The fundamental and the double- and triple-frequency overtones of a guitar string.]]
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| When a [[Strings (music)|guitar string]] is plucked normally, the ear tends to hear the [[fundamental frequency]] most prominently, colored by the presence of integer multiples of that frequency. The lowest frequency of vibration along the entire length of the string is known as the fundamental, while higher frequencies are referred to as [[overtone]]s. The fundamental and overtones, when sounded together, are perceived by the listener as a single tone, though the relative prominence of the frequencies varies among instruments, contributing to [[timbre]]. A harmonic overtone has evenly spaced [[node (physics)|nodes]] along the string, where the string does not move from its resting position.
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| <br style="clear:both"/>
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| ==Nodes==
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| The [[Node (physics)|nodes]] of natural harmonics are located at the following points along a guitar's neck. For fretted strings, these locations shift up the fingerboard by the same number of frets, and resulting harmonics are called [[artificial harmonics]].
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| [[Image:Guitar harmonic nodes.svg|600px|Harmonic mode shapes and their corresponding node locations on a guitar]]
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| !Mode
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| !Length Fraction
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| !Fret
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| !Note
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| |-
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| |1
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| |1
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| |open
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| |unison
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| |-
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| |2
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| |1/2
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| |12
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| |octave
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| |-
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| |3
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| |1/3, 2/3
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| |7, 19
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| |octave + perfect fifth
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| |-
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| |4
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| |1/4, 3/4
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| |5, 24
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| |2nd octave
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| |-
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| |5
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| |1/5 to 4/5
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| |3.9, 8.8, 15.9, 27.9
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| |2nd octave + just major third
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| |-
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| |6
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| |1/6, 5/6
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| |3.2, 31.0
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| |2nd octave + perfect fifth
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| |-
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| |7
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| |1/7 to 6/7
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| |2.7, 5.8, 9.7, 14.7, 21.7, 33.7
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| |2nd octave + septimal minor seventh
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| |-
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| |8
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| |1/8, 3/8, 5/8, 7/8
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| |2.3, 8.1, 17.0, 36.0
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| |3rd octave
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| |-
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| |9
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| |1/9, 2/9, 4/9, 5/9, 7/9, 8/9
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| |2.0, 4.4, 10.2, 14.0, 26.0, 38.0
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| |3rd octave + neutral second
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| |-
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| |10
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| |1/10, 3/10, 7/10, 9/10
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| |1.8, 6.2, 20.8, 39.9
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| |3rd octave + just major third
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| |}
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| The above fret numbers can be calculated:
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| <math>F_{1..n} = \log_s {m\over{m-n}}</math> | |
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| where <math>s = 2^{1/12}</math>, the frequency ratio of one musical half-step (i.e. one fret), ''m'' is the mode number (1–10 are given above), and ''n'' is the node number for that mode (1 to {{nowrap|''m'' − 1}}).
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| Certain nodes of higher harmonics are coincident with nodes of lower harmonics, and the lower sounds overpower the higher ones. For example, mode number 4 can be fingered at nodes 1 and 3; it will occur at node 2 but will not be heard over the stronger first harmonic. Ineffective nodes to finger are not listed above.
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| ==Intervals==
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| !harmonic
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| !stop note
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| !harmonic note
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| !width="50"| cents
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| !width="50"| reduced<br>cents
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| |-
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| |2
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| |[[octave]]
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| |[[octave|P8]]
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| |align="right" | 1200.0
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| |align="right" | 0.0
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| |-
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| |3
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| |just [[perfect fifth]]
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| |P8 + P5
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| |align="right" | 1902.0
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| |align="right" | 702.0
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| |-
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| |4
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| |just [[perfect fourth]]
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| |2P8
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| |align="right" | 2400.0
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| |align="right" | 0.0
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| |-
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| |5
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| |[[just major third]]
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| |2P8 + just M3
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| |align="right" | 2786.3
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| |align="right" | 386.3
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| |-
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| |6
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| |[[just minor third]]
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| |2P8 + P5
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| |align="right" | 3102.0
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| |align="right" | 702.0
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| |-
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| |7
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| |[[septimal minor third]]
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| |2P8 + septimal m7
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| |align="right" | 3368.8
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| |align="right" | 968.8
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| |-
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| |8
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| |septimal [[major second]]
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| |3P8
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| |align="right" | 3600.0
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| |align="right" | 0.0
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| |-
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| |9
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| |Pythagorean [[major second]]
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| |3P8 + pyth M2
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| |align="right" | 3803.9
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| |align="right" | 203.9
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| |-
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| |10
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| |just minor [[whole tone]]
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| |3P8 + just M3
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| |align="right" | 3986.3
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| |align="right" | 386.3
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| |-
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| |11
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| |greater unidecimal [[neutral second]]
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| |3P8 + [[List of pitch intervals|unidecimal semi-augmented 4th]]
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| |align="right" | 4151.3
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| |align="right" | 551.3
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| |-
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| |12
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| |lesser unidecimal [[neutral second]]
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| |3P8 + P5
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| |align="right" | 4302.0
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| |align="right" | 702.0
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| |-
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| |13
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| |tridecimal 2/3-tone
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| |3P8 + tridecimal neutral 6th
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| |align="right" | 4440.5
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| |align="right" | 840.5
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| |-
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| |14
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| |2/3-tone
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| |3P8 + septimal m7
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| |align="right" | 4568.8
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| |align="right" | 968.8
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| |-
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| |15
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| |septimal (or major) [[diatonic semitone]]
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| |3P8 + just M7
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| |align="right" | 4688.3
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| |align="right" | 1088.3
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| |-
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| |16
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| |just (or minor) [[diatonic semitone]]
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| |4P8
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| |align="right" | 4800.0
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| |align="right" | 0.0
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| |-
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| |}
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| [[Image:Table of Harmonics.svg|thumb|center|700px|Table of harmonics, indicating in colors on which positions the same overtones occur]]
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| ==Advanced techniques==
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| ===Pinch harmonics===
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| :''See [[Pinch harmonic]]''
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| A pinch harmonic is produced by lightly touching the thumb, fingers or palm of the picking hand against the string immediately after it is picked. This action is sufficient to silence the [[Fundamental frequency|fundamental]] and all [[overtone]]s except those that have a [[Node (physics)|node]] at that location. This is sometimes accomplished by holding the [[plectrum]] so very little of its tip protrudes between the thumb and forefinger (roughly 3–5 mm), allowing the thumb to brush the string immediately after it is picked.
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| The technique must be performed at one of the appropriate harmonic nodes for the note to sound. For example, to produce a pinch harmonic one [[octave]] higher than the fundamental of a string that is stopped at the third fret of a guitar, the string must be plucked halfway between the third fret and the bridge (the 15th fret, as the neck is logarithmic). Other overtones of the same fundamental note may be produced in the same way at other nodes along the string. The point where the string is plucked therefore varies depending on the desired note. Most harmonics have several accessible nodes evenly spaced on the string, so the nodes used in practice are normally around where the string is normally picked (around the pickups on an electric guitar), rather than those above the neck as these are the easiest to access with the picking hand from normal playing.
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| Overtones with a frequency of a multiple of the intended overtone (i.e., the same note in a higher octave) will share the nodes of the lower overtones, so won't be muted. They will, however, be at a much lower volume and since they are the same note in a higher octave, don't detract from the sound of the note. If the string is pinched at the [[Node (physics)|antinode]] of the intended overtone, no higher overtones will sound.
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| A single harmonic overtone is quieter than a normal note, which contains many overtones. For this reason, guitar players often increase the guitar volume to play harmonics. Thicker strings, stronger pickups and adjustment to amplifier settings (increasing gain) are some ways of doing this. When the string vibrates primarily at a single fundamental, it has different volumes through different pickups, depending on the proximity of nodes or anti-nodes to the pickup. The different overtone volumes are why neck and bridge pickups sound different. If a node is directly over a pickup, little or no sound is heard.
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| ===Tapped harmonics===
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| This technique was popularized by [[Eddie van Halen]]. [[Tap harmonic|Tapped harmonics]] are an extension of the [[tapping]] technique. The note is fretted as usual, but instead of striking the string the excitation energy required to sound the note is achieved by tapping at a harmonic nodal point. The tapping finger bounces lightly on and off the fret. The open string technique can be extended to artificial harmonics. For instance, for an octave harmonic (12 fret nodal point) press at the third fret, and tap the fifteenth fret, as {{nowrap|12 + 3 {{=}} 15}}.
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| ===String harmonics driven by a magnetic field===
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| This technique is used by effect devices producing a magnetic field that can agitate fundamentals and harmonics of steel strings. There are harmonic mode switches as provided by newer versions of the
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| [[Ebow]] and by guitar build in sustainers like the [[Fernandes Sustainer]] and the Moog Guitar. Harmonics control by harmonic mode switching and by the playing technique is applied by the [[Guitar Resonator]] where harmonics can be alternated by changing the string driver position at the fretboard while playing.
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| ==See also==
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| {{Portal|Guitar}}
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| *[[3rd bridge]]
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| *[[Artificial harmonic]]
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| {{Guitars|Playing}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Guitar Harmonics}}
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| [[Category:Guitars]]
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| [[Category:Harmonic series]]
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Health Marketing Officer Cristopher Paterno from Medicine Hat, spends time with pursuits such as ghost hunting, como ganhar dinheiro na internet and spelunkering. Preceding year very recently completed a trip Kondoa Rock-Art Sites.
my homepage; ganhando dinheiro na internet