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In [[computability theory]], [[computational complexity theory]] and [[proof theory]], the '''Hardy hierarchy''', named after [[G. H. Hardy]], is an ordinal-indexed family of functions ''h''<sub>α</sub>:&nbsp;'''N'''&nbsp;→&nbsp;'''N''' (where '''N''' is the set of [[natural numbers]], {0,&nbsp;1,&nbsp;...}). It is related to the [[fast-growing hierarchy]] and [[slow-growing hierarchy]]. The hierarchy was first described in Hardy's 1904 paper, "A theorem concerning the infinite cardinal numbers".


== Definition ==
Let μ be a [[large countable ordinal]] such that a [[fundamental sequence (ordinals)|fundamental sequence]] is assigned to every [[limit ordinal]] less than μ. The '''Hardy hierarchy''' of functions ''h''<sub>α</sub>:&nbsp;'''N'''&nbsp;→&nbsp;'''N''', for ''α''&nbsp;<&nbsp;''μ'', is then defined as follows:


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*<math> h_0(n) = n,\, </math>
*<math> h_{\alpha+1}(n) = h_\alpha(n + 1),\, </math>
*<math> h_\alpha(n) = h_{\alpha[n]}(n) \,\!</math> if α is a limit ordinal.
 
Here α[''n''] denotes the ''n''<sup>th</sup> element of the fundamental sequence assigned to the limit ordinal&nbsp;''α''. A standardized choice of fundamental sequence for all&nbsp;''α''&nbsp;≤&nbsp;''ε''<sub>0</sub> is described in the article on the [[Fast-growing hierarchy#The Wainer hierarchy|fast-growing hierarchy]].
 
Caicedo (2007) defines a modified Hardy hierarchy of functions <math>H_\alpha\,\!</math> by using the standard fundamental sequences, but with α[''n''+1] (instead of α[''n'']) in the third line of the above definition.
 
== Relation to fast-growing hierarchy ==
The [[fast-growing hierarchy|Wainer hierarchy]] of functions ''f''<sub>α</sub> and the Hardy hierarchy of functions ''h''<sub>α</sub> are related by ''f''<sub>α</sub> = ''h''<sub>ω<sup>α</sup></sub> for all α < ε<sub>0</sub>. Thus, for any α < ε<sub>0</sub>, ''h''<sub>α</sub> grows much more slowly than does ''f''<sub>α</sub>.   However, the Hardy hierarchy "catches up" to the Wainer hierarchy at α = ε<sub>0</sub>, such that ''f''<sub>ε<sub>0</sub></sub> and ''h''<sub>ε<sub>0</sub></sub> have the same growth rate, in the sense that ''f''<sub>ε<sub>0</sub></sub>(''n''-1) ≤ ''h''<sub>ε<sub>0</sub></sub>(''n'') ≤ ''f''<sub>ε<sub>0</sub></sub>(''n''+1) for all ''n'' ≥ 1. (Gallier 1991)
 
== References ==
*{{citation|last= Hardy |first= G.H. |authorlink= G. H. Hardy|title= A theorem concerning the infinite cardinal numbers |journal= Quarterly Journal of Mathematics |volume= 35 |year= 1904 |pages= 87–94}}
 
*{{citation|mr=1129778|last= Gallier|first= Jean H.|title= What's so special about Kruskal's theorem and the ordinal Γ<sub>0</sub>? A survey of some results in proof theory|journal=  Ann. Pure Appl. Logic|volume=  53  |year=1991|issue=  3|pages= 199–260|url=http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA290387|doi=10.1016/0168-0072(91)90022-E}} PDF's: [ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/papers/gallier/kruskal1.pdf part 1] [ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/papers/gallier/kruskal2.pdf 2] [ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/papers/gallier/kruskal3.pdf 3]. (In particular part 3, Section 12, pp.&nbsp;59–64, "A Glimpse at Hierarchies of Fast and Slow Growing Functions".)
 
* {{Citation |last=Caicedo |first=A. |title=Goodstein's function |url=http://andrescaicedo.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/goodstein.pdf |journal=Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas |volume=41 |issue=2 |year=2007 |pages=381–391 }}.
 
[[Category:Computability theory]]
[[Category:Proof theory]]
[[Category:Hierarchy of functions]]

Revision as of 15:13, 4 November 2013

In computability theory, computational complexity theory and proof theory, the Hardy hierarchy, named after G. H. Hardy, is an ordinal-indexed family of functions hαN → N (where N is the set of natural numbers, {0, 1, ...}). It is related to the fast-growing hierarchy and slow-growing hierarchy. The hierarchy was first described in Hardy's 1904 paper, "A theorem concerning the infinite cardinal numbers".

Definition

Let μ be a large countable ordinal such that a fundamental sequence is assigned to every limit ordinal less than μ. The Hardy hierarchy of functions hαN → N, for α < μ, is then defined as follows:

Here α[n] denotes the nth element of the fundamental sequence assigned to the limit ordinal α. A standardized choice of fundamental sequence for all α ≤ ε0 is described in the article on the fast-growing hierarchy.

Caicedo (2007) defines a modified Hardy hierarchy of functions Hα by using the standard fundamental sequences, but with α[n+1] (instead of α[n]) in the third line of the above definition.

Relation to fast-growing hierarchy

The Wainer hierarchy of functions fα and the Hardy hierarchy of functions hα are related by fα = hωα for all α < ε0. Thus, for any α < ε0, hα grows much more slowly than does fα. However, the Hardy hierarchy "catches up" to the Wainer hierarchy at α = ε0, such that fε0 and hε0 have the same growth rate, in the sense that fε0(n-1) ≤ hε0(n) ≤ fε0(n+1) for all n ≥ 1. (Gallier 1991)

References

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  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 PDF's: part 1 2 3. (In particular part 3, Section 12, pp. 59–64, "A Glimpse at Hierarchies of Fast and Slow Growing Functions".)
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.