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| '''Copper loss''' is the term often given to [[heat]] produced by [[electrical current]]s in the [[Electrical conductor|conductor]]s of [[transformer]] windings, or other electrical devices. Copper losses are an undesirable transfer of [[energy]], as are [[core loss]]es, which result from [[induced current]]s in adjacent components. The term is applied regardless of whether the windings are made of [[copper]] or another conductor, such as [[aluminium]]. Hence the term '''winding loss''' is often preferred. The term [[load loss]] is closely related but not identical, since an unloaded transformer will have some winding loss.
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| Copper losses result from [[Joule heating]] and so are also referred to as "I squared R losses", in reference to [[Joule's first law|Joule's First Law]]. This states that the energy lost each [[second]], or [[Power (physics)|power]], increases as the [[square (algebra)|square]] of the current through the windings and in [[proportionality (mathematics)|proportion]] to the [[electrical resistance]] of the conductors.
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| :<math>\mbox{Copper Loss} \propto I^2 \cdot R</math>
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| where I is the current flowing in the conductor and R the resistance of the conductor. With I in [[ampere]]s and R in ohms, the calculated power loss is given in [[watt]]s.
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| Joule heating has a [[coefficient of performance]] of 1.0, meaning that every 1 watt of electrical power is converted to 1 Joule of heat. Therefore, the energy lost due to copper loss is:
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| :<math>\mbox{Copper Loss} = I^2 \cdot R \cdot t</math>
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| where t is the time in [[second]]s the current is maintained.
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| With high-frequency currents, winding loss is affected by [[Proximity effect (electromagnetism)|proximity effect]] and [[skin effect]], and cannot be calculated as simply.
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| For low-frequency applications, the power lost can be minimized by employing conductors with a large cross-sectional area, made from low-[[resistivity]] metals.
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| {{Main|Copper in energy efficient motors}}
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| Among other measures, the electrical energy efficiency of a typical industrial [[induction motor]] can be improved by reducing the electrical losses in the [[stator]] windings (e.g., by increasing the cross-sectional area of the conductor, improving the winding technique, and using materials with higher electrical conductivities, such as [[Copper in energy efficient motors|copper]]).
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Iron loss]]
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| * [[Copper in energy efficient motors]]
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.articleworld.org/index.php/Copper_loss Reduction of copper losses]
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| [[Category:Transformers (electrical)]]
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| [[Category:Electrical engineering]]
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| {{electric-stub}}
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Ed is what people call me and my wife doesn't like it at all. Credit authorising is how she makes a residing. My spouse and I reside in Kentucky. As a woman what she really likes is style and she's been doing it for quite a while.
Have a look at my homepage - tarot readings (http://www.article-galaxy.com)