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| In [[game theory]], the '''Unscrupulous diner's dilemma''' (or just '''Diner's dilemma''') is an [[n-player game|''n''-player]] [[prisoner's dilemma]]. The situation imagined is that several individuals go out to eat, and prior to ordering, they agree to split the check equally between all of them. Each individual must now choose whether to order the expensive or inexpensive dish. It is presupposed that the expensive dish is better than the cheaper, but not by enough to warrant paying the difference compared to eating alone. Each individual reasons that the expense s/he adds to their bill by ordering the more expensive item is very small, and thus the improved dining experience is worth the money. However, having all reasoned thusly, they all end up paying for the cost of the more expensive meal, which by assumption, is worse for everyone than having ordered and paid for the cheaper meal.
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| ==Formal definition and equilibrium analysis==
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| Let ''g'' represent the joy of eating the expensive meal, ''b'' the joy of eating the cheap meal, ''h'' is the cost of the expensive meal, ''l'' the cost of the cheap meal, and ''n'' the number of players. From the description above we have the following ordering <math>h-l>g-b</math>. Also, in order to make the game sufficiently similar to the [[Prisoner's dilemma]] we presume that one would prefer to order the expensive meal given others will help defray the cost, <math>g - \frac{1}{n}h > b - \frac{1}{n}l</math>
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| Consider an arbitrary set of strategies by a player's opponent. Let the total cost of the other player's meals be ''x''. The cost of ordering the cheap meal is <math>\frac{1}{n}x + \frac{1}{n}l</math> and the cost of ordering the expensive meal is <math>\frac{1}{n}x + \frac{1}{n}h</math>. So the utilities for each meal are <math>g - \frac{1}{n}x - \frac{1}{n}h</math> for the expensive meal and <math>b - \frac{1}{n}x - \frac{1}{n}l</math> for the cheaper meal. By assumption, the utility of ordering the expensive meal is higher. Remember that the choice of opponents' strategies was arbitrary and that the situation is symmetric. This proves that the expensive meal is [[dominance (game theory)|strictly dominant]] and thus the unique [[Nash equilibrium]].
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| If everyone orders the expensive meal all of the diners pay ''h'' and their total utility is <math>g-h</math>. On the other hand if all the individuals had ordered the cheap meal, their utility would have been <math>b-l</math>. Since by assumption <math>b-l>g-h</math>, everyone would be better off. This demonstrates the similarity between the Diner's dilemma and the Prisoner's dilemma. Like the Prisoner's dilemma, everyone is worse off by playing the unique equilibrium than they would have been if they collectively pursued another strategy.
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| ==Experimental evidence==
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| Gneezy, Haruvy, and Yafe (2004) tested these results in a field experiment. Groups of six diners faced different billing arrangements. As predicted, subjects consume more when the bill is split equally than when they have to pay individually. Consumption is highest when the meal is free. Finally, members of some groups had to pay only one sixth of their individual costs. There was no difference between the amount consumed by these groups and those splitting the total cost of the meal equally. As the private cost of increased consumption is the same for both treatments but splitting the cost imposes a burden on other group members, this indicates that participants did not take the welfare of others into account when making their choices. This contrasts to a large number of laboratory experiments where subjects face analytically similar choices but the context is more abstract.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}
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| == See also ==
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| *[[Tragedy of the commons]]
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| *[[Free rider problem]]
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| *[[Abilene paradox]]
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| == References ==
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| *{{cite journal |last=Glance |first=Huberman |year=1994 |title=The dynamics of social dilemmas |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |url=http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=F76F506E-1A94-4FC6-A44B-C0F31E0F091 }}
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| *{{cite journal |last=Gneezy |first=U. |first2=E. |last2=Haruvy |first3=H. |last3=Yafe |year=2004 |title=The inefficiency of splitting the bill |journal=[[The Economic Journal]] |volume=114 |issue=495 |pages=265–280 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0297.2004.00209.x |url= }}
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| == External links ==
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| *[http://www.invisibleheart.com/Iheart/PolicySirloin.html If You're Paying, I'll Have Top Sirloin] by [[Russell Roberts]]
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| {{Game theory}}
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| [[Category:Game theory]]
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| [[Category:Dilemmas]]
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