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| {{about|the physicist||Benjamin Lee (disambiguation)}}
| | Golda is what's created on my beginning certificate although it is not the name on my beginning certification. Distributing manufacturing is exactly where my primary earnings arrives from phone psychic; [http://breenq.com/index.php?do=/profile-1144/info/ http://breenq.com/], and it's some thing I truly enjoy. Some time in the past he chose to reside in North Carolina [http://myfusionprofits.com/groups/find-out-about-self-improvement-tips-here/ phone psychic] and he doesn't strategy on altering it. Playing badminton is a factor that he is completely addicted to.<br><br>Also visit my webpage - [https://www.machlitim.org.il/subdomain/megila/end/node/12300 clairvoyance] |
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| {{Infobox scientist
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| | name = Benjamin Whisoh Lee
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| | caption = Benjamin W. Lee
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| | image = PortraitBen.jpg
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| | image_size =
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| | alt = Benjamin W. Lee
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| | caption = donated by third elder brother, Cheol-eung
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| | birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|1|1|mf=y}}
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| | birth_place = [[Seoul]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Colonial Korea]]
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| | death_date = {{Death date and age|1977|6|16|1935|1|1}}
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| | death_place = [[Kewanee, Illinois]], [[United States]]
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| | residence = [[Glen Ellyn, Illinois]], [[United States]]
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| | citizenship = [[United States]]
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| | nationality = [[Korea under Japanese rule]] (1935–1945)<br />[[South Korean nationality law|South Korean]] (1945–1968)<br />[[United States nationality law|American]] (1968–1977)
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| | fields = [[Quantum field theory]]<br />[[Particle physics]]<br />[[Theoretical physics]]
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| | workplaces = [[University of Pennsylvania]]<br />[[Institute for Advanced Study]]<br />[[Stony Brook University]]<br />[[Fermilab]]<br />[[University of Chicago]]
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| | alma_mater = [[Kyunggi High School]]<br />[[Seoul National University]]<br />[[Miami University]]<br />[[University of Pittsburgh]]<br />[[University of Pennsylvania]]
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| | doctoral_advisor = [[Abraham Klein (physicist)|Abraham Klein]]
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| | doctoral_students =
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| | notable_students = [[Burt Ovrut]]
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| | known_for = [[Weak Interaction]]<br />[[Gauge theory]]<br />[[Light dark matter|Lee-Weinberg bound]]
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| | author_abbrev_bot =
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| | author_abbrev_zoo =
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| | influenced = [[Abdus Salam]]<br />[[Gerard 't Hooft]]
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| | awards = Order of Camellia<br />(Order of Civil Merit of South Korea)
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| | signature = BenjaminWLee Signature.png
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| | signature_alt = Signature of Benjamin W. Lee
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| | footnotes = ''Biography of Benjamin W. Lee'' by JooSang Kang
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| | spouse = Marianne Mun Ching Sim
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| }}
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| {{Infobox Korean name
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| | title = [[Korean name]]
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| | hangul = 이휘소
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| | hanja = {{linktext|李|輝|昭}}
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| | rr = I Hwiso
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| | mr = I Hwiso
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| }}
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| '''Benjamin Whisoh Lee''' ({{ko-hhrm|이휘소}}; January 1, 1935 – June 16, 1977) or Ben Lee, was a [[Korean-American]] [[theoretical physicist]]. His work in theoretical particle physics exerted great influence on the development of the [[standard model]] in the late 20th century, especially on the [[renormalization]] of the electro-weak model and [[gauge theory]].
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| == Biography ==
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| Lee was born in [[Yongsan-gu|Yongsan]], [[Seoul]]. One year before graduating [[Kyunggi High School]], he entered the department of chemical engineering at [[Seoul National University]] at the top of his class. While in college he emigrated to the United States and graduated with a bachelor's degree at [[Miami University]], a master's at the [[University of Pittsburgh]], and a Ph.D. at [[University of Pennsylvania]] by age 25. Lee worked at [[Institute for Advanced Study]] and was a professor of [[physics]] at [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[Stony Brook University|SUNY at Stony Brook]], [[University of Chicago]], and head of the theoretical physics department at [[Fermilab|Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory]]. He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1976.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter L|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterL.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=June 8, 2011}}</ref> On June 16, 1977, he was killed in a [[car accident]] not far from [[Kewanee, Illinois]] (on the [[Interstate 80]]).<ref>{{cite news | title=Dr. Benjamin Lee, 42, of Fermilab; Noted Physicist Was Crash Victim | url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50714FD3A5B167493CAA8178DD85F438785F9 | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=18 June 1977 }}</ref> Lee was regarded by his peers as a world-class [[elementary particle physics|elementary particle physicist]] at the time of his sudden death.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://lutece.fnal.gov/Essays/BWL.html|author=[[Chris Quigg]] and [[Steven Weinberg]]|title=Benjamin W. Lee|journal=[[Physics Today]]|volume=30|issue=9|date=Sep 1977|doi=10.1063/1.3037723 |pages=76|bibcode = 1977PhT....30i..76Q }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.fnal.gov/lee_memoriam.html|title=In Memoriam Benjamin W. Lee|publisher=[[Fermilab]]|year=1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.fnal.gov/lee_conference.html|title=Ben Lee Memorial International Conference at Fermi Lab|year=1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200308/prl-1.cfm|title=PRL Top Ten: #1 A Model of Leptons (an APS News interview with Steven Weinberg)|author=James Riordon|publisher=American Physical Society}}</ref>
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| He studied gauge theory and [[Weak nuclear force|weak interactions]].
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| ==Research==
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| ===Gauge theory===
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| In 1964, Lee published an article about [[spontaneous symmetry breaking]] with his advisor [[Abraham Klein (physicist)|Abraham Klein]] and contributed to the appearance of [[Higgs mechanism]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=A. Klein and B.W. Lee |title=Does Spontaneous Breakdown of Symmetry Imply Zero-Mass Particles? |journal=Physical Review Letters |year=1964 |volume=12 |page=266 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266 |bibcode=1964PhRvL..12..266K}}</ref>
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| He is often credited with the naming of the [[Higgs boson]] and Higgs mechanism.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/urpas/news/Hagen_030708|title=Rochester's Hagen Sakurai Prize Announcement|publisher=University of Rochester|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite video
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| | title = C.R. Hagen Sakurai Prize Talk
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| | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrCPrwRBi7E&feature=PlayList&p=BDA16F52CA3C9B1D&playnext_from=PL&index=9
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| | medium = YouTube
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| | location =
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| | date = 2010 }}
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| </ref><ref>{{Citation
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| | author=Ian Sample
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| | title = Anything but the God particle
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| | newspaper = [[The Guardian|Guardian]]
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| | date = 29 May 2009
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| | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2009/may/29/why-call-it-the-god-particle-higgs-boson-cern-lhc
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| }}</ref>
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| And in 1969, he succeeded individually the renormalization of the spontaneously breaking global gauge symmetry model.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Benjamin W. Lee|title=Renormalization of the σ-model|journal=Nuclear Physics B|year=1969 |volume=9|issue=5 |pages=649–672|doi=10.1016/0550-3213(69)90065-0|bibcode = 1969NuPhB...9..649L }}</ref> In the mean time, [[Dutch people|Dutch]] graduate student [[Gerardus 't Hooft]] was working in the case of local gauge symmetry breaking in the [[Yang-Mills theory]] using the Higgs mechanism. He met Lee and [[Kurt Symanzik|Symanzik]] at the Cargèse Summer School and consulted them on his work and got an insight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1999/thooft-autobio.html|title=Autobiography|author=[[Gerardus 't Hooft]]|year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kps.or.kr/~pht/8-12/991220.html|title=1999년 노벨 물리학상에 즈음하여: 토프트, 벨트만, 이휘소, 그리고 입자 물리학의 미래|language=Korean|trans_title=At the time of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1999: 't Hooft, Veltman, Ben Lee and the future of particle physics|author=Soo-Jong Rey|publisher=물리학과 첨단기술|year=1999|month=12}}</ref> He finally succeeded in the renormalization of non-abelian gauge theory and won the Nobel Prize later for this work.<ref>{{cite journal|author=G. 't Hooft|authorlink=Gerardus 't Hooft|title=Renormalizable Lagrangians for massive Yang-Mills fields |journal=Nuclear Physics B|year=1971|volume=35|issue=1|pages=167–188|doi=10.1016/0550-3213(71)90139-8|bibcode = 1971NuPhB..35..167T }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fnal.gov/pub/ferminews/ferminews99-12-17/p2.html|title=Nobel '99 A Strong Vote for Electroweak Theory|publisher=Fermi News|date=1999-12-17}}</ref> [[David Politzer]] said in his 2004 Nobel Lecture that the particle physicists community at that time learned all from Lee who actually combined insights from his own work and from Russian physicists' work and encouraged 't Hooft's paper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/politzer-lecture.html|title=The Dilemma of Attribution|author=[[David Politzer]]|year=2004}}</ref>
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| ===Charm quark===
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| [[Sheldon Lee Glashow|Glashow]], [[Luciano Maiani|Maiani]] and [[John Iliopoulos|Iliopoulos]] predicted charm quarks to match the experimental results. Lee wrote an article with [[Mary K. Gaillard|Gaillard]] and Rosner <ref>{{cite journal|author=[[Mary K. Gaillard|Gaillard, M. K.]], Lee, B. W. & Rosner, J. L.|title=Search for charm|journal=Rev. Mod. Phys|year=1975|volume=47|issue=|pages=277–310|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.47.277|bibcode=1975RvMP...47..277G}}</ref> and predicted the mass of the charm quarks by calculating the quantities which correspond to the mixing and decay of [[K meson]].
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| ===Cosmology===
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| In 1977, Lee and [[Steven Weinberg|Weinberg]] wrote an article about the lower bound on heavy [[neutrino]] mass.<ref>
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| {{cite journal
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| |author=Lee B.W.; [[Steven Weinberg|Weinberg S.]]
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| |year=1977
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| |title=Cosmological Lower Bound on Heavy-Neutrino Masses
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| |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]
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| |volume=39 |pages=165
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| |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.165
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| |bibcode=1977PhRvL..39..165L
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| }}</ref>
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| In this paper, they revealed that if the heavy and stable particles in the [[early universe]] which can only be transferred into other particles through the pair annihilation remain as relics after the universe's expansion, then the strength of the interaction should be bigger than 2 GeV. This calculation can be applied to find the amount of the [[dark matter]]. This bound is called the [[Light dark matter|Lee-Weinberg bound]].
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| ==Controversy over death==
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| In South Korea, there was a novel about him with incorrect information about his academic subject and political affiliation. That novel claimed that he tried to help South Korea's dictatorship develop nuclear weapons, and implied that the U.S.' [[Central Intelligence Agency]] had some connection to his death. In actuality, he vigorously opposed the autocratic system of [[Third Republic of South Korea|South Korea at that time]] and he canceled every program he designed for South Korean graduate education about particle physics in opposition to that government.<ref>{{cite book | title = 이휘소평전|language=Korean|trans_title=Lee Whiso : a critical biography| author = JooSang Kang | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=leQMMwAACAAJ | publisher = LUX Media | isbn = 89-89822-70-X | year = 2007 }}</ref> According to a Fermilab memoriam, Lee died in a car accident on Illinois highway I-80 in 1977, at age 42. A semi-trailer crossed the highway divide and collided with his car.
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| ==Bibliography==
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| === Book ===
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| * {{cite book
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| | first = Benjamin W.
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| | last = Lee
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| | authorlink =
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| | title = Chiral Dynamics
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| | url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL4915148M/Chiral_dynamics
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| | series = Documents on modern physics
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| | year = 1972
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| | publisher = Gordon and Breach Science Publishers
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| | location = New York
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| | isbn = 0-677-01380-9 (cloth)
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| }}
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| === Selected Papers ===
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| * {{cite journal
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| |url=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266
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| |author= Klein, Abraham; Lee, Benjamin.W.
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| |date=March 1964
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| |title=Does Spontaneous Breakdown of Symmetry Imply Zero-Mass Particles?
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| |journal=Physical Review Letters
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| |volume=12
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| |issue=10
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| |pages=266–268
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| |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.266
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| |bibcode=1964PhRvL..12..266K
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| }}
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| * {{cite journal
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| |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0550321369900650
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| |author= Lee, Benjamin.W.
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| |date=March 1969
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| |title=Renormalization of the <math>\sigma</math>-model
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| |journal=Nuclear Physics B
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| |volume=9
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| |issue=5
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| |pages=649–672
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| |doi=10.1016/0550-3213(69)90065-0
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| |bibcode=1969NuPhB...9..649L
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| }}
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| * {{cite journal
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| |url=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.5.3121
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| |author= Lee, Benjamin W.; Zinn-Justin, Jean
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| |date=June 1972
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| |title=Spontaneously Broken Gauge Symmetries. I. Preliminaries
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| |journal=Physical Review D
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| |volume=5
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| |issue=12
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| |pages=3121–3137
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| |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.5.3121
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| |bibcode = 1972PhRvD...5.3121L }}
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| * {{cite journal
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| |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370157373900276
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| |author= Abers, Ernest S.; Lee, Benjamin W.
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| |date=September 1973
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| |title=Gauge theories
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| |journal=Physics Reports
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| |volume=9
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| |issue=1
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| |pages=1
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| |doi=10.1016/0370-1573(73)90027-6
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| |bibcode=1973PhR.....9....1A
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| }}
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| * {{cite journal
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| |url=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.47.277
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| |author= Gaillard, Mary; Lee, Benjamin W.; Rosner, Jonathan
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| |date=April 1975
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| |title=Search for charm
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| |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics
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| |volume=47
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| |issue=2
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| |pages=277–310
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| |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.47.277
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| |bibcode=1975RvMP...47..277G
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| }}
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| * {{cite journal
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| |url=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.16.1444
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| |author=Lee, Benjamin W.; Shrock, Robert E.
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| |date=September 1977
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| |title=Natural suppression of symmetry violation in gauge theories: Muon- and electron-lepton-number nonconservation
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| |journal=Physical Review D
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| |volume=16
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| |issue=5
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| |pages=1444–1473
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| |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.16.1444
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| |bibcode = 1977PhRvD..16.1444L }}
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| * {{cite journal
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| |url=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.165
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| |author=Lee, Benjamin W.; Weinberg, Steven
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| |date=July 1977
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| |title=Cosmological Lower Bound on Heavy-Neutrino Masses
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| |journal=Physical Review Letters
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| |volume=39
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| |issue=4
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| |pages=165–168
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| |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.165
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| |bibcode=1977PhRvL..39..165L
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| }}
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{commons|Benjamin W. Lee}}
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| * {{cite web
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| | url = http://www.fnal.gov/pub/forphysicists/fellowships/ben_lee/index.html
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| | title = The Ben Lee Fellowship
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| | publisher = [[Fermilab]]
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| }}
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| * {{cite web|url=http://history.fnal.gov/lee_memoriam.html|title=In Memoriam Benjamin W. Lee|publisher=[[Fermilab]]|year=1977}}
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| * {{cite web|url=http://history.fnal.gov/lee_conference.html|title=Ben Lee Memorial International Conference at Fermi Lab|year=1977}}
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| * {{cite web|url=http://lutece.fnal.gov/Essays/BWL.html|title=Benjamin W. Lee|author=[[Chris Quigg]] and [[Steven Weinberg]]|publisher=[[Physics Today]]|date=Sep 1977}}
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| * {{cite web|url=http://history.fnal.gov/significant_staff.html#Benjamin_Lee|title=Benjamin Lee comments on HEP discoveries|date=May 13, 1976}}
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| * {{cite web|url=http://www.phy.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf0205.html|title=Benjamin Whiso Lee: Korea's Oppenheimer?|author=[[Moo-Young Han]]}}
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=6552599}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME =Lee, Benjamin W.
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = American physicist
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| | DATE OF BIRTH =January 1, 1935
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Seoul]], [[Korea]] ([[Korea under Japanese rule|Chosen]])
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| | DATE OF DEATH =June 16, 1977
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| | PLACE OF DEATH = [[Kewanee, Illinois]], [[United States]]
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Benjamin W.}}
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| [[Category:1935 births]]
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| [[Category:1977 deaths]]
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| [[Category:American people of Korean descent]]
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| [[Category:American physicists]]
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| [[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
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| [[Category:South Korean physicists]]
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| [[Category:Kyunggi High School alumni]]
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| [[Category:Miami University alumni]]
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| [[Category:Particle physicists]]
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| [[Category:Road accident deaths in Illinois]]
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| [[Category:Seoul National University alumni]]
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| [[Category:University of Pittsburgh alumni]]
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| [[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
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| [[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]
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| [[Category:Theoretical physicists]]
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| [[Category:Recipients of the Order of Civil Merit (South Korea)]]
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| [[Category:People from Seoul]]
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| {{Link GA|ko}}
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