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| {{about|observing binary stars|precession of orbiting bodies|de Sitter precession}}
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| The '''de Sitter effect''' was described by de Sitter in 1913 and used to support the [[special theory of relativity]] against a competing 1908 [[emission theory]] by [[Walter Ritz]] that postulated a [[variable speed of light]]. De Sitter showed that Ritz's theory predicted that the orbits of binary stars would appear more eccentric than consistent with experiment and with the laws of [[mechanics]].<ref>W. de Sitter, [http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/desit-1g.htm Ein astronomischer Beweis für die Konstanz der Lichgeshwindigkeit] ''Physik. Zeitschr'', 14, 429 (1913).</ref><ref>W. de Sitter, [http://www.datasync.com/~rsf1/desit-2g.htm Über die Genauigkeit, innerhalb welcher die Unabhängigkeit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit von der Bewegung der Quelle behauptet werden kann] ''Physik. Zeitschr'', 14, 1267 (1913).</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=De Sitter, Willem|title=[[s:A proof of the constancy of the velocity of light|A proof of the constancy of the velocity of light]]|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=15|issue=2|year=1913|pages=1297–1298}}</ref><ref name=desit>{{Citation|author=De Sitter, Willem|title=[[s:On the constancy of the velocity of light|On the constancy of the velocity of light]]|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=16|issue=1|year=1913|pages=395–396}}</ref> | |
| A similar effect was already described by [[Daniel Frost Comstock]] in 1910.<ref>{{Citation
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| |last=Comstock
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| |first=Daniel Frost
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| |title=[[s:A Neglected Type of Relativity|A Neglected Type of Relativity]]
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| |journal=Physical Review
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| |year=1910
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| |volume=30
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| |issue=2
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| |page=267}}</ref>
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| See also [[Tests of special relativity]].
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| ==The effect==
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| {{double image
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| |2=SitterKonstanz.png
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| |4=De Sitter argument against emission theory.gif
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| |6=Willem de Sitter's argument against emission theory. According to simple emission theory, light moves at a speed of c with respect to the emitting object. If this were true, light emitted from a star in a double-star system from different parts of the orbital path would travel towards us at different speeds. For certain combinations of orbital speed, distance, and inclination, the "fast" light given off during approach would overtake "slow" light emitted during a recessional part of the star's orbit. Thus [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion|Kepler's laws of motion]] would apparently be violated for a distant observer. Many bizarre effects would be seen, including (a) as illustrated, unusually shaped variable star light curves such as have never been seen, (b) extreme Doppler red- and blue-shifts in phase with the light curves, implying highly non-Keplerian orbits, (c) splitting of the spectral lines (note simultaneous arrival of blue- and red-shifted light at the target), and (d) if the binary star system is resolvable in a telescope, the periodic breaking up of the stellar images into multiple images.<ref name=Bergmann1976>{{cite book|last=Bergmann|first=Peter|title=Introduction to the Theory of Relativity|year=1976|publisher=Dover Publications, Inc|isbn=0-486-63282-2|pages=19-20|quote=In some cases, we should observe the same component of the double star system simultaneously at different places, and these 'ghost stars' would disappear and reappear in the course of their periodic motions.}}</ref>
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| |8=de Sitter's argument against emission theory.
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| |9=Animation of de Sitter's argument.}}
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| According to simple [[emission theory]], [[light]] thrown off by an object should move at a [[speed of light|speed of]] <math>c</math> with respect to the emitting object. If there are no complicating [[light-dragging effects|dragging effects]], the light would then be expected to move at this same speed until it eventually reached an observer. For an object moving directly towards (or away from) the observer at <math>v</math> metres per second, this light would then be expected to still be travelling at <math>(c+v)</math> ( or <math>(c-v)</math> ) metres per second at the time it reached us.
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| In 1913, [[Willem de Sitter]] argued that if this was true, a star in a double-star system would usually have an orbit that caused it to have alternating approach and recession velocities, and light emitted from different parts of the orbital path would then travel towards us at different speeds. For a nearby star with a small orbital velocity (or whose orbital plane was almost perpendicular to our line of view) this might merely make the star's orbit seem erratic, but for a sufficient combination of orbital speed and distance (and inclination), the "fast" light given off during approach would be able to catch up with and even overtake "slow" light emitted earlier during a recessional part of the star's orbit, and the star would present an image that was scrambled and out of sequence. That is, [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion|Kepler's laws of motion]] would apparently be violated for a distant observer.
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| De Sitter made a study of double stars and found no cases where the stars' computed orbits appeared non-Keplerian. Since the total flight-time difference between "fast" and "slow" lightsignals would be expected to scale linearly with distance in simple emission theory, and the study would (statistically) have included stars with a reasonable spread of distances and orbital speeds and orientations, deSitter concluded that the effect ''should'' have been seen if the model was correct, and its absence meant that the emission theory was almost certainly wrong.
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| ==Notes==
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| * De Sitter experiments refute the idea that light might travel at a speed that was partially dependent on the velocity of the emitter (''c'=c + kv''), where the emitter's velocity ''v'' can be positive or negative, and ''k'' is a factor between 0 and 1, denoting the extent to which the speed of light depends on the source velocity. De Sitter established an upper limit of ''k'' < 0.002.<ref name=desit />
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| * De Sitter's argument was criticized because of possible [[Extinction (astronomy)|extinction effects]]. That is, during their flight to Earth, the light rays should have been absorbed and re-emitted by interstellar matter nearly at rest relative to Earth, so that the speed of light should become constant with respect to Earth. However, Kenneth Brecher published the results of a similar double-survey in 1977, and reached a similar conclusion - that any apparent irregularities in double-star orbits were too small to support the emission theory. Contrary to De Sitter, he observed the x-ray spectrum, thereby eliminating possible influences of the extinction effect. He established an upper limit of <math>k < 2\times10^{-9}</math>.<ref>Kenneth Brecher, [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PhRvL..39.1051B Is the Speed of Light Independent of the Velocity of the Source?,] ''Phys. Rev. Letters'' '''39''' (17) 1051-1054 (1977). </ref>
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| *There are also terrestrial experiments that speak against such theories, see [[Emission theory#Refutations of emission theory|experiments testing emission theories]].
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| ==References==
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| <References/>
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| [[Category:Physics experiments]]
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| [[Category:1913 in science]]
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| {{Tests of special relativity}}
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