Substitution model: Difference between revisions

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{{Distinguish|Friis transmission equation}}
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'''Friis formula''' or '''Friis's formula''' (sometimes '''Friis' formula'''), named after Danish-American electrical engineer [[Harald T. Friis]],  refers to either of two formulas used in [[telecommunications engineering]] to calculate the [[signal-to-noise ratio]] of a multistage [[amplifier]]. One relates to [[noise factor]] while the other relates to [[noise temperature]].
 
==The Friis formula for noise factor==
 
Friis's formula is used to calculate the total [[noise factor]] of a cascade of stages, each with its own [[noise factor]] and [[gain]] (assuming that the impedances are matched at each stage). The total [[noise factor]] can then be used to calculate the total [[noise figure]].  The total [[noise factor]] is given as
 
:<math>F_{total} = F_1 + \frac{F_2-1}{G_1} + \frac{F_3-1}{G_1 G_2} + \frac{F_4-1}{G_1 G_2 G_3} + ... + \frac{F_n - 1}{G_1 G_2 ... G_{n-1}}</math>
 
where <math>F_n</math> and <math>G_n</math> are the noise factor and available [[power gain]], respectively, of the n-th stage. Note that both magnitudes are expressed as ratios, not in decibels.
 
An important consequence of this formula is that the overall noise figure of a [[radio receiver]] is primarily established by the noise figure of its first amplifying stage. Subsequent stages have a diminishing effect on [[signal-to-noise ratio]]. For this reason, the first stage amplifier in a receiver is often called the [[low-noise amplifier]] (LNA). The overall receiver noise "factor" is then
 
:<math>F_{receiver} = F_{LNA} + \frac{(F_{rest}-1)}{G_{LNA}}</math>
 
where <math>F_{rest}</math> is the overall noise factor of the subsequent stages. According to the equation, the overall noise factor, <math>F_{receiver}</math>, is dominated by the noise factor of the LNA, <math>F_{LNA}</math>, if the gain is sufficiently high. (The resultant Noise Figure expressed in dB is 10 log(Noise Factor).)
 
==The Friis formula for noise temperature==
 
Friis's formula can be equivalently expressed in terms of [[noise temperature]]:
 
:<math>T_{total} = T_1 + \frac{T_2}{G_1} + \frac{T_3}{G_1 G_2} + ...</math>
 
==Printed references==
 
*J.D. Kraus, ''Radio Astronomy'', McGraw-Hill, 1966.
 
==Online references==
 
*RF Cafe [http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/noise-figure.htm] Cascaded noise figure.
*Microwave Encyclopedia [http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/cascadeanalysis.cfm] Cascade analysis.
*Friis biography at IEEE [http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Harald_T._Friis]
 
[[Category:Noise]]
[[Category:Equations]]

Latest revision as of 14:38, 13 June 2014

Great Information - We have Made Some Adjustments to Our Dwelling Insurance coverage to Make It Even Extra Attractive, and Simpler to Find the Proper Cover for Your Needs. The max loan tenure allowed for a residential property in Singapore is now 35 years. This Web page will talk about current laws about foreigners owning properties in SIngapore. In 2011, patrons from China had been the largest group of international property buyers in Singapore. (Yahoo! file picture) Worth Posted FOR SALE RETAIL STORE AT SIM LIM SQ. 2ND FLOOR, ROCHOR, BUGIS

Billed because the ‘Kickstarter for authors', Publishizer is a crowdfunding platform that solicits pre-orders for books from the neighborhood to gauge demand for an creator's work. It works by pre-selling books via a crowdfunding marketing campaign. Publishizer was the winner of the Singapore Echelon Satellite tv for pc for 2014 It most successful campaign thus far has been for Scott Bales' e book Cellular Ready which raised US$28,865, effectively over its purpose of US$10,000 and almost four occasions the earlier campaign file on the location.

Timing the usage of funds. For example, if you had earlier sold another property or flat and is expecting the identical proceeds to finance the brand new property. In the event that they took a 30 years loan at 1.5% curiosity, they can borrow up to S$593,272 (80% of property worth) to purchase a S$741,590 property. As an instance this rising interest there have been a variety of notable crowdfunding campaigns in Singapore over the previous yr. Chiu, who is visually-impaired and is finest recognized for being one of the first in Singapore to own and use a guide canine, instructed Yahoo Singapore she was advised by the shop manager of a McDonald's outlet in Jurong Park that she couldn't be served as the shop was crowded they usually have been giving away egg McMuffins at no cost. What if I am shopping for a third property?

Billed because the ‘Kickstarter for authors', Publishizer is a crowdfunding platform that solicits pre-orders for books from the group to gauge demand for an author's work. It really works by pre-promoting books via a crowdfunding marketing campaign. Publishizer was the winner of the Singapore Echelon Satellite for 2014 It most successful campaign so far has been for Scott Bales' guide Mobile Ready which raised US$28,865, effectively over its goal of US$10,000 and practically 4 occasions the earlier marketing campaign report on the location.

Fees embrace Lawyer's professional fee, CPF, stamp obligation, third celebration payment and GST. Return to PRIME HDB loan interest rate is mounted at 2.6% at present Banks supply a lower rate of interest however they are floating. This means the interest rates of banks adjustments depending on economic conditions. With HDB loan, you do not have to worry about interest rates rising How a lot cash does you and your partner must earn with a purpose to afford a $300,000 HDB flat? Let's summarise it. To afford a $300,000 HDB flat, you the Skywoods developer and your spouse ought to have a combined gross income of not less than $4100, work a minimum of for 34 months to save lots of up for the down payment ($30k) and pay $1225 month-to-month for the following 25 years. Revealed to be an otter, it even gamely posed for images.

The brand new measures additionally see the introduction of a brand new seller's stamp responsibility of 5 to fifteen% for those who buy and then sell industrial properties equivalent to warehouses and factories within three years. Interest rates are extraordinarily low, globally and in Singapore, and continue to add gasoline to our property market. We now have to take this additional round of measures now, to check recent market traits and keep away from a more critical correction in prices additional down the street,ђ mentioned Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance Tharman Shanmugaratnam. and have a ton extra such questions. Till now, there's not been a strategy to get dependable and unbiased info. Most property buyers do not know what they're getting themselves into! From 2008 to 2009 – HDB constructed 8400 units