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'''Residual entropy''' is the difference in [[entropy]] between a non-equilibrium state and crystal state of a substance close to [[absolute zero]]. This term is used in [[condensed matter physics]] to describe the entropy at zero kelvin of a [[glass]] or [[plastic crystal]] referred to the crystal state, whose entropy is zero according to [[Third law of thermodynamics]]. It occurs if a material can exist in many different states when cooled. The most common non-equilibrium state is vitreous state, [[glass]].  
 
A common example is the case of [[carbon monoxide]], which has a very small [[Molecular dipole moment|dipole moment]]. As the carbon monoxide crystal is cooled to absolute zero, a few of the carbon monoxide molecules have enough time to align themselves into a [[perfect crystal]], (with all of the carbon monoxide molecules oriented in the same direction). Because of this, the crystal is locked into a state with <math>2^N</math> different corresponding [[microstate (statistical mechanics)|microstates]] (<math>2^N</math> permutations), giving a residual entropy of <math>S=Nk\ln(2)</math>, rather than zero.
 
Another example is any amorphous solid ([[glass]]). These have residual entropy, because the atom-by-atom microscopic structure can be arranged in a huge number of different ways across a macroscopic system.
 
==History==
One of the first examples of residual entropy was pointed out by [[Linus Pauling|Pauling]] to describe water [[ice Ih|ice]]. In water, each oxygen atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms. However, when water freezes it forms a tetragonal structure where each oxygen atom has four hydrogen neighbors (due to neighboring water molecules). The hydrogen atoms sitting between the oxygen atoms have some degree of freedom as long as each oxygen atom has two hydrogen atoms that are 'nearby', thus forming the traditional H<sub>2</sub>O water molecule. However, it turns out that for a large number of water molecules in this configuration, the hydrogen atoms have a large number of possible configurations that meet the 2-in 2-out rule (each oxygen atom must have two 'near' (or 'in') hydrogen atoms, and two far (or 'out') hydrogen atoms). This freedom exists down to absolute zero, which was previously seen as an absolute one-of-a-kind configuration. The existence of these multiple configurations that meet the rules of absolute zero{{Clarify|date=March 2012}} amounts to randomness, or in other words, entropy. Thus systems that can take multiple configurations at or near absolute zero are said to have residual entropy.
 
Although water ice was the first material for which residual entropy was proposed, it is generally very difficult to prepare pure defect-free crystals of water ice for studying. A great deal of research has thus been undertaken into finding other systems that exhibit residual entropy. [[Geometrical frustration|Geometrically frustrated]] systems in particular often exhibit residual entropy. An important example is [[spin ice]], which is a geometrically frustrated magnetic material where the magnetic moments of the magnetic atoms have Ising-like magnetic spins and lie on the corners of network of corner-sharing tetrahedra. This material is thus analogous to water ice, with the exception that the spins on the corners of the tetrahedra can point into or out of the tetrahedra, thereby producing the same 2-in, 2-out rule as in water ice, and therefore the same residual entropy. One of the interesting properties of geometrically frustrated magnetic materials such as spin ice is that the level of residual entropy can be controlled by the application of an external magnetic field. This property can be used to create one-shot refrigeration systems.
 
==See also==
*[[Ice Ih#Proton disorder|Proton disorder in ice]]
*[[Geometrical frustration]]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Residual Entropy}}
[[Category:Thermodynamic entropy]]

Revision as of 06:29, 22 February 2014

What it's good to do to eat wholesome foods like fruits, vegetables, legumes, grains and nuts. get a healthy diet plan that reduces fats and includes more fresh vegetables and fibers. Cellutherm: Cellutherm has gained a wide market acceptance and said to be safe and effective cellulite cream. However, there are also other credible natural methods to reduce dimply skin like body wrapping, dry brushing, and applying topical anti cellulite products. Diet pills, sleeping pills and diuretics can all lead to cellulite; oral contraceptives, which increase the body's oestrogen, cause fat cells to enlarge, leading to water retention.

A diet high in whole grains, fiber, fruits, and vegetables assists in removing toxins and waste from the intestines. Put these 6 cellulite-removal tactics into work with your vegetarian lifestyle and do it for at least 10 days, you'll be able to reduce cellulite and see dramatic improvement in your skin appearance. In men, these fat cubicles are arranged in cross-linked structure that actually limits the quantity of fat stored, hold the fat in better and store them deeper under the skin. And, once you finally achieve that sculpted figure you so badly desire, maintaining it will be easier than you could have ever thought possible. Well, without the increased pressure, cellulite would be unaffected by the massage treatment.

Plastic surgery which she lived was the use of breast implants that able to makes her breasts fuller. Instead you want to find a routine that stimulates the muscles gently for toning without bulk, as well as maintaining a medium level of cardio. Most of us are familiar with this hormone as it affects us in many ways and is always at work, some times harder at work than other times. The greatest cellulite cream is the 1 that facilitates you get rid of it. If you haven't had fortune with scammy cellulite lotions, tablets, and other gadgets, give this a try.

Begin by standing straight, while your legs are stretch out to about a hip-width apart from each other. - Lean protein sources have got to be consumed, for instance the egg white, white meat (including chicken and fish meat) and lean red meat (filet Mignon). Cellulite tends to be a little bit less noticeable on darker skin. Use clothing or makeup to downplay or emphasize body or facial features. The prevailing view remains that heredity plays an important role in the appearance of our skin.

Sometimes in those occasions, it's said that cellulite is due to genes and inherited from ancestors. There are certain studies and research that have also shown that massaging is a great way to remove cellulite. If you have been struggling with cellulite and have been looking for a quick & easy way to get rid of your cellulite, then you will like this article because I am going to give you a few secrets to becoming dimple free fast. Its antiseptic property not only speeds up recovery, but also protects the skin from infections. Vitamin C can be obtained from oranges, sweet potato, guava, kale, papaya, mangoes, strawberries etc.

If you beloved this short article and you would like to obtain far more details concerning how to get rid of cellulite on legs fast (www.samfinds.info) kindly visit our web page.