Differential algebraic equation: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Atomic Interferometry.ogv|thumb|300px|Atomic interferometry.]]
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An '''Atom interferometer''' is an [[interferometer]] based on exploiting the [[Wave-particle duality|wave]] character of atoms.  Interferometers are often used to make high-precision comparisons of distances.  This can be used to constrain fundamental constants like the [[Gravitational Constant]] or possibly to detect [[Gravitational Waves]].<ref>S. Dimopoulos, et al., [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:0712.1250 "Gravitational wave detection with atom interferometry"] ''Physics Letters B'' '''678''', 1 (2008).</ref>
 
==Overview==
 
[[Interferometry]] inherently depends on the [[wave]] nature of the object. As pointed out by [[Louis, 7th duc de Broglie|de Broglie]] in his PhD-thesis, particles, including [[atom]]s, can behave like waves (the so-called [[Wave-particle duality]], according to the general framework of [[quantum mechanics]]). More and more high precision experiments now employ atom interferometers due to their short [[de Broglie wavelength]]. Some experiments are now even using [[molecule]]s to obtain even shorter de Broglie wavelengths and to search for the limits of quantum mechanics.<ref>K. Hornberger et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. '''84''', 157(2011).</ref> In many experiments with atoms, the roles of matter and light are reversed compared to the [[laser]] based interferometers, i.e. the beam splitter and mirrors are lasers while the source instead emits matter waves (the atoms).
 
==Interferometer types==
 
While the use of atoms offers easy access to higher frequencies (and thus accuracies) than [[light]], atoms are affected much more strongly by [[gravity]]. In some apparatuses, the atoms are ejected upwards and the interferometry takes place while the atoms are in flight, or while falling in free flight. In other experiments gravitational effects by free acceleration are not negated; additional forces are used to compensate for gravity. While these guided systems in principle can provide arbitrary amounts of measurement time, their [[quantum coherence]] is still under discussion. Recent theoretical studies indicate that coherence is indeed preserved in the guided systems, but this has yet to be experimentally confirmed.
 
The early atom interferometers deployed slits or wires for the beam splitters and mirrors. Later systems, especially the guided ones, used light forces for splitting and reflecting of
the matter wave.<ref>R. M. Rasel et al.,Phys. Rev. Lett. '''75''', 2633 (1995).</ref>
 
===Examples===
{| border=1
!Group
!Year
!Atomic Species
!Method
!Measured effect(s)
|-
!Pritchard
|1991
|[[Sodium|Na]], Na<sub>2</sub>
|Nano-fabricated [[Diffraction grating|gratings]]
|Polarizability, Index of Refraction
|-
!Clauser
|1994
|[[Potassium|K]]
|Talbot-Lau interferometer
|
|-
!Zeilinger
|1995
|[[Argon|Ar]]
|Standing light wave diffraction gratings
|
|-
!Sterr
|
|
|[[Ramsey interferometry#The Ramsey-Bordé Interferometer|Ramsey-Bordé]]
|Polarizability,<br/>[[Aharonov–Bohm effect]]: exp/theo <math>0.99 \pm 0.022</math>,<br/>Sagnac <math>0.3 rad / s \sqrt{Hz}</math>
|-
!Kasevich
|
|
|[[Doppler effect|Doppler]] on falling atoms
|[[Gravimeter]]: <math>3 \cdot 10^{-10}</math><br/>Rotation: <math>2\cdot 10^{-8} /s /\sqrt{Hz}</math>,<br/>[[fine structure constant]]: <math>\alpha\pm 1.5 \cdot 10^{-9}</math>
|-
!Berman
|
|
|Talbot-Lau
|
|}
 
==History==
The separation of matter wave packets from complete atoms was first observed by Esterman and Stern in 1930, when a Na beam was diffracted off a surface of NaCl.<ref>I. Estermann & [[Otto Stern]], ''Zeits. F. Physik'' '''61''', 95 (1930).</ref>  The first modern atom interferometer reported was a Young's-type [[double slit]] experiment with metastable helium atoms and a microfabricated double slit by Carnal and  Mlynek<ref>O. Carnal & J. Mlynek, ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' '''66''', 2689 (1991).</ref> in 1991, and an interferometer using three microfabricated diffraction gratings and Na atoms in the group around Pritchard at MIT.<ref>D.W. Keith, C.R. Ekstrom, Q.A. Turchette & D.E. Pritchard, ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' '''66''', 2693 (1991).</ref> Shortly afterwards, an optical version of Ramsey spectrometer typically used in atomic clocks was recognized also as an atom interferometer at the [[Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt|PTB]] in Braunschweig, Germany.<ref>F. Riehle, Th. Kisters, A. Witte, J. Helmcke & Ch. J. Bordé, ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' '''67''', 177 (1991).</ref> The largest physical separation between the partial wave packets of atoms was achieved using laser cooling techniques and stimulated Raman transitions by S. Chu and coworkers in Stanford.<ref>M. Kasevich & S. Chu, ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' '''67''', 181 (1991).</ref>
 
<!--See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <references/)> tags-->
==See also==
*A. D. Cronin, J. Schmiedmayer, D. E. Pritchard, „Optics and interferometry with atoms and molecules“ Rev. Mod. Phys. '''81''', (2009).
*[[Electron interferometer]]
*C. S. Adams, M. Sigel & J. Mlynek, "Atom Optics", ''Phys. Rep.'' '''240''', 143 (1994). Overview of the atom-light interaction
*P. R. Berman [Editor], ''Atom Interferometry''. Academic Press (1997). Detailed overview of atom interferometers at that time (good introductions and theory).
*[http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/packard/Competition/Gyros/LaserRingGyro/Steadman/StedmanReview1997.pdf Stedman Review of the Sagnac Effect]
 
==See also==
*[[Ramsey interferometry]]
 
==References==
<references/>
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atom Interferometer}}
[[Category:Interferometers]]

Latest revision as of 16:39, 17 December 2014

When it comes to standing out of crowd the - Nicki Minaj knows how to just achieve it. "The Wolverine" is a vast improvement over "X-Men Origins: Wolverine. For a lot of women, including young girls makeup is essential. No: from that moment I declared everlasting war against the species, and, more than all, against him who had formed me and sent me forth to this insupportable misery. This erection obtained can be maintained for the amount of time desired by the user.

Today, thanks to new surgical techniques that spare the nerves and vessels feeding the penis, erectile dysfunction is far from inevitable. High blood pressure is one of the major set back that has direct impact on corpa covernosa. This medication may take up to four weeks to become fully effective, if used properly. Depression, performance anxiety and relationship issues are some among the common psychological factors giving rise to the risk of male impotence. The alternative medicine is also effective in combating various types of allergies and skin conditions.

Various medical treatments increase blood flow to the genital region and will allow most men to have an erection. The wide variety of skin deterioration that Pumpkin Peel treats is what tends to make it this sort of an invaluable item amongst other incredible products supplied by Evolve clinic. Wifi enabled laptop sperm (update): Do Wi-Fi enabled laptops kill sperm. This definitely holds true for men suffering from impotence. It is good luck that several of his medicinal secrets are available with some people in India who still practise this method to cure people of ailments.

Thymoquinone black seed product is used to treatment has been found to alleviate the toxicity of several anticancer drugs by reducing their toxicity to the kidney, heart, liver and central nervous system. It will help your stylist get an idea of what type of cut or color you may have in mind on a future visit. 4)One of the popular herbal remedies that you can rely on is the Gingko Biloba. Other diseases that can affect the nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. Only a professional can help you choose the right treatment option.

Mutations in the HFE, SLC40A1, HAMP, TFR2, and HFE2 genes cause this genetic disorder. Some of these habits include excessive drinking and smoking. Simply applying a male organ health cream (health professionals recommend Man 1 Man Oil) directly to the male organ after a shower will deliver important nutrients directly to the male organ where it is needed most. Impotence is a common sexual condition that involves a partial, total or an inconsistent inability to achieve or retain an erection that is satisfactory for the purpose of sexual intercourse. It is also the official gemstone of the Zodiac sign Aries.

Here is more information regarding medications that cause erectile dysfunction (http://www.eiaculazione-precoce.info) take a look at our own webpage.

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