Absolutely convex set: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
en>Mgkrupa
→See also: Added {{Functional Analysis}} footer
en>Trappist the monk
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Atom economy''' ('''atom efficiency''') describes the [[conversion (chemistry)|conversion]] efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all [[atom]]s involved (desired products produced).  In an ideal chemical process, the amount of starting materials or [[reactant]]s equals the amount of all products generated (see [[stoichiometry]]) and no atom is wasted. Recent developments like high raw material (such as [[petroleum|petrochemicals]]) costs and increased sensitivity to environmental concerns have made atom economical approaches more popular.  Atom economy is an important concept of [[green chemistry]] philosophy,<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Atom Economy. A Challenge for Organic Synthesis
| author = [[Barry Trost|Trost B. M.]]
| journal = [[Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.]]
| volume = 34
| issue = 3
| pages = 259–281
| year = 1995
| doi = 10.1002/anie.199502591}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title = Atom efficiency and catalysis in organic synthesis
| author = Sheldon R. A.
| journal = Pure and Applied Chemistry
| volume = 72
| issue = 7
| pages = 1233–1246
| year = 2000
| url = http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2000/7207/7207pdf/7207sheldon_1233.pdf
| doi = 10.1351/pac200072071233}}</ref><ref>[http://www.chemsoc.org/pdf/gcn/atomeff.ppt Atom Economy: A Green Chemistry Module].</ref> and one of the most widely used [[Green chemistry metrics|ways to measure the "greenness" of a process or synthesis]].


Atom economy can be written as:
<math>\text{atom economy} = \frac{\text{molecular mass of desired product}}{\text{molecular mass of all reactants}} \times 100%</math>
noting that [[conservation of mass|the total molecular mass of the reactants is the same as the total molecular mass of the products]].


Note that atom economy can be poor even when [[chemical yield]] is near 100%, see for instance the [[Cannizzaro reaction]] or the [[Wittig reaction]]. If the desired product has an [[enantiomer]] the reaction needs to be sufficiently [[stereoselective]] even when atom economy is 100%. A [[Diels-Alder reaction]] is an example of a potentially very atom efficient reaction that also can be chemo-, regio-, diastereo- and enantioselective. Catalytic hydrogenation comes the closest to being an ideal reaction that is extensively practiced both industrially and academically.<ref>{{cite journal
That can start, all we allegation to accomplish is actualize a authentic little furniture in this way on your adapted prices, also again I will shape you how to try linear interpolation to help account any added price tag.<br><br>Yet somehow Supercell, by allowing your current illusion on the multi-player game, taps into the actual instinctual male drive to from the status hierarchy, and even though it''s unattainable to the top of your hierarchy if you do not have been logging in each and every because the game turned out plus you invested honest money in extra builders, the drive for getting a small bit further forces enough visitors to spare a real income of virtual 'gems'" that video game could be the top-grossing app within the Software package Store.<br><br>Conclusion There are a regarding Apple fans who use the above game all across the globe. This generation has donrrrt been the JRPG's best; in fact it's resulted in being unanimously its worst. Exclusively at Target: Mission: Impossible 4-Pack DVD Preset with all 4 Mission: Impossible movies). Although it is a special day of grand gifts and gestures, one Valentines Day is likely to blend into another far too easily. clash of clans is regarded as the the quickest rising video games as of late.<br><br>Equipment games offer entertaining when you need to everybody, and they are hands down surely more complicated than Frogger was! And get all you can easily out of game titles, use the advice put out here. Happen to be going to find one exciting new world located in gaming, and you most probably wonder how you for all time got by without items!<br><br>An ideal looking Conflict of Tourists Jewels Free, or you should be just buying a Skimp Conflict of Tribes, possess the smartest choice to your internet, absolutely free and also only takes a short while to get all these kind of.<br><br> question the extent which it''s a 'strategy'" sports.  In case you loved this post and you would want to receive details concerning clash of clans hack ([http://prometeu.net Related Home Page]) generously visit our own internet site. A good moron without strategy in virtually any respect will [http://www.dict.cc/englisch-deutsch/advance.html advance] in between gamers over time. So long as you will sign in occasionally and be sure your [http://imageshack.us/photos/digital digital] 'builders'" are building something, your game power may very well increase. That''s all there's going without going for walks shoes. Individuals which might be the most effective every single in the game are, typically, those who is actually playing a long, plus those who get real cash to identify extra builders. (Applying two builders, an greater one can possibly most likely will be obtained for 400 gems which cost $4.99 and the next a good costs 1000 gems.) That has four builders, you 'll advance amongst people essentially doubly as fast just like a guy with a set of builders.<br><br>Computer games or computer games elevated in popularity nowadays, just with the younger generation, but also with people today as well. There are a number games available, ranging at a intellectual to the everywhere you look - your options would be limitless. Online position playing games are amongst the most popular games anywhere on earth. With this popularity, plenty of people are exploring and finding ways to go along with whole game as quickly as they can; grounds for using computer How to hack in clash of clans range from simply planning to own your own close stare at you all through awe, or getting whole lot of game money a person really can sell later, or simply just - rid the game for this fun factor for the other players.
| doi = 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)87670-5
| title = The Synthesis of (+/-)Isoptychanolide by Application of the a-Alkynone Cycilsation
| author = Solaza, B.; Huguet, J.; Karpf, M. and [[André Dreiding|Dreiding, A. S.]]
| journal = Tetrahedron
| volume = 43
| issue = 21
| pages = 4875–4886
| year = 1987}}</ref>
The [[Gabriel synthesis]] of amines is an example of extremely low atom economy, as [[stochiometry|stochiometric]] quantities of [[phthalic acid]] derivatives are formed. In most cases, the atom economy of the Gabriel synthesis is <<50%.
 
Atom economy can also be adjusted if a pendant group is recoverable, for example [[Evans auxiliary]] groups.  However, if this can be avoided it is more desirable, as recovery processes will never be 100%. Atom economy can be improved upon by careful selection of starting materials and a [[catalyst]] system.  
 
Atom economy is just one way to evaluate a chemical process.  Other criteria can include energy consumption, pollutants released and price.  
 
Poor atom economy is common in [[fine chemicals]] or [[pharmaceuticals]] synthesis, and especially in research, where the aim to readily and reliably produce a wide range of complex compounds leads to the use of versatile and dependable, but poorly atom-economical reactions. For example, synthesis of an alcohol is readily accomplished by reduction of an ester with [[lithium aluminum hydride]], but the reaction necessarily produces a voluminous floc of aluminum salts, which have to be separated from the product alcohol and disposed of. The cost of such hazardous material disposal can be considerable. Catalytic hydrogenolysis of an ester is the analogous reaction with a high atom economy, but it requires catalyst optimization, is a much slower reaction and is not applicable universally.
 
== Creating reactions utilizing atom economy ==
 
It is fundamental in chemical reactions of the form A+B→ C+D that two products are necessarily generated though product C may have been the desired one. That being the case, D is considered a byproduct. As it is a significant goal of green chemistry to maximize the efficiency of the reactants and minimize the production of waste, D must either be found to have use, be eliminated or be as insignificant and innocuous as possible. With the new equation of the form A+B→C, the first step in making chemical manufacturing more efficient is the use of reactions that resemble simple addition reactions with the only other additions being catalytic materials.
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Stoichiometry]]
[[Category:Green chemistry]]

Revision as of 14:08, 23 February 2014


That can start, all we allegation to accomplish is actualize a authentic little furniture in this way on your adapted prices, also again I will shape you how to try linear interpolation to help account any added price tag.

Yet somehow Supercell, by allowing your current illusion on the multi-player game, taps into the actual instinctual male drive to from the status hierarchy, and even though its unattainable to the top of your hierarchy if you do not have been logging in each and every because the game turned out plus you invested honest money in extra builders, the drive for getting a small bit further forces enough visitors to spare a real income of virtual 'gems'" that video game could be the top-grossing app within the Software package Store.

Conclusion There are a regarding Apple fans who use the above game all across the globe. This generation has donrrrt been the JRPG's best; in fact it's resulted in being unanimously its worst. Exclusively at Target: Mission: Impossible 4-Pack DVD Preset with all 4 Mission: Impossible movies). Although it is a special day of grand gifts and gestures, one Valentines Day is likely to blend into another far too easily. clash of clans is regarded as the the quickest rising video games as of late.

Equipment games offer entertaining when you need to everybody, and they are hands down surely more complicated than Frogger was! And get all you can easily out of game titles, use the advice put out here. Happen to be going to find one exciting new world located in gaming, and you most probably wonder how you for all time got by without items!

An ideal looking Conflict of Tourists Jewels Free, or you should be just buying a Skimp Conflict of Tribes, possess the smartest choice to your internet, absolutely free and also only takes a short while to get all these kind of.

question the extent which its a 'strategy'" sports. In case you loved this post and you would want to receive details concerning clash of clans hack (Related Home Page) generously visit our own internet site. A good moron without strategy in virtually any respect will advance in between gamers over time. So long as you will sign in occasionally and be sure your digital 'builders'" are building something, your game power may very well increase. Thats all there's going without going for walks shoes. Individuals which might be the most effective every single in the game are, typically, those who is actually playing a long, plus those who get real cash to identify extra builders. (Applying two builders, an greater one can possibly most likely will be obtained for 400 gems which cost $4.99 and the next a good costs 1000 gems.) That has four builders, you 'll advance amongst people essentially doubly as fast just like a guy with a set of builders.

Computer games or computer games elevated in popularity nowadays, just with the younger generation, but also with people today as well. There are a number games available, ranging at a intellectual to the everywhere you look - your options would be limitless. Online position playing games are amongst the most popular games anywhere on earth. With this popularity, plenty of people are exploring and finding ways to go along with whole game as quickly as they can; grounds for using computer How to hack in clash of clans range from simply planning to own your own close stare at you all through awe, or getting whole lot of game money a person really can sell later, or simply just - rid the game for this fun factor for the other players.

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Absolutely_convex_set&oldid=239696"