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In [[computational complexity theory]] there is an open problem whether some information about the '''sum of radicals''' may be computed in [[polynomial time]] depending on the input size, i.e., in the number of bits necessary to represent this sum. It is of importance for many problems in [[computational geometry]], since the computation of the [[Euclidean distance]] between two points in general case involves the computation of a [[square root]], and therefore the [[perimeter]] of a [[polygon]] or the length of a polygonal chain takes the form of a sum of radicals.<ref name=mulzer>Wolfgang Mulzer, Günter Rote, "Minimum-Weight Triangulation Is NP-Hard", In: Proceedings of the 22nd ''[[Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry]]'', Sedona, June 5–7, 2006, ''[[Journal of the ACM]]'', Vol. 55, No. 2, 2008.</ref> | |||
The sum of radicals is defined as a finite [[linear combination]] of radicals: | |||
:<math> | |||
\Sigma_{i=1}^n k_i \sqrt[r_i]{x_i}, | |||
</math> | |||
where <math>n, r_i</math> are [[natural number]]s and <math>k_i, x_i</math> are [[real number]]s. | |||
Most theoretical research in [[computational geometry]] of combinatorial character assumes the [[computational model]] of infinite precision real RAM, i.e., an [[abstract computer]] in which real numbers and operations with them are performed with infinite precision and the input size of a real number and the cost of an elementary operation are constants.<ref>{{cite book | |||
|author = [[Franco P. Preparata]] and [[Michael Ian Shamos]] | title = Computational Geometry - An Introduction | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]]| year = 1985 | id = 1st edition: 2nd printing, corrected and expanded, 1988: ISBN 3-540-96131-3; Russian translation, 1989: ISBN 5-03-001041-6 | |||
|isbn = 0-387-96131-3}}</ref> However there is research in computational complexity, especially in [[computer algebra]], where the input size of a number is the number of bits necessary for its representation.<ref>''Computer Algebra Handbook'', 2003, ISBN 3-540-65466-6</ref> | |||
In particular, of interest in computational geometry is the problem of determining the '''[[sign function|sign]] of the sum of radicals'''. For instance, the length of a polygonal path in which all vertices have integer coordinates may be expressed using the [[Pythagorean theorem]] as a sum of integer square roots, so in order to determine whether one path is longer or shorter than another in a [[Euclidean shortest path]] problem, it is necessary to determine the sign of an expression in which the first path's length is subtracted from the second; this expression is a sum of radicals. | |||
In a similar way, the sum of radicals problem is inherent in the problem of [[minimum-weight triangulation]] in the [[Euclidean metric]]. | |||
In 1991, Blömer proposed a polynomial time [[Monte Carlo algorithm]] for determining '''whether a sum of radicals is zero''', or more generally whether it represents a rational number.<ref name=blomer>{{Cite journal|first=Johannes|last=Blömer|title=Computing sums of radicals in polynomial time|doi=10.1109/SFCS.1991.185434|year=1991|pages=670|postscript=.}}.</ref> | |||
While Blömer's result does not resolve the computational complexity of finding the sign of the sum of radicals, it does imply that if the latter problem is in [[class NP]], then it is also in [[co-NP]].<ref name=blomer/> | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Nested radicals]] | |||
*[[Abel–Ruffini theorem]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Computational problems]] | |||
[[Category:Computer algebra]] | |||
[[Category:Computational geometry]] | |||
Revision as of 21:03, 3 September 2012
In computational complexity theory there is an open problem whether some information about the sum of radicals may be computed in polynomial time depending on the input size, i.e., in the number of bits necessary to represent this sum. It is of importance for many problems in computational geometry, since the computation of the Euclidean distance between two points in general case involves the computation of a square root, and therefore the perimeter of a polygon or the length of a polygonal chain takes the form of a sum of radicals.[1]
The sum of radicals is defined as a finite linear combination of radicals:
where are natural numbers and are real numbers.
Most theoretical research in computational geometry of combinatorial character assumes the computational model of infinite precision real RAM, i.e., an abstract computer in which real numbers and operations with them are performed with infinite precision and the input size of a real number and the cost of an elementary operation are constants.[2] However there is research in computational complexity, especially in computer algebra, where the input size of a number is the number of bits necessary for its representation.[3]
In particular, of interest in computational geometry is the problem of determining the sign of the sum of radicals. For instance, the length of a polygonal path in which all vertices have integer coordinates may be expressed using the Pythagorean theorem as a sum of integer square roots, so in order to determine whether one path is longer or shorter than another in a Euclidean shortest path problem, it is necessary to determine the sign of an expression in which the first path's length is subtracted from the second; this expression is a sum of radicals.
In a similar way, the sum of radicals problem is inherent in the problem of minimum-weight triangulation in the Euclidean metric.
In 1991, Blömer proposed a polynomial time Monte Carlo algorithm for determining whether a sum of radicals is zero, or more generally whether it represents a rational number.[4] While Blömer's result does not resolve the computational complexity of finding the sign of the sum of radicals, it does imply that if the latter problem is in class NP, then it is also in co-NP.[4]
See also
References
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- ↑ Wolfgang Mulzer, Günter Rote, "Minimum-Weight Triangulation Is NP-Hard", In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry, Sedona, June 5–7, 2006, Journal of the ACM, Vol. 55, No. 2, 2008.
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Computer Algebra Handbook, 2003, ISBN 3-540-65466-6
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