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== and adherence to Nike Air Relentless 2 Mens ==
{{New Testament manuscript infobox
| form  = Uncial
| number = '''04'''
| image  = codex ephremi.jpg
| isize  = 250 px
| caption= ''Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus'', at the [[Bibliothèque Nationale]], Paris
| name  = Ephraemi rescriptus
| sign  = C
| text  = [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament]]
| script = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| date  = c. 450
| found  =
| now at = [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]
| cite  =
| size  = 33 x 27 cm
| type  = mixture types of text
| cat    = II
| hand  =  
| note  =  
|
}}


'''Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus''' (Paris, National Library of France, Greek 9; [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] no. '''C''' or '''04''', [[Biblical manuscript#Von Soden|von Soden]] δ 3) is an early 5th century Greek manuscript of the [[Bible]],<ref name=Aland>{{Cite book
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| last = Aland
 
| first = Kurt
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| authorlink = Kurt Aland
 
| coauthors = [[Barbara Aland]]; Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.)
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| title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
 
| publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]
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| year = 1995
 
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| page = 109
 
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| isbn = 978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref> the last in the group of the [[Four great uncials|four great uncial]] manuscripts (see [[Codex Sinaiticus]], [[Codex Alexandrinus|Alexandrinus]] and [[Codex Vaticanus|Vaticanus]]). The manuscript has not survived in a complete condition, although is believed that the original codex contained the whole Bible.


The manuscript received its name as a [[codex]] in which Greek translations of [[Ephrem the Syrian|Ephraem the Syrian]]'s treatises were written over (''"rescriptus"'') a former text that had been washed off its [[vellum]] pages, thus forming a [[palimpsest]].<ref name = Aland/> The later text was produced in the 12th century. The effacement of the original text was incomplete, for beneath the text of Ephraem are the remains of what was once a complete Bible, containing both the [[Old Testament]] and the [[New Testament|New]].
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The lower text of the palimpsest was deciphered by biblical scholar and palaeographer [[Constantin von Tischendorf|Tischendorf]] in 1840–1843, and was edited by him in 1843–1845. Currently it is housed in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] (Grec 9) in [[Paris]].<ref name = Aland/><ref name = INTF>{{Cite web|url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20004|title= Liste Handschriften|publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research|accessdate=9 November 2011|location=Münster}}</ref>
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== Description ==
== New Balance 574 Australia ==
There are only 209 leaves of the codex surviving, of which 145 belong to the New Testament and 64 to the Old Testament. The codex measures 12¼ in/31.4-32.5&nbsp;cm by 9 in/25.6-26.4&nbsp;cm.<ref name = Aland/> The text is written in a single column per page, 40–46 lines per page, on parchment leaves. The letters are medium-sized [[Uncial script|uncials]].<ref name = Kenyon138/>


The uncial writing is continuous, with the punctuation consisting only of a single point, as in codices Alexandrinus and Vaticanus. The capitals at the beginning sections stand out in the margin as in codices [[Codex Alexandrinus]] and [[Codex Basilensis A. N. III. 12|Codex Basilensis]]. [[Iota]] and [[ypsilon]], which in Alexandrinus and many other manuscripts have two dots over them ([[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]]) when they commence a syllable – sometimes only one dot – have in the Codex Ephraemi a small straight line in their place.<ref name = Scrivener123>{{Cite book
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| authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
 
| coauthors = Edward Miller
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| title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
 
| publisher = [[George Bell & Sons]]
  <li>[http://www.achicourtautrement.fr/spip.php?article451/ http://www.achicourtautrement.fr/spip.php?article451/]</li>
| edition = 4
 
| year = 1894
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| location = London
 
| volume = 1
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| page = 123
 
| url =
</ul>
| isbn = }}</ref>  
The breathings and accents were added by a later hand.<ref name = Gregory41>{{Cite book
| last = Gregory
| first = Caspar René
| authorlink = Caspar René Gregory
| title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments
| publisher = J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung
| year = 1900
| location = Leipzig
| volume = 1
| page = 41
| url = http://www.archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n53/mode/2up
| isbn = }}</ref> The [[nomina sacra]] are abbreviated in an unusual way: {{Nomen sacrum|ΙΗΣ}} for Ἰησοῦς (''Jesus''), {{Nomen sacrum|IHY}} for Ἰησοῦ (''of Jesus''), {{Nomen sacrum|XPΣ}} for Χριστὸς (''Christ''), {{Nomen sacrum|ΧPY}} for Χριστοῦ (''of Christ''), <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΠΑP</span> for Πατήρ (''Father''), and <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΣTH</span> for Σταυρωθῇ (''crucify'').<ref name = Gregory43>{{Cite book
| last = Gregory
| first = Caspar René
| authorlink = Caspar René Gregory
| title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments
| publisher = J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung
| year = 1900
| location = Leipzig
| volume = 1
| page = 43
| url = http://www.archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n55/mode/2up
| isbn = }}</ref><ref group="n">Πατήρ usually was abbreviated to <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΠHP</span>, Σταυρωθῇ to <span style="text-decoration: overline">ΣTΘH</span>. See [[Larry W. Hurtado]], ''The Earliest Christian Artifacts'', Wm. Eerdmans, 2006, p. 134.</ref>


The text of the Gospels is divided according to {{lang|grc|κεφαλαια}} (''chapters''), but their τιτλοι (''titles of chapters'') are not placed in the upper margin of the page as in [[Codex Alexandrinus]]. A list of their τιτλοι (''tables of contents'') preceded each Gospel.<ref name = Scrivener123/> The text of the Gospels is divided into small [[Eusebian Canons|Ammonian Sections]], whose numbers are given at the margin, with references to the [[Eusebian Canons]] (written below Ammonian Section numbers). There is no division in the other books.<ref name = Kenyon138/>
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The [[Jesus and the woman taken in adultery|Pericope Adulterae]] (John 7:53–8:11) is omitted; though the pericope is located on the lost two leaves (John 7:3–8:34), by counting the lines it can be proved that it was not in the book – there is not room for it (as in Codex Alexandrinus).<ref>[[Bruce M. Metzger]], ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' ([[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]: Stuttgart 2001), p. 187.</ref> The text of [[Mark 16|Mark 16:9–20]] was included to the codex, though it was located on the lost leaves; by counting the lines it can be proved that it was in the work.<ref>[[Bruce M. Metzger]], ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' ([[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]: Stuttgart 2001), p. 103.</ref> The texts of [[Christ's agony at Gethsemane|Luke 22:43–44]] were also located on the lost leaves, but there is no indication whether it was included in the original codex or not.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, [[Carlo Maria Martini|C. M. Martini]], B. M. Metzger, and [[Allen Wikgren|A. Wikgren]], in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 305. [UBS3]</ref> The text of Mark 15:28 is omitted.<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 193.</ref>
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; [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|Lacunae]]
  <li>[http://www.juegosetnicos.com.ar/spip.php?article86&lang=zh/ http://www.juegosetnicos.com.ar/spip.php?article86&lang=zh/]</li>
* [[Gospel of Matthew]]: 1:1–2; 5:15–7:5; 17:26–18:28; 22:21–23:17; 24:10–45; 25:30–26:22; 27:11–46; 28:15-fin.;
 
* [[Gospel of Mark]]: 1:1–17; 6:32–8:5; 12:30–13:19;
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* [[Gospel of Luke]]: 1:1–2; 2:5–42; 3:21–4:25; 6:4–36; 7:17–8:28; 12:4–19:42; 20:28–21:20; 22:19–23:25; 24:7–45
 
* [[Gospel of John]]: 1:1–3; 1:41–3:33; 5:17–6:38; 7:3–8:34; 9:11–11:7; 11:47–13:7; 14:8–16:21; 18:36–20:25;
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* [[Acts of the Apostles]]: 1:1–2; 4:3–5:34; 6:8; 10:43–13:1; 16:37–20:10; 21:31–22:20; 3:18–24:15; 26:19–27:16; 28:5-fin.;
 
* [[Epistle to the Romans]]: 1:1–3; 2:5–3:21; 9:6–10:15; 11:31–13:10;
  <li>[http://ks35439.kimsufi.com/spip.php?article453/ http://ks35439.kimsufi.com/spip.php?article453/]</li>
* [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]]: 1:1–2; 7:18–9:6; 13:8–15:40;
 
* [[Second Epistle to the Corinthians]]: 1:1–2; 10:8-fin.
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* [[Epistle to the Galatians]]: 1:1–20
 
* [[Epistle to the Ephesians]]: 1:1–2:18; 4:17-fin.
</ul>
* [[Epistle to the Philippians]]: 1:1–22; 3:5-fin.
* [[Epistle to the Colossians]]: 1:1–2;
* [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians]]: 1:1; 2:9-fin.;
* [[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians]] lost
* [[First Epistle to Timothy]]: 1:1–3:9; 5:20-fin.;
* [[Second Epistle to Timothy]]: 1:1–2;
* [[Epistle to Titus]]: 1:1–2
* [[Epistle to Philemon]]: 1–2
* [[Epistle to the Hebrews]]: 1:1–2:4; 7:26–9:15; 10:24–12:15;
* [[Epistle of James]]: 1:1–2; 4:2-fin.
* [[First Epistle of Peter]]: 1:1–2; 4:5-fin.;
* [[Second Epistle of Peter]]: 1:1;
* [[First Epistle of John]]: 1:1–2; 4:3-fin.
* [[Second Epistle of John]] lost;
* [[Third Epistle of John]]: 1–2;
* [[Epistle of Jude]]: 1–2;
* [[Book of Revelation]]: 1:1–2; 3:20–5:14; 7:14–17; 8:5–9:16; 10:10–11:3; 16:13–18:2; 19:5-fin.<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], Barbara Aland and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 689.</ref>
 
In the Old Testament, parts of [[Book of Job]], [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]], [[Ecclesiastes]], [[Song of Songs]], [[Book of Wisdom|Wisdom]], and [[Wisdom of Sirach|Sirach]] survived.<ref>Würthwein Ernst (1988). ''Der Text des Alten Testaments'', Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, p. 85.</ref>
 
== Text ==
[[File:Codex Ephraemi Mt 1,1-18.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Matthew 1:2–18 in Tischendorfs facsimile edition]]
 
=== Text-type ===
The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the [[Alexandrian text-type]], with the Byzantine readings in the Gospels, but with numerous Alexandrian readings. It is a weak Byzantine witness in Matthew, a weak Alexandrian in Mark, and a strong Alexandrian in John. In Luke its textual character is unclear.<ref name = Waltz>{{cite web |url=http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uC |title=An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism |chapter= New Testament Manuscripts Uncials |accessdate=2010-11-12 |author=Waltz, Robert |work=A Site Inspired By: The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism}}</ref> Westcott-Hort and [[Hermann von Soden]] classified it as in the Alexandrian text-type.<ref name = Wisse/>
 
According to [[Kurt Aland]] it agrees with the Byzantine text-type 87 times in the Gospels, 13 times in the Acts, 29 times in Paul, and 16 times in the Catholic epistles. It agrees with the Nestle-Aland text 66 times (Gospels), 38 (Acts), 104 (Paul), and 41 (Cath.). It has 50 independent or distinctive readings in the Gospels, 11 in Acts, 17 in Paul, and 14 in the Catholic epistles. Aland placed the text of the codex in [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts#Category II|Category II]].<ref name = Aland/> According to the [[Claremont Profile Method]] its text is mixed in [[Luke 1]], [[Luke 10]], and [[Luke 20]].<ref name = Wisse>{{Cite book
| last = Wisse
| first = Frederik
| authorlink =
| title = The profile method for the classification and evaluation of manuscript evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke
| publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]
| year = 1982
| location = Grand Rapids
| page = 52
| url =
| doi =
| isbn = 0-8028-1918-4}}</ref>
 
In Apocalypse Codex Ephraemi is a witness of the same form of the text as Codex Alexandrinus.<ref>[[David C. Parker]], ''New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts'', Cambridge University Press 2008, p. 235.</ref>
 
=== Interpolations ===
In [[Matthew 8:13]] it has additional text (see Luke 7:10): {{Unicode|και υποστρεψας ο εκατονταρχος εις τον οικον αυτου εν αυτη τη ωρα ευρεν τον παιδα υγιαινοντα}} (''and when the centurion returned to the house in that hour, he found the slave well'') as well as codices (Sinaiticus, [[Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus|N]]), [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]], [[Family 1|''f''<sup>1</sup>]], [[Minuscule 545|545]], [[Codex Sangermanensis I|g<sup>1</sup>]], syr<sup>h</sup>.<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 18 [NA26]</ref>
 
In [[Matthew 27:49]] codex contains added text: {{Unicode|ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἒνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὖδορ καὶ αἳμα}} (''the other took a spear and pierced His side, and immediately came out water and blood''). This reading was derived from John 19:34 and occurs in other manuscripts of the Alexandrian text-type (א, [[Codex Vaticanus|B]], [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]], [[Codex Tischendorfianus IV|Γ]], 1010, 1293, pc, vg<sup>mss</sup>).<ref>Bruce M. Metzger (2001). "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament", ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', Stuttgart: United Bible Societies, p. 59.</ref><ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 84.</ref><ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 113.</ref>
 
In Acts 14:19 it has additional text και διαλεγομενων αυτων παρρησια επεισαν τους οχλους αποστηναι απ' αυτων λεγοντες, οτι ουδεν αληθες λεγουσιν αλλα παντα ψευδονται for και πεισαντης τους οχλους;<ref>{{cite book | last = Aland | first = K. |last2= Black | first2 = M. | last3 = [[Carlo Maria Martini|C. M. Martini]], B. Metzger, A. Wikgren |title = The Greek New Testament | edition = 3 | publisher=United Bible Societies|place=Stuttgart|page=472|year=1983}}</ref> similar readings appear in codices: [[Minuscule 6|6]], [[Minuscule 36|36]], [[Minuscule 81|81]], [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 326|326]], [[Minuscule 452|452]], 945, 1175, 1739.<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], Barbara Aland and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 363. [NA26]</ref>
 
=== Some corrections ===
[[File:Codex Ephraemi Mt 26,52-69.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Matthew 26:52–69 in Tischendorf's facsimile edition (1843)]]
In [[Matthew 11:2]] its original text has the reading δια (''by'') as well as codices א, B, [[Codex Bezae|D]], [[Codex Guelferbytanus A|P]], [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]], [[Codex Dublinensis|Z]], [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]], [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]], [[Uncial 0233|0233]], ''f''<sup>13</sup>, 33, but the third corrector C<sup>3</sup> changed it into δυο (''two'') — as in codices L, ''f''<sup>1</sup>, Byz<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], Barbara Aland and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 27. [NA26]</ref>
 
In Acts 20:28 it reads {{Unicode|του κυριου}} (''of the Lord'') along with the manuscripts [[Papyrus 74|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>74</sup>]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Laudianus|E]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 33|33]] [[Minuscule 36|36]] [[Minuscule 453|453]] [[Minuscule 945|945]] [[Minuscule 1739|1739]] [[Minuscule 1891|1891]], but the corrector added και του Θεου (''and God'') as have [[Codex Porphyrianus|P]] [[Uncial 049|049]] [[Minuscule 326|326]] [[Minuscule 1241|1241]] [[Minuscule 2492|2492]] and the Byzantine manuscripts.<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 384.</ref><ref group="n">For the another textual variants of this verse see: [[Textual variants in the New Testament#Acts of the Apostles|Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles]].</ref>
 
In 1 Corinthians 12:9 the original scribe omits phrase εν τω αυτω πνευματι (''in His spirit''), but it was added by the third corrector (C<sup>3</sup>).<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), 605.</ref>
 
[[File:Codex Ephraemi 1 Tim 3,15-16.JPG|thumb|right|440px|Scrivener's facsimile with text of 1 Tim 3:15–16]]
In 1 Timothy 3:16 it reads ὅς ἐφανερώθη (''He was manifested''), but the second corrector (C<sup>2</sup>) changed it into θεός ἐφανερώθη (''God was manifested'');<ref>Bruce M. Metzger (2001). "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament", ''Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft'', Stuttgart: United Bible Societies, p. 575-576.</ref><ref group="n">For the another textual variants of this verse see: [[Textual variants in the New Testament#First Epistle to Timothy|Textual variants in 1 Timothy]].</ref>
 
In James 1:22 it reads λογου (''of the word'') as majority of manuscripts, but the second corrector (C<sup>2</sup>) corrected into νομου (''of the law''), as have manuscripts: 88, [[Minuscule 621|621]], 1067, 1852.<ref name="NA26, p. 589"/>
 
=== Selected textual variants ===
Acts 15:23
: It has the unique reading {{Unicode|γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων επιστολην περιεχουσαν ταδε}} (''they wrote by their hands the letter containing this''), which is not supported by any other Greek manuscripts, though it is supported by versions: ar, c, [[Codex Gigas|gig]], [[Codex Waldeccensis|w]], geo. The majority of the Greek manuscripts read {{Unicode|γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων ταδε}} (''they wrote this by their hands''), the Alexandrian manuscripts read {{Unicode|γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων}} (''wrote by their hands'').<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], Barbara Aland and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 366. [NA26]</ref>
 
Romans 16:24
: Verse is omitted along with [[Codex Sinaiticus]] A B [[Minuscule 5|5]] 81 [[Minuscule 263|263]] [[Minuscule 623|623]] 1739 1838 1962 [[Minuscule 2127|2127]] it<sup>z</sup> vg<sup>ww</sup> cop<sup>sa,bo</sup> eth<sup>ro</sup> Origen<sup>lat</sup>)
 
Revelation 13:18
: "The [[number of the beast]]" it reads hexakosiai deka hex (lit. [[616_(number)#The_Number_of_the_Beast|six hundred sixteen]]);<ref>[[Herman C. Hoskier]], ''Concerning the Text of the Apocalypse'', vol. 2, p. 364.</ref> it is one of the most famous readings of the codex, it is also attested by [[Papyrus 115]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Metzger|first1=Bruce M.|authorlink1=Bruce M. Metzger|last2=Ehrman|first2=Bart D. |authorlink2=Bart D. Ehrman|title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York – Oxford|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/32002991/Text-of-the-New-Testament-Its-Transmission-Corruption-Restoration|isbn=978-0-19-516122-9|page=61}}</ref>
 
=== Some other textual variants ===
<small>The words before the bracket are the reading of the majority manuscripts, the reading after the bracket are the readings of the codex.</small>
 
[[Matthew 22:10]] – γαμος ] αγαμος; some manuscripts read νυμφων (codices א, B, L, [[Uncial 0138|0138]], 892, 1010);<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 62.</ref>
 
Mark 10:35 – οι υιοι Ζεβεδαιου (''the sons of Zebedee'') ] οι δυο υιοι Ζεβεδαιου (''the two sons of Zebedee''); the reading is supported by Codex Vaticanus and Coptic version;<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 124.</ref>
 
Romans 16:15 – Ιουλιαν, Νηρεα ] Ιουνιαν, Νηρεα; the reading is supported only by [[Codex Boernerianus]] (Greek text).<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 575. [UBS3]</ref>
 
1 Corinthians 2:1 – μαρτυριον (''testimony'') ] μυστηριον (''secret''); the reading is supported by [[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]], [[Codex Sinaiticus|א]], [[Codex Alexandrinus|Α]], [[Minuscule 88|88]], [[Minuscule 436|436]], it<sup>a,r</sup>, [[Pe*==*ta|syr<sup>p</sup>]], cop<sup>bo</sup>; other manuscripts read σωτηριον (''savior'').<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 581.</ref>
 
1 Corinthians 7:5 – τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (''fasting and prayer'') ] τη προσευχη (''prayer''); the reading is supported by [[Papyrus 11|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>11</sup>]], <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>, א*, A, [[Codex Vaticanus|B]], C, D, G, P, Ψ, 33, 81, [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 181|181]], [[Minuscule 629|629]], [[Minuscule 630|630]], 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (''prayer and fasting'').<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 591.</ref>
 
James 1:12 – ο κυριος (''the Lord'') ] κυριος (''Lord''); some manuscripts have ο θεος (''God'') ([[Minuscule 4|4]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], [[Minuscule 2816|2816]]<sup>vid</sup>, [[Minuscule 323|323]], 945, 1739, vg, syr<sup>p</sup>), others omit this word (א, A, B, Ψ, [[Minuscule 81|81]], ff, co).<ref name="NA26, p. 589">[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 589.</ref>
 
2 Timothy 4:10 – Γαλατιαν ] Γαλλιαν – the reading is supported by Sinaiticus, 81, 104, [[Minuscule 326|326]], 436.<ref>{{cite book | last = Aland | first = K. | last2 = Black | first2 = M. | last3 = [[Carlo Maria Martini|C. M. Martini]], B. Metzger, A. Wikgren |title = The Greek New Testament | edition = 3 | publisher=United Bible Societies|place=Stuttgart|page=737|year=1983}}</ref>
 
Revelation 1:5 – λουσαντι ημας εκ (''washed us from'') ] λυσαντι ημας εκ (''freed us from'') — as have manuscripts: [[Papyrus 18|P<sup>18</sup>]], [[Codex Sinaiticus|<big>א</big><sup>c</sup>]], [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]], [[Minuscule 2814|2814]], 2020, 2081.<ref>[[Eberhard Nestle]], [[Erwin Nestle]], and [[Kurt Aland]] (eds), ''[[Novum Testamentum Graece]]'', 26th edition, (Stuttgart: ''[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]'', 1991), p. 632.</ref>
 
== History ==
[[File:Tischendorf um 1841.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Tischendorf in 1841]]
 
The manuscript was probably written in Egypt (or Palestine)<ref name = Gregory41/> before the middle of the fifth century. It was written by at least two scribes; according to [[Constantin von Tischendorf|Tischendorf]], there were three scribes (A, B, C). Its text had been corrected by three correctors, designated by C<sup>1</sup>, C<sup>2</sup>, and C<sup>3</sup> (Tischendorf designated them by C*, C**, and C***). Sometimes they are designated by C<sup>a</sup>, C<sup>b</sup>, and C<sup>c</sup>.<ref name = Aland/> The first corrector (C<sup>1</sup>) worked in [[scriptorium]], while the second corrector (C<sup>2</sup>) worked in Palestine in the sixth century. The latter's corrections are not numerous except in the [[Book of Sirach]].<ref name = Swete>{{Cite book | last = Swete | first = H. B. | title = An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek| location = Cambridge| year = 1902 | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/anintrotooldtes00swetuoft#page/128/mode/2up| pages = 128–129}}</ref> At that time, the manuscript was probably housed in the [[Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea library]], a famous theological library in ancient times.<ref>[[Bruce M. Metzger]], [[Bart D. Ehrman]], "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration", ''[[Oxford University Press]]'' (New York – Oxford, 2005), p. 70.</ref>
 
The third and last corrector (C<sup>3</sup>) wrote in the ninth century, possibly in Constantinople. He revised readings of the codex to ecclesiastical use, inserting many accents, breathings, and vocal notes. He also added liturgical directions in the margin, and worked extensively on the codex.<ref name = Scrivener123/> It was re-written in the twelfth century.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Gregory | first = C. R. | authorlink = Caspar René Gregory | title = Canon and Text of the New Testament | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | year = 1907 | location = New York | page = 348 | url = http://www.archive.org/details/canontextofnewte00greg |accessdate= 2011-08-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Metzger |first1=Bruce M. |authorlink1=Bruce M. Metzger |last2=Ehrman |first2=Bart D. |authorlink2=Bart D. Ehrman |title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration | edition = 4 |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York – Oxford |url= |isbn=978-0-19-516122-9 |page= 70 }}</ref>
 
After the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, the ''codex'' was brought to Florence by an émigré scholar.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04084a.htm ''Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus'' – ''Catholic Encyclopedia'']</ref> It belonged to Niccolo Ridolpho († 1550) Cardinal of Florence. After his death it was probably bought by [[Piero Strozzi]], an Italian military leader, for [[Catherine de' Medici]]. Catherine brought it to France as part of her dowry, and from the Bourbon royal library it came to rest in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]], Paris. The manuscript was bound in 1602.<ref name = Gregory42>{{Cite book
| last = Gregory
| first = Caspar René
| authorlink = Caspar René Gregory
| title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments
| publisher = J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung
| year = 1900
| location = Leipzig
| volume = 1
| page = 42
| url = http://www.archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n55/mode/2up
| isbn = }}</ref>
 
The older writing was first noticed by [[Pierre Allix]], a Protestant pastor. [[Jean Boivin the Younger|Jean Boivin]], a French scholar, made the first extracts of various readings of the codex (under the notation of Paris 9) to [[Ludolph Küster]], who published [[John Mill (theologian)|Mill's]] New Testament in 1710. In 1834–1835 [[potassium ferricyanide]] was used to bring out faded or eradicated ink. The vellum defaced from green and blue to black and brown.<ref name = Scrivener121>{{cite book
| last = Scrivener
| first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
| authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
| coauthors = Edward Miller
| title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
| publisher = George Bell & Sons
| year = 1894
| location = London
| volume = 1
| page = 121
| url =
| isbn = }}</ref>
 
The first collation of the New Testament was made in 1716 by [[Johann Jakob Wettstein]] for [[Richard Bentley]], who intended to prepare a new edition of the ''Novum Testamentum Graece''. According to Bentley's correspondence, it took two hours to read one page, and Bentley paid Wettstein £50. This collation was used by Wettstein in his own Greek New Testament of 1751–1752.<ref name = Scrivener122>{{cite book
| last = Scrivener
| first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
| authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
| coauthors = Edward Miller
| title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
| publisher =
| year = 1894
| location = London
| volume = 1
| page = 122
| url =
| isbn = }}</ref>
Wettstein also made the first description of the codex.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Wettstein
| first = J. J.
| authorlink = Johann Jakob Wettstein
| title = Novum Testamentum Graecum editionis receptae cum lectionibus variantibus codicum manuscripts
| publisher = Ex Officina Dommeriana
| year = 1751
| location = Amsterdam
| pages = 27–28
| url = http://www.archive.org/stream/hekainediatheken00clem#page/26/mode/2up
| isbn =
}}</ref> Wettstein only occasionally examined the text of the Old Testament but he did not published them.<ref name = Swete/> Various editors made occasional extracts from the manuscript but Tischendorf was the first who read it completely (Old and New Testament).<ref name = Waltz/> Tischendorf gained an international reputation when he published the Greek New Testament text in 1843 and the Old Testament in 1845. Because Tischendorf worked by eye alone, his deciphering of the palimpsest's text was less than perfect.<ref name = Waltz/> The torn condition of many folios, and the ghostly traces of the text overlaid by the later one, made the decipherment an extremely difficult task. Even with modern aids like ultra-violet photography, not all the text is securely legible. Robert W. Lyon published a list of corrections of Tischendorf's edition in 1959.<ref>Robert W. Lyon, ''New Testament Studies'', V (1958–9), pp. 266–272; See: R. W. Lyon, [http://www.biblical-data.org/ON_Codex%2004.htm ''A Re-Examination of Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus''] – biblical-data.org</ref> This was also an imperfect work.<ref name = Waltz/>
 
According to Edward Miller (1886) codices "B and probably א were procured under the dark gloom of Asian ascendency; A and C in the light of the most intellectual period of the early Church" (B – Vaticanus, א – Sinaiticus, A – Alexandrinus, C – Ephraemi Rescriptus).<ref>Edward Miller, ''A Guide to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament'', Dean Burgon Society Press, p. 27.</ref>
 
According to [[Frederic Kenyon]] "the original manuscript contained the whole Greek Bible, but only scattered leaves of it were used by the scribe of St. Ephraem's works, and the rest was probably destroyed".<ref name = Kenyon138>Frederic Kenyon, [http://www.archive.org/stream/ourbibleancient00keny#page/138/mode/2up ''Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts''] (London 1896), 2nd edition, p. 138.</ref>
 
[[Henry Barclay Swete|Swete]] examined only the text of the Old Testament. According to him the original order of the Old Testament cannot be reconstructed; the scribe who converted the manuscript into a palimpsest used the leaves for his new text without regard to their original arrangement. The original manuscript was not a single volume.<ref name = Swete/>
 
The manuscript is cited in all critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3,<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. XV.</ref> UBS4,<ref>''The Greek New Testament'', ed. B. Aland, K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, and B. M. Metzger, in cooperation with INTF, ''United Bible Societies'', 4th revised edition, (United Bible Societies, Stuttgart 2001), p. 10, ISBN 978-3-438-05110-3.</ref> NA26,<ref>{{Cite book | last = Nestle| first = Eberhard et Erwin | last2 = communiter ediderunt: K. Aland, M. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, A. Wikgren | title = Novum Testamentum Graece | edition = 26 | publisher = Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft | location = Stuttgart | year = 1991| pages = 12*-17*}}</ref> NA27). In NA27 it belongs to the witnesses consistently cited of the first order.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Nestle | first = Eberhard et Erwin | last2 = communiter ediderunt: B. et K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger | title = Novum Testamentum Graece | edition = 27 | publisher = Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft | location = Stuttgart | year = 2001 | pages = 52*-63*}}</ref> Even readings of correctors (C<sup>1</sup>, C<sup>2</sup>, and C<sup>3</sup>) are regularly cited in critical editions (as in Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Bezae, and Claromontanus).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Nestle | first = Eberhard et Erwin | last2 = communiter ediderunt: B. et K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger | title = Novum Testamentum Graece | edition = 27 | publisher = Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft | location = Stuttgart | year = 2001 | pages = 48*}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[List of New Testament uncials]]
* [[Biblical manuscript]]
 
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group = "n"}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}
 
== Bibliography ==
; Text of the codex
* {{Cite book | last = Tischendorf | first = C. v. | title = Codex  Ephraemi Syri rescriptus, sive Fragmenta Novi Testamenti | url = http://books.google.pl/books?id=wWFAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false | location = Lipsiae | year = 1843 }}
* {{Cite book | last = Tischendorf | first = C. v. | title = Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus, sive Fragmenta Veteris Testamenti | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/Tischendorf.V.Various/01.CodexEphraemiSyriRescriptus.FragUtriusqTest.1845.#page/n9/mode/2up | location = Lipsiae | year = 1845}}
* Lyon, R. W. [http://www.biblical-data.org/ON_Codex%2004.htm ''A Re-Examination of Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus''], New Testament Studies (1959), 5, pp.&nbsp;260–272.
 
; Description of the codex
* {{Cite book | last = Comfort | first = Philip | title = Encountering the Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography and Textual Criticism | publisher = Broadman & Holman Publishers | year = 2005}}
* {{Cite book | last = Fleck | first = Ferdinand Florens | title = Ueber die Handschrift des neuen Testamentes, gewoehnlich Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus genannt, in der koeniglichen Bibliothek zu Paris | url = http://idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de/diglit/thstkr_1841/0128?sid=ffc7f131e362c1edaee574408f00a53c | location = Hamburg | year = 1841}}
* {{Cite book | last = Hatch | first = William Henry | authorlink = William Hatch| title = The Principal Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago | year = 1939}}
* {{Cite book | last = Kenyon | first = Frederic G. | authorlink = Frederic G. Kenyon | title = Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts | edition = 4th | location = London | year = 1939}}
* {{Cite book | last = Metzger | first = Bruce M. | authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger | title = Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | year = 1981}}
* {{Cite book | last = Swete | first = Henry B. | authorlink = Henry Barclay Swete | title = An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek| location = Cambridge| year = 1902 | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/anintrotooldtes00swetuoft#page/128/mode/2up| pages = 128–129}}
 
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Codex Ephraemi}}
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8470433r Codex Ephraemi Syri Rescriptus (in Gallica digital library)]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uC |title=An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism |chapter= New Testament Manuscripts Uncials |accessdate=2010-11-12 |author=Waltz, Robert |work=A Site Inspired By: The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism}}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04084a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'':] Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
* Michael D. Marlowe, [http://www.bible-researcher.com/codex-c.html ''Codex Ephraemi Syri Rescriptus''] Bible Research
 
[[Category:Greek New Testament uncials]]
[[Category:Palimpsests]]
[[Category:5th-century biblical manuscripts]]
[[Category:Septuagint manuscripts]]
[[Category:Bibliothèque nationale de France collections]]
[[Category:Great uncial codices]]
 
{{Link GA|pl}}

Latest revision as of 23:46, 16 December 2014

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