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The '''Urysohn universal space''' is a certain [[metric space]] that contains all [[separable space|separable]] metric spaces in a particularly nice manner. This [[mathematics]] concept is due to [[Pavel Samuilovich Urysohn]]. | |||
==Definition== | |||
A metric space (''U'',''d'') is called ''Urysohn universal''<ref>{{citation|title=Geometric embeddings of metric spaces|url=http://www.math.jyu.fi/research/reports/rep90.ps|author=Juha Heinonen|date=January 2003|accessdate=6 January 2009}}</ref> if it is separable and [[complete space|complete]] and has the following property: | |||
:given any finite metric space ''X'', any point ''x'' in ''X'', and any [[isometry|isometric embedding]] ''f'' : ''X''\{''x''} → ''U'', there exists an isometric embedding ''F'' : ''X'' → ''U'' that extends ''f'', i.e. such that ''F''(''y'') = ''f''(''y'') for all ''y'' in ''X''\{''x''}. | |||
==Properties== | |||
If ''U'' is Urysohn universal and ''X'' is any separable metric space, then there exists an isometric embedding ''f'':''X'' → ''U''. (Other spaces share this property: for instance, the space ''l''<sup>∞</sup> of all bounded real [[sequence]]s with the [[uniform norm|supremum norm]] admits isometric embeddings of all separable metric spaces ("[[Maurice René Fréchet|Fréchet]] embedding"), as does the space C[0,1] of all [[continuous function]]s [0,1]→'''R''', again with the supremum norm, a result due to [[Stefan Banach]].) | |||
Furthermore, every isometry between finite subsets of ''U'' extends to an isometry of ''U'' onto itself. This kind of "homogeneity" actually characterizes Urysohn universal spaces: A separable complete metric space that contains an isometric image of every separable metric space is Urysohn universal if and only if it is homogeneous in this sense. | |||
==Existence and uniqueness== | |||
Urysohn proved that an Urysohn universal space exists, and that any two Urysohn universal spaces are [[isometry|isometric]]. This can be seen as follows. Take <math>(X,d),(X',d')</math>, two Urysohn spaces. These are separable, so fix in the respective spaces countable dense subsets <math>(x_n)_n, (x'_n)_n</math>. These must be properly infinite, so by a back-and-forth argument, one can step-wise construct partial isometries <math>\phi_n:X\to X'</math> whose domain (resp. range) contains <math>\{x_k:k<n\}</math> (resp. <math>\{x'_k:k<n\}</math>). The union of these maps defines a partial isometry <math>\phi:X\to X'</math> whose domain resp. range are dense in the respective spaces. And such maps extend (uniquely) to isometries, since a Urysohn space is required to be complete. | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Metric geometry]] | |||
Latest revision as of 10:11, 1 May 2013
The Urysohn universal space is a certain metric space that contains all separable metric spaces in a particularly nice manner. This mathematics concept is due to Pavel Samuilovich Urysohn.
Definition
A metric space (U,d) is called Urysohn universal[1] if it is separable and complete and has the following property:
- given any finite metric space X, any point x in X, and any isometric embedding f : X\{x} → U, there exists an isometric embedding F : X → U that extends f, i.e. such that F(y) = f(y) for all y in X\{x}.
Properties
If U is Urysohn universal and X is any separable metric space, then there exists an isometric embedding f:X → U. (Other spaces share this property: for instance, the space l∞ of all bounded real sequences with the supremum norm admits isometric embeddings of all separable metric spaces ("Fréchet embedding"), as does the space C[0,1] of all continuous functions [0,1]→R, again with the supremum norm, a result due to Stefan Banach.)
Furthermore, every isometry between finite subsets of U extends to an isometry of U onto itself. This kind of "homogeneity" actually characterizes Urysohn universal spaces: A separable complete metric space that contains an isometric image of every separable metric space is Urysohn universal if and only if it is homogeneous in this sense.
Existence and uniqueness
Urysohn proved that an Urysohn universal space exists, and that any two Urysohn universal spaces are isometric. This can be seen as follows. Take , two Urysohn spaces. These are separable, so fix in the respective spaces countable dense subsets . These must be properly infinite, so by a back-and-forth argument, one can step-wise construct partial isometries whose domain (resp. range) contains (resp. ). The union of these maps defines a partial isometry whose domain resp. range are dense in the respective spaces. And such maps extend (uniquely) to isometries, since a Urysohn space is required to be complete.
References
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