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The '''Hounsfield scale''' or '''CT numbers''', named after Sir [[Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield]], is a quantitative scale for describing [[radiodensity]]. 
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==Definition==
The Hounsfield unit (HU) scale is a linear transformation of the original linear attenuation coefficient measurement into one in which the [[radiodensity]] of [[distilled water]] at standard [[pressure]] and [[temperature]] ([[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|STP]]) is defined as zero Hounsfield units (HU), while the radiodensity of [[air]] at STP is defined as -1000 HU. In a [[voxel]] with average [[linear attenuation coefficient]] <math>\mu_X</math>, the corresponding HU value is therefore given by:
 
: <math>HU = 1000\times\frac{\mu_X - \mu_{water}}{\mu_{water}}</math>
Where <math>\mu_{water}</math> is the linear attenuation coefficients of water.
 
Thus, a change of one Hounsfield unit (HU) represents a change of 0.1% of the attenuation coefficient of water since the attenuation coefficient of air is nearly zero.
 
It is the definition for CT scanners that are calibrated with reference to water.
 
===Rationale===
The above standards were chosen as they are universally available references and suited to the key application for which computed axial tomography was developed: imaging the internal anatomy of living creatures based on organized water structures and mostly living in air, ''e.g.'' [[human]]s.
 
==The HU of common substances==
The Hounsfield scale applies to medical grade CT scans but not to [[Cone beam computed tomography|cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)]] scans.<ref name="DEVOS">De Vos, W; et al. <u>Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) imaging of the oral and maxillofacial region: A systematic review of the literature</u>. ''Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg'' 2009;38:609–625.</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Substance !! HU
|-
|Air
| −1000
|-
|Lung
| −500
|-
|Fat
| −100 to −50
|-
|Water
| 0
|-
|[[Cerebrospinal fluid|CSF]]
| 15
|-
|Kidney
| 30
|-
|Blood
| +30 to +45
|-
|Muscle
| +10 to +40
|-
|Grey matter
| +37 to +45
|-
|White matter
| +20 to +30
|-
|Liver
| +40 to +60
|-
|J-O Blast
| +20 to +30
|-
|Soft Tissue, Contrast
| +100 to +300
|-
|Bone
| +700 (cancellous bone) to +3000 (dense bone)
|}
 
A practical application of this is in evaluation of tumors, where, for example, an [[adrenal tumor]] with a radiodensity of less than 10 HU is rather fatty in composition and almost certainly a benign [[adrenal adenoma]].<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/376240 medscape >Adrenal Adenoma Imaging]. Author: Perry J Horwich. Chief Editor: Eugene C Lin. Updated: Apr 21, 2011</ref>
 
==History==
 
CT machines were the first imaging devices for detailed visualization of the internal three-dimensional [[anatomy]] of living creatures, initially only as [[tomography|tomographic]] reconstructions of slice views or sections. Since the early 1990s, with advances in computer technology and scanners using [[computed axial tomography|spiral CT]] technology, internal three-dimensional anatomy is viewable by three-dimensional software reconstructions, from multiple perspectives, on computer monitors. By comparison, conventional [[X-ray]] images are two-dimensional projections of the true three-dimensional anatomy, i.e. [[radiodensity]] [[shadow]]s.
It was established by Sir [[Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield]], one of the principal [[engineer]]s and developers of [[computed axial tomography]] (CAT, or CT scans).
 
==References==
*{{cite book
|last=Feeman
|first=Timothy G.
|title=The Mathematics of Medical Imaging: A Beginner's Guide
|series=Springer Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics and Technology
|publisher=Springer
|year=2010
|isbn=978-0387927114
}}
 
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_i/h/hounsfield_unit.aspx|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120205102047/http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_i/h/hounsfield_unit.aspx|archivedate=2012-02-05|title=Hounsfield unit|publisher=[[General Electric|GE]]|work=Medcyclopaedia}}
*[http://www.fpnotebook.com/Rad/CT/HnsfldUnt.htm Hounsfield Unit] - fpnotebook.com
*{{cite web|url=http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/e-books/pdf/940.pdf|title=Introduction to CT physics|publisher=elsevierhealth.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070926231241/http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/e-books/pdf/940.pdf|archivedate=2007-09-26}}
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24234798_Imaging_of_deep_brain_stimulation_leads_using_extended_Hounsfield_unit_CT Imaging of deep brain stimulation leads using extended Hounsfield unit CT. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2009;87(3):155-60. doi: 10.1159/000209296]
 
[[Category:Radiology]]

Latest revision as of 01:37, 13 August 2014

Those that run their business at home generally have the freedom to create a schedule that will work around everyone else's. This means they can stay home with the kids or break for lunch with a friend and still be able to bring in an income. Getting to spend more time with family and friends is possibly the number one reason why people begin looking into home businesses. So many people who work outside the home wish they had more time to spend with their partners and children.

However, there are plenty of legit jobs that hire home employees and finding them is actually easier than you may think. Finding a job that will allow you to work from home can be difficult if you aren't looking in the right places. Have you been searching for a work from home opportunity, but can�t seem to find the perfect opportunity. A lot of people are in the same position.

Then she points to your picture and asks �Daddy who is that? He had a dream that started with wanting to work from home. He would reply by saying that is your great, great, great father. He made it possible for us to live the lifestyle that we have today. Just imagine your great, great, great granddaughter sitting on your great, great grandsons lap looking at your picture over the fireplace.

Reputable work from home- With the Internet world nowadays is possible to make considerable amount of money just by working from home with your computer. In this articel I discuss what reputable work from home is available to you and how to start.

While we work from home, things can end up gobbling up that irreplaceable time we need to produce. If we fall prey to such distractions while we work from home, the distractions we expect to last only a few minutes just might turn into several hours of costly down time. It is so easy to be distracted by low-priority things when we work from home. Those few idle minutes between phone calls or E-mails can entice us from an awaiting project to finish taking out the garbage, or put that remaining load of clothes into the dryer. Of course we understand it's serious that we work from home - we know our work is important but, while we work from home, the grocery list needs updating; although we work from home, we still have that recorded game to watch.

For starters, the internet has helped everyone see things that could have only been possible if they travelled. To date, the most convenient that has been done through the World Wide Web is how people do business which is by E-commerce. The internet has made the home into the virtual substitute of the physical store, other than that, it has also become the office of many employed people all over the world. The last 15 years have been called the Internet Era and indeed it has made many contributions on how everyone has lived their lives.

It has made going to work easy and breezy as you don't have to get dressed- a computer connection and computer is all you need. Many jobs are available online such as data entry, programming, graphic design and even medical transcription. In a typical scenario, the online employee logs on to his computer, speaks to the client and does or finishes the task for the day- all in his pajamas at home. Anyone can work at home as there are many websites that post hundreds of classification ads looking for different computer literate individuals.

I don't have to much doubt these numbers are fairly accurate. The longer you wait the more you lose. Sadly 95% of the people will be going bankrupt in the next 3 years. The debt, hyper inflation etc. The window of opportunity is open now and not for long.

Being our own boss while we work from home is an especially serious endeavor; both our current and future livelihoods depend on our keeping our professional selves in line. We must oversee how we actually spend our time while we work from home, in order to ensure that we do the very best job we can. Our timely completions of well-done jobs while we work from home are noticed by those upon whom our livelihoods depend.

Go to your upline and find a mentor. Make sure you have all of the necessary tools to ensure that you can drive traffic to your website and build your contact list . Those who do not do this, soon have their work from home dream turn into a nightmare. Once you have the perfect work from home opportunity. The best way to do this is educate yourself and stay on the cutting edge on what�s new. Just remember that only a fool knows everything. The people that do this on a regular basis are the ones that win.

On the other hand, many people don"t have the awareness or ability set to have achievement in this challenging but rewarding business. Given the present situation of our financial system and the job market there are a lot of individuals searching for work from home employment opportunities. Deciding to work from home is a simple choice for most individuals.

The key to making work from home work for you is promotion. Figure out who is most likely to buy your product or pay for your services, and target them with marketing and promotional offers. No matter what business you choose, you need to get the word out, and get it out to the right markets. The best business idea in the world will fall flat if no one knows about it. Depending on what you offer, that may mean spreading your flyers around the neighborhood, taking out newspaper or radio ads, sending out email newsletters, posting on bulletin boards and other Internet services, asking for referrals or any combination of the above.

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