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[[Image:6n-graf.svg|thumb|250px|A labeled graph of 6 vertices and 7 edges.]]
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In [[computer science]], a '''graph''' is an [[abstract data type]] that is meant to implement the [[graph (mathematics)|graph]] and [[hypergraph]] concepts from [[mathematics]].


A graph data structure consists of a finite (and possibly mutable) [[set (computer science)|set]] of ordered pairs, called '''edges''' or '''arcs''', of certain entities called '''nodes''' or '''vertices'''. As in mathematics, an edge (''x'',''y'') is said to '''point''' or '''go''' '''from''' ''x'' '''to''' ''y''. The nodes may be part of the graph structure, or may be external entities represented by integer indices or [[reference (computer science)|references]].


A graph data structure may also associate to each edge some '''edge value''', such as a symbolic label or a numeric attribute (cost, capacity, length, etc.).
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==Algorithms==
Graph algorithms are a significant field of interest within computer science. Typical higher-level operations associated with graphs are: finding a path between two nodes, like [[depth-first search]] and [[breadth-first search]] and finding the shortest path from one node to another, like [[Dijkstra's algorithm]]. A solution to finding the shortest path from each node to every other node also exists in the form of the [[Floyd–Warshall algorithm]].
 
==Operations==
The basic operations provided by a graph data structure ''G'' usually include:
* <code>adjacent</code>(''G'', ''x'', ''y''): tests whether there is an edge from node ''x'' to node ''y''.
* <code>neighbors</code>(''G'', ''x''): lists all nodes ''y'' such that there is an edge from ''x'' to ''y''.
* <code>add</code>(''G'', ''x'', ''y''): adds to ''G'' the edge from ''x'' to ''y'', if it is not there.
* <code>delete</code>(''G'', ''x'', ''y''): removes the edge from ''x'' to ''y'', if it is there.
* <code>get_node_value</code>(''G'', ''x''): returns the value associated with the node ''x''.
* <code>set_node_value</code>(''G'', ''x'', ''a''): sets the value associated with the node ''x'' to ''a''.
 
Structures that associate values to the edges usually also provide:
* <code>get_edge_value</code>(''G'', ''x'', ''y''): returns the value associated to the edge (''x'',''y'').
* <code>set_edge_value</code>(''G'', ''x'', ''y'', ''v''): sets the value associated to the edge (''x'',''y'') to ''v''.
 
==Representations==
Different data structures for the representation of graphs are used in practice:
; [[Adjacency list]] : Vertices are stored as records or objects, and every vertex stores a [[list (computing)|list]] of adjacent vertices. This data structure allows the storage of additional data on the vertices.
; [[Incidence list]] : Vertices and edges are stored as records or objects. Each vertex stores its incident edges, and each edge stores its incident vertices. This data structure allows the storage of additional data on vertices and edges.
; [[Adjacency matrix]] : A two-dimensional matrix, in which the rows represent source vertices and columns represent destination vertices. Data on edges and vertices must be stored externally. Only the cost for one edge can be stored between each pair of vertices.
; [[Incidence matrix]] : A two-dimensional Boolean matrix, in which the rows represent the vertices and columns represent the edges. The entries indicate whether the vertex at a row is incident to the edge at a column.
 
The following table gives the [[time complexity]] cost of performing various operations on graphs, for each of these representations.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the entire table below.|date=November 2011}} In the matrix representations, the entries encode the cost of following an edge. The cost of edges that are not present are assumed to be <math> \infty </math>.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Adjacency list
! Incidence list
! Adjacency matrix
! Incidence matrix
|-
| Storage
| <math> O(|V|+|E|) </math>
| <math> O(|V|+|E|) </math>
| <math> O(|V|^2) </math>
| <math> O(|V|\cdot|E|) </math>
|-
| Add vertex
| <math> O(1) </math>
| <math> O(1) </math>
| <math> O(|V|^2) </math>
| <math> O(|V|\cdot|E|) </math>
|-
| Add edge
| <math> O(1) </math>
| <math> O(1) </math>
| <math> O(1) </math>
| <math> O(|V|\cdot|E|) </math>
|-
| Remove vertex
| <math> O(|E|) </math>
| <math> O(|E|) </math>
| <math> O(|V|^2) </math>
| <math> O(|V|\cdot|E|) </math>
|-
| Remove edge
| <math> O(|E|) </math>
| <math> O(|E|) </math>
| <math> O(1) </math>
| <math> O(|V|\cdot|E|) </math>
|-
| Query: are vertices u, v adjacent? (Assuming that the storage positions for u, v are known)
| <math> O(|V|) </math>
| <math> O(|V|) </math>
| <math> O(1) </math>
| <math> O(|E|) </math>
|-
| Remarks
| When removing edges or vertices, need to find all vertices or edges
|
| Slow to add or remove vertices, because matrix must be resized/copied
| Slow to add or remove vertices and edges, because matrix must be resized/copied
|}
 
Adjacency lists are generally preferred because they efficiently represent [[sparse graph]]s. An adjacency matrix is preferred if the graph is dense, that is the number of edges |''E''| is close to the number of vertices squared, |''V''|<sup>2</sup>, or if one must be able to quickly look up if there is an edge connecting two vertices.<ref>Cormen, Thomas H.; Leiserson, Charles E.; Rivest, Ronald L.; Stein, Clifford (2001). Introduction to Algorithms (2nd ed.). MIT Press and McGraw–Hill. ISBN 0-262-53196-8.</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[Graph traversal]] for graph walking strategies
* [[Graph database]] for graph (data structure) persistency
* [[Graph rewriting]] for rule based transformations of graphs (graph data structures)
* [[GraphStream]]
* [[Graphviz]]
* [[yEd]] Graph Editor – Java-based diagram editor for creating and editing graphs
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.boost.org/libs/graph Boost Graph Library: a powerful C++ graph library]
* [http://networkx.github.com/ Networkx: a Python graph library]
 
{{Data structures}}
 
<!--Categories-->
{{DEFAULTSORT:Graph (Abstract Data Type)}}
[[Category:Graph theory]]
[[Category:Graph data structures| ]]
[[Category:Abstract data types]]
[[Category:Graphs]]
[[Category:Hypergraphs]]

Latest revision as of 18:52, 10 September 2014


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