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| {{Infobox scientist
| | Proud to meet you! Simple name is Eusebio furthermore I think it looks quite good when we say it. My carry is now in Vermont and I don't software on changing it. Software progressing has been my [http://Thesaurus.com/browse/holiday+weekend holiday weekend] job for a despite. To make is the only pasttime my wife doesn't agree to. I'm not good at webdesign but you might desire to check my website: http://circuspartypanama.com<br><br>Take a look at my blog how to hack clash of clans ([http://circuspartypanama.com read this post here]) |
| | name = Ernst Karl Abbe
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| | image = Ernst Abbe.jpg
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| | caption =
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| | birth_date = {{birth date|1840|1|23|mf=y}}
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| | birth_place = [[Eisenach]], [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]
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| | death_date = {{death date and age|1905|1|14|1840|1|23|mf=y}}
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| | death_place = [[Jena]], [[German Empire]]
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| | residence = [[Germany]]
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| | nationality = [[Germany|German]]
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| | field = [[Physicist]]
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| | work_institution = [[University of Jena]]
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| | alma_mater = [[University of Göttingen]]<br>[[University of Jena]]
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| | doctoral_advisor = [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]<br>[[Karl Snell]]
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| | doctoral_students = [[Heinrich Friedrich Weber]]
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| | notable_students = [[Gottlob Frege]]
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| | known_for = [[Abbe refractometer]] <br /> [[Abbe number]]
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| | prizes =
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| | religion =
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| | footnotes =
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| }}
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| '''Ernst Karl Abbe''' (January 23, 1840 – January 14, 1905) was a [[Germany|German]] [[physicist]], [[optometrist]], [[entrepreneur]], and social reformer. Together with [[Otto Schott]] and [[Carl Zeiss]], he laid the foundation of modern [[optics]]. Abbe developed numerous optical instruments. He was a co-owner of [[Carl Zeiss AG]], a German manufacturer of research microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums and other optical systems.
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| == Personal life ==
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| [[File:Else Abbe.png|left|thumb|Else Snell]]
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| Abbe was born January 23, 1840 in [[Eisenach]], [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]].<ref name="NDB">{{NDB|1|2|3|Abbe, Ernst Carl|Ewald Blasius}}</ref> He came from a humble home — his father was a foreman in a spinnery. Supported by his father's employer, Abbe was able to attend secondary school and to obtain the general qualification for university entrance with fairly good grades. By the time he left school, his scientific talent and his strong will had already become obvious. Thus, in spite of the family's strained financial situation, his father decided to support Abbe's studies at the Universities of [[Jena]] (1857–1859) and [[Göttingen]] (1859–1861).<ref name="NDB"/> During his time as a student, Abbe gave private lessons to improve his income. His father's employer continued to fund him. Abbe was awarded his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Göttingen on March 23, 1861. This was followed by two short assignments at the Göttingen [[observatory]] and at Physikalischer Verein in [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] (an association of citizens interested in physics and chemistry that was founded by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in 1824 and still exists today). On August 8, 1863 he qualified as a university lecturer at the University of Jena. In 1870, he accepted a contract as an extraordinary [[professor]] of physics and mathematics in Jena.<ref name="NDB"/><ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia|last= |first= |authorlink= |editor-first= |editor-last= |editor-link= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Abbe, Ernst |edition=15th |year=2010| publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.|volume=I: A-Ak - Bayes|location= Chicago, IL|isbn=978-1-59339-837-8|pages=11}}</ref> In 1871, he married Else Snell, daughter of the mathematician and physicist Karl Snell, one of Abbe's teachers. He became director of the Jena astronomical and meteorological observatories in 1878.<ref name=EB/> In 1889, he became a member of the [[Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities]]. He also was a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. He was relieved of his teaching duties at the University of Jena in 1891. Abbe died January 14, 1905 in Jena.<ref name="NDB"/>
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| == Life work ==
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| [[File:Microscope Zeiss 1879.jpg|thumb|upright|Microscope by Carl Zeiss (1879) with optics by Abbe]]
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| [[File:Stamps of Germany (BRD) 1968, MiNr 548.jpg|upright|thumb|German stamp of 1968]]
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| [[File:Abbe-Grab kl.jpg|upright|thumb|Ernst Abbe, relief at his grave]]In 1866, he became a research director at the [[Carl Zeiss AG|Zeiss Optical Works]], and in 1868 he invented the [[Apochromat|apochromatic lens]], a microscope lens which eliminates both the primary and secondary color distortion.<ref name=EB/> He designed the first [[refractometer]], which he described in a booklet published in 1874.<ref>{{cite book | author = Abbe, E. | title = Neue Apparate zur Bestimmung des Brechungs – und Zerstreuungsvermögens fester und fluüssiger Körper | year = 1874 | publisher = Mauke's Verlag | location = Jena }}</ref> He created the [[Abbe number]], a measure of any [[Transparency (optics)|transparent]] material's variation of [[refractive index]] with [[wavelength]] and Abbe's criterion, which tests the hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter, see [[angular resolution]]).<ref>{{cite book | author = American Congress on Surveying and Mapping | title = Glossary of the mapping sciences | year = 1994 | publisher = American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing | location = Maryland }}</ref> Already a professor in [[Jena]], he was hired by [[Carl Zeiss]] to improve the manufacturing process of optical instruments, which back then was largely based on trial and error.
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| Abbe was the first to define the term [[Numerical Aperture]],<ref name="NA Est">{{Cite journal
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| | volume = 1
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| | pages = 388–423
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = On the Estimation of Aperture in the Microscope
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| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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| | issue = 3
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| | year = 1881
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| | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1881.tb05909.x
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| }}</ref> as the sine of the half angle multiplied by the refractive index of the medium filling the space between the cover glass and front lens.
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| Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873)
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| {{NumBlk|::|<math>d = \frac{\lambda}{2 NA}</math>|{{EquationRef|Eq. 1}}}}
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| although in another early appearance of this formula in a publication in 1874 by [[Helmholtz]],<ref>{{Cite journal
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| | volume = 16
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| | pages = 15–39
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| | last = Helmholtz
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| | first = Hermann
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| | title = On the Limits of the Optical Capacity of the Microscope
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| | journal = The Monthly microscopical journal
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| | issue = 1
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| |date=July 1876
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| | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1876.tb05606.x
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| }}</ref> [[Helmholtz]] states this formula was first derived by [[Joseph Louis Lagrange]], who had died 61 years prior. Abbe was in the camp of the wide aperturists, arguing that microscopic resolution is ultimately limited by the aperture of the optics, but also argued that depending on application there are other parameters that should be weighted over the aperture in the design of objectives. In Abbe's 1874 paper, titled "A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision",<ref>{{Cite journal
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| | volume = 1
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| | pages = 200–261
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision
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| | journal = Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society
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| | year = 1874
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=TC8UAAAAYAAJ&dq=Bristol%20Naturalists%20Society%201875&pg=PA200#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}</ref> Abbe states that the resolution of a microscope is inversely dependent on its aperture, but without proposing a formula for the resolution limit of a microscope.
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| Although the first theoretical derivations of {{EquationNote|Eq. 1}} were published by others, it is fair to say that Abbe was the first to reach this conclusion experimentally. The objectives that the Abbe Zeiss collaboration were producing were of ideal ray geometry, allowing Abbe to find that the aperture sets the upper limit of microscopic resolution, not the curvature and placement of the lenses. Abbe's first publication of {{EquationNote|Eq. 1}} occurred in 1882.<ref>{{Cite journal
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| | volume = 3
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| | issue = 6
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| | pages = 790–812
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued)
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| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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| | series = 2
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| | year = 1883
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| | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1883.tb05956.x
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| }}</ref> In this publication Abbe states, that both his theoretical and experimental investigations confirmed {{EquationNote|Eq. 1}}. Abbe's contemporary H. E. Fripp, English translator of Abbe's and Helmholtz's papers, puts their contributions on equal footing.
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| In order to produce high quality objectives, Abbe made significant contributions to the diagnosis and correction of [[Optical aberration]]s, which is required for an objective to reach the resolution limit of {{EquationNote|Eq. 1}}. In addition to spherical aberration, Abbe discovered that the rays in optical systems must have constant angular magnification over their angular distribution to produce a diffraction limited spot, a principle known as the [[Abbe sine condition]].<ref name="NA Est"/>
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| Abbe invented the [[Abbe condenser]], used for microscope illumination.<ref>{{cite web | title = Abbe, Ernst – Encyclopædia Britannica – Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service | url = http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-9003239 | accessdate = 2008-05-11 }}</ref> During his association with [[Carl Zeiss]]' [[microscope]] works, he also introduced the [[Eight hour day|eight-hour workday]], in remembrance of the 14-hour workday of his own father. In 1891, Ernst set up and endowed the [[Carl Zeiss Foundation]] for research in science.<ref name=EB/> In 1896, he reorganized the Zeiss optical woks into a cooperative with profit-sharing.
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| The crater [[Abbe (crater)|Abbe]] on the [[Moon]] was named in his honour.
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| == Bibliography ==
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| Abbe was a pioneer in optics, lens design, and microscopy, and an authority of his time. He left us with numerous publications of his findings, inventions, and discoveries. Below is a list of publications he authored including many links to the scanned Google Books pages.
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 9
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| | pages = 469–480
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Über einen neuen Beleuchtungsapparat am Mikroskop
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| | journal = Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie
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| | year = 1873
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LMkVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Abbe%20Archiv%20f%C3%BCr%20Mikroskopische%20Anatomie%201873&pg=PA469#v=onepage&q=abbe&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | doi = 10.1007/BF02956173
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| | issn = 0176-7364
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| | volume = 9
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| | issue = 1
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| | pages = 413–468
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung
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| | journal = Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie
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| | accessdate = 2010-08-27
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| | year = 1873
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LMkVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Abbe%20Archiv%20f%C3%BCr%20Mikroskopische%20Anatomie%201873&pg=PA413#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 1
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| | pages = 200–261
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the Nature of Microscopic Vision
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| | journal = Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society
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| | year = 1874
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=TC8UAAAAYAAJ&dq=Bristol%20Naturalists%20Society%201875&pg=PA200#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 8
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| | pages = 96–174
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Neue Apparate zur Bestimmung des Brechungs und Zerstreuungsvermögens fester und flüssiger Körper
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| | journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
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| | year = 1874
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=87UUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jenaische%20Zeitschrift%20f%C3%BCr%20Naturwissenschaft%20Volume%208&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 13
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| | pages = 77–82
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = A New Illuminating Apparatus for the Microscope
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| | journal = The Monthly Microscopical Journal
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| | year = 1875
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=sOEUAAAAYAAJ&dq=A%20new%20illuminating%20apparatus%20for%20the%20microscope%201875%20abbe&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 14
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| | pages = 191–201
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Extracts from Mr. H. E. Fripp's Translation of Professor Abbe's Paper on the Microscope
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| | journal = The Monthly Microscopical Journal
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| | year = 1875
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=UTA4AAAAMAAJ&dq=On%20the%20microscope%20abbe%201875%20monthly&pg=PA191#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 14
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| | pages = 245–254
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Extracts from Mr. H. E. Fripp's Translation of Professor Abbe's Paper on the Microscope (Cont.)
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| | journal = The Monthly Microscopical Journal
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| | year = 1875
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=UTA4AAAAMAAJ&dq=On%20the%20microscope%20abbe%201875%20monthly&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | pages = 11–17
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Über mikrometrische Messung mittelst optischer Bilder
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| | journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
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| | year = 1878
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=ueber%20mikrometrische%20messung%20mittelst%20optischer%20bilder&pg=PR11#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | pages = 98–105
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Über Blutkorper-Zahlung
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| | journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
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| | year = 1878
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Uber%20Blutkoerper%20Zahlung&pg=PR98#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | pages = 129–142
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Über die Bedingungen des Aplanatismus der Linsensysteme
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| | journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
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| | year = 1878
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Ueber%20die%20Bedingungen%20des%20Aplanatis&pg=PA129#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | pages = 71–109
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Über die Grenzen der geometrischen Optik
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| | journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
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| | year = 1878
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Ueber%20die%20Grenzen%20der%20geometrischen%20Optik&pg=RA1-PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 2
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| | pages = 256–265
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = On Stephenson's System of Homogeneous Immersion for Microscope Objectives
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| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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| | date = 1879-06-11
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=d_MVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Stephenson's%20System%20abbe&pg=PA256#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 2
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| | pages = 812–824
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = On New Methods for Improving Spherical Correction applied to the Construction of Wide-angled Object-glasses
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| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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| | year = 1879
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=d_MVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Stephenson's%20System%20abbe&pg=PA812#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | pages = 57–66
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Über die Bestimmung von Zeit und Polhöhe aus Beobachtungen in Höhenparallen
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| | journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
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| | date = 1879-05-02
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Uber%20die%20Bestimmung%20von%20Zeit%20and%20Abbe&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | pages = 35–44
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Über die Bestimmung der Brechungs-Verhältnisse fester Körper mittelst des Refractometers
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| | journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
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| | date = 1879-02-21
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Uber%20die%20Bestimmung%20von%20Zeit%20and%20Abbe&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 3
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| | pages = 509–515
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Conditions on Aplanatism of Systems of Lenses
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| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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| | year = 1880
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA831#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 3
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| | pages = 20–31
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Some Remarks on the Apertometer
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| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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| | year = 1880
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=YOAUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Some%20remarks%20on%20the%20apertometer%20abbe%20v%203&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 1
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| | pages = 526
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = The Essence of Homogenous Immersion
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| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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| | series = 2
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| | year = 1880
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA526#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 1
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| | pages = 690–692
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Illumination for Binocular Microscopes with HIgh Powers
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| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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| | series = 2
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| | year = 1880
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA690#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 1
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| | pages = 831–832
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Penetrating Power of Objectives
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| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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| | series = 2
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| | year = 1880
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA831#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 17
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| | pages = 197–224
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Beschreibung eines neuen stereoskopischen Oculars
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| | journal = Repertorium für Experimental-Physik für Physikalische Technik
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| | year = 1881
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=1UzPAAAAMAAJ&dq=Beschreibung%20eines%20neuen%20stereo%20a%20197&pg=PA197#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 1
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| | pages = 131–134
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Origin of Homogeneous Immersion
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| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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| | series = 2
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| | year = 1881
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Microscopical%20Society%20Abbe%20On%20the%20Function%20of%20Aperture&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 1
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| | pages = 680–689
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = Conditions of Microstereoscopic Vision – "Penetration"
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| | series = 2
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| | year = 1881
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA680#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 1
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| | issue = 3
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| | pages = 388–423
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| | last = Abbe
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| | first = Ernst
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| | title = On the Estimation of Aperture in the Microscope
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| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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| | year = 1881
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| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA388#v=onepage&q&f=false
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| }}
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| {{Cite journal
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| | volume = 1
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| | pages = 203–211
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| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | title = On the Conditions of Orthoscopic and Pseudoscopic Effects in the Binocular Microscope
| |
| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| |
| | series = 2
| |
| | year = 1881
| |
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | pages = 298–299
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | title = Abbe's Stereoscopic Eye-piece
| |
| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| |
| | series = 2
| |
| | year = 1881
| |
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA298#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | pages = 831
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | title = Conditions of Aplanatism for Wide-angled Pencils
| |
| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| |
| | series = 2
| |
| | year = 1881
| |
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=mXBJAAAAYAAJ&dq=Microscopy%20Society%20Journal%201880%20Abbe%20509&pg=PA509#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 2
| |
| | pages = 693–696
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | title = Miniatured Images
| |
| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| |
| | series = 2
| |
| | year = 1882
| |
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Oks4AAAAMAAJ&dq=Miniature%20images%202%201882%20Journal%20Abbe&pg=PA693#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 2
| |
| | issue = 3
| |
| | pages = 300–309
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | title = The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope
| |
| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| |
| | year = 1882
| |
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=KPQVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Journal%20of%20Microscopy%201881%20%22The%20Relation%20of%20Aperture%20and%20Power%20in%20the%20Microscope%22&pg=PA300#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 2
| |
| | issue = 1
| |
| | pages = 460–473
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | title = The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued).
| |
| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| |
| | series = 2
| |
| | year = 1882
| |
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4r4EAAAAQAAJ&dq=Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Microscopical%20Society%20%201881&pg=PA460#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 3
| |
| | issue = 1
| |
| | pages = 790–812
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | title = The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued)
| |
| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| |
| | series = 2
| |
| | year = 1883
| |
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aHhJAAAAYAAJ&dq=The%20Relation%20of%20Aperture%20and%20Power%20in%20the%20Microscope%20abbe&pg=PA790#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 4
| |
| | issue = 1
| |
| | pages = 348–351
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | title = Note on the Proper Definition of the Amplifying Power of a Lens or Lens-System
| |
| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| |
| | year = 1884
| |
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=th4AAAAAMAAJ&dq=Note%20on%20the%20proper%20definition%20of%20the%20amplifying%20power%20of%20a%20lens%20or%20a%20lens%20system&pg=PA348#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 4
| |
| | issue = 1
| |
| | pages = 20–27
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | title = On the Mode of vision with Objectives of Wide Aperture
| |
| | journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| |
| | year = 1884
| |
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=th4AAAAAMAAJ&dq=Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Microscopical%20society%201884&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite book
| |
| | publisher = Google Patents
| |
| | last = ABBE
| |
| | first = E.
| |
| | title = DOUBLE PRISM FOR TOTALLY-REFLECTING REFRACTOMETERS
| |
| | year = 1895
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite book
| |
| | publisher = Vieweg
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = E.
| |
| | coauthors = O. Lummer, F. Reiche
| |
| | title = Die Lehre von der Bildentstehung im Mikroskop
| |
| | year = 1910
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 2
| |
| | pages = 107–108
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = E.
| |
| | title = The new microscope
| |
| | journal = S Ber Jena Ges Med
| |
| | year = 1886
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 99722
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = E.
| |
| | coauthors = P. Rudolph
| |
| | title = Anamorphotisches Linsensystem
| |
| | journal = German Pat
| |
| | year = 1897
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite book
| |
| | publisher = Vopelius
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = E.
| |
| | title = Motive und Erläuterungen zum Entwurf eines Statuts der Carl Zeiss-Stiftung
| |
| | year = 1895
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite book
| |
| | publisher = G. Fischer
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = E.
| |
| | title = Sozialpolitische Schriften
| |
| | year = 1906
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 10
| |
| | pages = 446–447
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = E.
| |
| | title = Messapparate für Physiker
| |
| | journal = Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde
| |
| | year = 1890
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Citation
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | title = Telescope
| |
| | location = Jena
| |
| | accessdate = 2010-08-27
| |
| | date = 1897-06-22
| |
| | url = http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=0584976.PN.&OS=PN/0584976&RS=PN/0584976
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Citation
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | coauthors = Paul Rudoph
| |
| | title = Photographic Objective
| |
| | location = Jena
| |
| | accessdate = 2010-08-27
| |
| | date = 1890-08-26
| |
| | url = http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=0435271.PN.&OS=PN/0435271&RS=PN/0435271
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite journal
| |
| | volume = 1
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = E.
| |
| | title = Die optischen Hilfsmittel der Mikroskopie. Bericht über die wissenschaftlichen Apparate auf der Londoner internationalen Ausstellung (1876), Hrsg. Hoffmann, AW (1878), Braunschweig, 383
| |
| | journal = Abbe, E.(1904), Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Bd
| |
| | year = 1876
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| {{Cite book
| |
| | last = Abbe
| |
| | first = Ernst
| |
| | title = Über Verbesserungen des Mikroscope mit Hilfe neuer Arten optischen Glases
| |
| | year = 1886
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| == See also ==
| |
| | |
| *[[Abbe prism]]
| |
| *[[Abbe refractometer]]
| |
| *[[Abbe error]]
| |
| *[[Aberration in optical systems]]
| |
| *[[Calculation of glass properties]]
| |
| * [[German inventors and discoverers]]
| |
| | |
| {| border="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color:transparent" align="left"
| |
| |- valign="middle"
| |
| | [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|left|25px|]]
| |
| | align="right" | [[Wikimedia Commons]] has media related to: '''[[commons:Ernst Abbe|Ernst Abbe]]'''
| |
| |}
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==Further reading==
| |
| | |
| * {{cite journal | last = Gunther | first = N. | title = Abbe, Ernst | journal = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | year = 1970 | location = New York, NY, USA | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | volume = 1 | pages = 6–9 }}
| |
| | |
| * {{cite journal | author = Sella, Andrea | title = Abbé's refractometer | journal = Chemistry World |date=November 2008 | page = 67 | url = http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2008/November/AbbesRefractometer.asp}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * {{cite web | author = Paselk, Richard A. | title = The Evolution of the Abbe Refractometer | url = http://www.humboldt.edu/~scimus/Essays/EvolAbbeRef/EvolAbbeRef.htm | accessdate = 2008-05-11}}
| |
| * [http://www.atago.net/USA/mame.html Basic Principles of Refractometers (and Polarimeters) ]
| |
| * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Abbe}}
| |
| * {{MathGenealogy|id=52329}}
| |
| * [http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/abbe.html Molecular Expressions's biography]
| |
| * {{gutenberg author | id=Ernst_Abbe | name=Ernst Abbe}}
| |
| * [http://www.musoptin.com/abbe_ref_2028.html Abbe Refractometer] by Carl Zeiss made in 1904
| |
| | |
| {{Authority control|VIAF=19744386}}
| |
| | |
| <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
| |
| {{Persondata
| |
| |NAME= Abbe, Ernst Karl
| |
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
| |
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Germany|German]] [[Physicist]]
| |
| |DATE OF BIRTH= January 23, 1840
| |
| |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Eisenach]], [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]
| |
| |DATE OF DEATH= January 14, 1905
| |
| |PLACE OF DEATH= [[Jena]], [[Germany]]
| |
| }}
| |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Abbe, Ernst}}
| |
| [[Category:1840 births]]
| |
| [[Category:1905 deaths]]
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| [[Category:German inventors]]
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| [[Category:German physicists]]
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| [[Category:Optical physicists]]
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| [[Category:Optical engineers]]
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| [[Category:History of glass]]
| |
| [[Category:Glass engineering and science]]
| |
| [[Category:Glass physics]]
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| [[Category:Microscopists]]
| |
| [[Category:Scientific instrument makers]]
| |
| [[Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences]]
| |
| [[Category:People from Eisenach]]
| |
| [[Category:People from Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]
| |
| [[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
| |
| [[Category:University of Jena alumni]]
| |
| [[Category:University of Jena faculty]]
| |
| [[Category:Carl Zeiss AG]]
| |
| [[Category:Lens designers]]
| |