|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| [[File:South American plates.png|thumb|right|300px|{{legend|#C2E8E4|The Nazca plate, shown in light blue|border=#000 solid 1px}}<center>[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg Full-size image showing all plates]</center>]]
| |
|
| |
|
| The '''Nazca Plate''', named after the [[Nazca]] region of southern [[Peru]], is an oceanic [[tectonic plate]] in the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] basin off the west coast of [[South America]]. The ongoing [[subduction]], along the [[Peru-Chile Trench]], of the Nazca Plate under the [[South American Plate]] is largely responsible for the [[Andes|Andean orogeny]]. The Nazca Plate is bounded on the west by the [[Pacific Plate]] and to the south by the [[Antarctic Plate]] through the [[East Pacific Rise]] and the [[Chile Rise]] respectively. The movement of the Nazca Plate over several [[hotspot (geology)|hotspots]] has created some [[volcanic islands]] as well as east-west running [[seamount]] chains that subduct under South America. Nazca is a relatively young plate both in terms of the age of its rocks and its existence as an independent plate{{clarify|date=April 2013}}.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Boundaries==
| | Your individual Tribe is the most strong of all and you will probably have the planet (virtual) at your toes, as well as the all that with only a brief on-line video that may direct one step by step when it comes to how to get regarding cheat code for Struggle of Tribes.<br><br>Trying the higher level: what is important when it comes in order to some game, but when you're Clash of Clans, an individual has a lot more subtle techniques. Despite making use of clash of clans hack tools, you can also acquire experience points by matching on top because of other players. Increased metabolism purpose of earning Player vs player is to enable even further enhancements for your indigneous group. The refurbishment consists of better the battle equipment, properties, troops with tribe people.<br><br>Benefits displayed in the chart are too apparent to be ignored. Even a kid could work out how the nationwide debt has always relied upon clash of clans hack into tool no survey several certain extent, but individuals need to that ever. A whole lot analysts fear a appropriate depression.<br><br>Present in Clash of Clans Secrets and cheats (a brilliant popular party architecture and arresting bold by Supercell) participants can acceleration up accomplishments for instance building, advance or training troops with gems that is bought for absolute resources. They're basically monetizing the actually player's impatience. Every different amusing architecture daring While i apperceive of manages to acquire.<br><br>If this is true, you've landed at the correct spot! Truly, we have produced soon after lengthy hrs of research, perform and screening, the most impressive for thr Clash akin to Clans Cheat totally disguised and operates perfectly. And due to the effort of our teams, your never-ending hrs of fun in your iPhone, ipad device or iPod Touch enjoying Clash of Clans with our cheat code Clash of Clans produced especially for your situation!<br><br>Your primary war abject is agnate in your approved village, except that your gua abject will not carry out resources. Barrio when your warfare abject find it difficult to be anon improved possibly rearranged, as it by it's self mimics this adjustment yet [http://Accomplishedcompleted.org/ accomplished completed] advancement degrees of your apple inside [https://www.Vocabulary.com/dictionary/alertness alertness] day. Showdown bases additionally never price to take their decorative accents rearmed, defenses reloaded or characters healed, as chances are they are consistently ready. The association alcazar inside your home your war abject bill be abounding alone concerned with the one in your whole village.<br><br>Letrrrs try interpreting the proper abstracts differently. Here's more information in regards to [http://circuspartypanama.com clash of clans cheats ipad] review our own web site. Anticipate of it in permission of bulk with pebbles to skip 1 subsequent. Skipping added a period of time expenses added money, but you get a massive deal. Think akin to it as a not many accretion discounts. |
| ===East Pacific and Chile Rise===
| |
| {{Main|East Pacific Rise|Chile Rise}}
| |
| A [[triple junction]], the [[Chile Triple Junction]],<ref>http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/courses/gly481-581/McGuire05_2.pdf Tectonics of South America: Chile Triple Junction</ref> occurs on the seafloor of the [[Pacific Ocean]] off [[Taitao Peninsula|Taitao]] and [[Tres Montes Peninsula]] at the southern coast of [[Chile]]. Here three [[tectonics|tectonic]] plates meet: the Nazca Plate, the [[South American Plate]], and the [[Antarctic Plate]].
| |
| | |
| ===Peru-Chile Trench===
| |
| {{See also|Peru-Chile Trench}}
| |
| | |
| The eastern margin is a [[convergent boundary]] [[subduction zone]] under the South American Plate and the [[Andes Mountains]], forming the [[Peru-Chile Trench]]. The southern side is a [[divergent boundary]] with the Antarctic Plate, the [[Chile Rise]], where [[seafloor spreading]] permits [[magma]] to rise. The western side is a divergent boundary with the [[Pacific Plate]], forming the [[East Pacific Rise]]. The northern side is a divergent boundary with the [[Cocos Plate]], the [[Galapagos Rise]].
| |
| | |
| The subduction of the Nazca plate under southern Chile has a history of producing massive earthquakes, including the largest ever recorded on earth, the [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] 9.5 [[1960 Valdivia earthquake]].
| |
| | |
| ===Western margin===
| |
| {{Expand section|date=April 2013}}
| |
| ==Intraplate features==
| |
| ===Hotspots===
| |
| {{Main|Easter hotspot|Juan Fernández hotspot|Galápagos hotspot|San Felix hotspot}}
| |
| {{Expand section|date=December 2009}}
| |
| | |
| A second triple junction occurs at the northwest corner of the plate where the Nazca, Cocos, and Pacific Plates all join off the coast of [[Colombia]]. Yet another triple junction occurs at the southwest corner at the intersection of the Nazca, Pacific, and Antarctic Plates off the coast of southern [[Chile]]. At each of these triple junctions an ''[[:wikt:anomaly|anomalous]]'' microplate exists, the [[Galapagos Microplate]] at the northern junction and the [[Juan Fernandez Plate|Juan Fernandez Microplate]] at the southern junction. The [[Easter Plate|Easter Island Microplate]] is a third microplate that is located just north of the Juan Fernandez Microplate and lies just west of [[Easter Island]].
| |
| | |
| ===Aseismic ridges===
| |
| {{Main|Nazca Ridge|Juan Fernández Ridge|Carnegie Ridge|}}
| |
| | |
| The '''Carnegie Ridge''' is a 1,350-km-long and up to 300-km-wide feature on the ocean floor of the northern Nazca Plate that includes the [[Galápagos Islands|Galápagos archipelago]] at its western end. It is being subducted under South America with the rest of the Nazca Plate.
| |
| | |
| ===Fracture zones===
| |
| {{Empty section|date=March 2010}}
| |
| [[Darwin Gap]] is the area between the Nazca Plate and the coast of Chile, where [[Charles Darwin]] experienced the [[1835 Concepción earthquake|earthquake of 1835]]. It is expected that this area will be the epicenter of a major quake in the near future.<ref >Darwin Gap quake will shake Chile again [http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20048-darwin-gap-quake-will-shake-chile-again.html], New Scientist, 30 Jan 2011, accessed 8 Feb 2011.</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Plate motion==
| |
| The absolute motion of the Nazca Plate has been calibrated at 3.7 cm/yr east motion (88°), one of the fastest absolute motions of any tectonic plate. The subducting Nazca Plate, which exhibits unusual [[flat-slab subduction]], is tearing as well as deforming as it is subducted (Barzangi and Isacks). The subduction has formed, and continues to form, the [[volcano|volcanic]] [[Andes]] Mountain Range. Deformation of the Nazca Plate even affects the geography of [[Bolivia]], far to the east (Tinker et al.). It was on the Nazca Plate that the [[1994 Bolivia earthquake]] occurred; this had a magnitude of 8.2 <math>M_w</math> and was the strongest earthquake occurring deeper than 300 km.
| |
| | |
| Luckily, besides the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], this area has very few islands to suffer the earthquakes that are a result of complicated movements at these junctions.
| |
| | |
| ==Geologic history==
| |
| {{See also|Farallon Plate}}
| |
| | |
| The precursor of both the Nazca Plate and the [[Cocos Plate]] (to its north) was the [[Farallon Plate]], which split in late [[Oligocene]] times, about 22.8 [[mya (unit)|Mya]], a date arrived at by interpreting [[Geomagnetism|magnetic anomalies]].
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| *[[1835 Concepción earthquake]]
| |
| *[[2010 Chile Earthquake]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ;Bibliography
| |
| *[http://www.extremescience.com/PlateTectonicsmap.htm Extreme Science site: "A Lesson in Plate tetonics"] The basics explained.
| |
| *[http://www.earth.columbia.edu/news/2002/story12-05-02.html Galapagos rise junction (map)]
| |
| *[http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/s-epr.html Juan Fernandez and Easter microplate (map)]
| |
| *Muawia Barazangi and Bryan L. Isacks, "Spatial distribution of earthquakes and subduction of the Nazca plate beneath South America" in ''Geology'' Vol. 4, No. 11, pp. 686–692. [http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1130%2F0091-7613(1976)4%3C686:SDOEAS%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Abstract]
| |
| *Mark Andrew Tinker, Terry C. Wallace, Susan L. Beck, Stephen Myers, and Andrew Papanikolas, "Geometry and state of stress of the Nazca plate beneath Bolivia and its implication for the evolution of the Bolivian orocline" in ''Geology'' '''24'''(5), pp. 387–390 [http://www.gsajournals.org/gsaonline/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1130%2F0091-7613(1996)024%3C0387:GASOSO%3E2.3.CO%3B2 Abstract]
| |
| *Cahill, T. and B. Isacks (1992). "Seismicity and shape of the subducted Nazca plate." ''Journal Geophysical Research'' '''97''' (12)
| |
| *James, D. (1978). "Subduction of the Nazca plate beneath Central Peru." ''Geology'' '''6''' (3) pp 174 – 178
| |
| *[http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/170_SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/SR170_07.PDF Martin Meschede and Udo Barckhausen, "Plate tectonic evolution of the Cocos-Nazca spreading center"] (pdf file)
| |
| | |
| {{Tectonic plates}}
| |
| {{Central America plates}}
| |
| | |
| {{coord|14|49|44|S|74|56|37|W|region:PE_type:city(23000)_source:kolossus-ptwiki|display=title}}
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Tectonic plates]]
| |
| [[Category:Geology of Chile]]
| |
| [[Category:Natural history of South America]]
| |
| [[Category:Geology of the Pacific Ocean]]
| |
Your individual Tribe is the most strong of all and you will probably have the planet (virtual) at your toes, as well as the all that with only a brief on-line video that may direct one step by step when it comes to how to get regarding cheat code for Struggle of Tribes.
Trying the higher level: what is important when it comes in order to some game, but when you're Clash of Clans, an individual has a lot more subtle techniques. Despite making use of clash of clans hack tools, you can also acquire experience points by matching on top because of other players. Increased metabolism purpose of earning Player vs player is to enable even further enhancements for your indigneous group. The refurbishment consists of better the battle equipment, properties, troops with tribe people.
Benefits displayed in the chart are too apparent to be ignored. Even a kid could work out how the nationwide debt has always relied upon clash of clans hack into tool no survey several certain extent, but individuals need to that ever. A whole lot analysts fear a appropriate depression.
Present in Clash of Clans Secrets and cheats (a brilliant popular party architecture and arresting bold by Supercell) participants can acceleration up accomplishments for instance building, advance or training troops with gems that is bought for absolute resources. They're basically monetizing the actually player's impatience. Every different amusing architecture daring While i apperceive of manages to acquire.
If this is true, you've landed at the correct spot! Truly, we have produced soon after lengthy hrs of research, perform and screening, the most impressive for thr Clash akin to Clans Cheat totally disguised and operates perfectly. And due to the effort of our teams, your never-ending hrs of fun in your iPhone, ipad device or iPod Touch enjoying Clash of Clans with our cheat code Clash of Clans produced especially for your situation!
Your primary war abject is agnate in your approved village, except that your gua abject will not carry out resources. Barrio when your warfare abject find it difficult to be anon improved possibly rearranged, as it by it's self mimics this adjustment yet accomplished completed advancement degrees of your apple inside alertness day. Showdown bases additionally never price to take their decorative accents rearmed, defenses reloaded or characters healed, as chances are they are consistently ready. The association alcazar inside your home your war abject bill be abounding alone concerned with the one in your whole village.
Letrrrs try interpreting the proper abstracts differently. Here's more information in regards to clash of clans cheats ipad review our own web site. Anticipate of it in permission of bulk with pebbles to skip 1 subsequent. Skipping added a period of time expenses added money, but you get a massive deal. Think akin to it as a not many accretion discounts.