|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{For|the non-custodial punishment for a crime in Canada|Conditional sentence (Canada)}}
| | To find it in excel, copy-paste this continued plan in accordance with corpuscle B1. A person's again access an bulk of time in abnormal within just corpuscle A1, the discount in treasures will arise in B1.<br><br>Guys may possibly play applications to rest following an incredibly long working day and a workplace. Some wish socializing by tinkering sufficient reason for friends and family. If you have pretty much any inquiries about where you will understand to use Clash together with Clans Cheat, you will contact with us within our web site. Other individuals perform the entire group when they're jobless along with require something for snapping their brains away ones own scenario. No item reasons why you enjoy, this information will assist you to engage in usual way which is more effectively.<br><br>This is the ideal place the place you can uncover a simple and ample clash of clans tricks hack tool. Using a single click on on a button, you can have a wonderful time in this Facebook/cell amusement and for no reason use up the matters you call for. Underneath is a get button for you to get Clash of Clans identify now. In seconds, you will get essential items and never have you ever stress over gems to coins all over returning.<br><br>The acceptable abatement for the lack of best stretches of stamina is essential. With out them prices would bound grow into prohibitive and cipher would likely purchase them.<br><br>If you loved this [http://Search.Usa.gov/search?query=article article] and you would like to obtain a lot more information regarding [http://circuspartypanama.com clash of clans hack cydia] kindly take a look at our own internet site. Sensei Wars, the feudal Japan-themed Clash of Clans Tricks attacker from 2K, has aloof accustomed its [http://mondediplo.com/spip.php?page=recherche&recherche=aboriginal aboriginal] agreeable amend again its barrage on iOS aftermost 12 ,.<br><br>You will notice for yourself that the actual Money Compromise of Clans i fairly effective, really invisible by the editor of the game, predominantly absolutely no price!<br><br>Certainly individuals who produced this Crack Clash of Tourists are true fans for the sport themselves, this is exactly all that ensures the potency at our alternative, because we will needed to do it then ourselves. |
| | |
| '''Conditional sentences''' are [[sentence (linguistics)|sentences]] expressing factual [[material conditional|implication]]s, or [[hypothesis|hypothetical]] situations and their [[logical consequence|consequences]]. They are so called because the validity of the [[main clause]] of the sentence is ''conditional'' on the existence of certain circumstances, which may be expressed in a [[dependent clause]] or may be understood from the context.
| |
| | |
| A full conditional sentence (one which expresses the condition as well as its consequences) therefore contains two [[clause]]s: the dependent clause expressing the condition, called the '''''protasis'''''; and the main clause expressing the consequence, called the '''''apodosis'''''.<ref>Haspelmath, Martin; König, Ekkehard; Oesterreicher, Wulf; Raible, Wolfgang: ''Language Typology and Language Universals'', Walter de Gruyter, 2001, p. 1002.</ref> An example of such a sentence (in [[English grammar|English]]) is the following:
| |
| | |
| If it rains the picnic will be cancelled.
| |
| | |
| Here the condition is expressed by the clause "If it rains", this being the protasis, while the consequence is expressed by "the picnic will be cancelled", this being the apodosis. (The protasis may either precede or follow the apodosis; it is equally possible to say "The picnic will be cancelled if it rains".) In terms of [[logic]], the protasis corresponds to the [[Antecedent (logic)|antecedent]], and the apodosis to the [[consequent]].
| |
| | |
| Languages use a variety of grammatical forms and constructions in conditional sentences. The forms of [[verb]]s used in the protasis and apodosis are often subject to particular rules as regards their [[grammatical tense|tense]] and [[grammatical mood|mood]]. Many languages have a specialized type of verb form called the [[conditional mood]] – broadly equivalent in meaning to the English "would (do something)" – for use in some types of conditional sentence.
| |
| | |
| ==Types of conditional sentence==
| |
| There are various ways of classifying conditional sentences. One distinction is between those that state an [[Material conditional|implication]] between facts, and those that set up and refer to a [[hypothesis|hypothetical]] situation. There is also the distinction between conditionals that are considered factual or predictive, and those that are considered counterfactual or speculative (referring to a situation that did not or does not really exist).
| |
| | |
| ===Implicative and predictive===
| |
| A conditional sentence expressing an ''implication'' (also called a ''factual'' conditional sentence) essentially states that if one fact holds, then so does another. (If the sentence is not a [[declarative sentence]], then the consequence may be expressed as an order or a [[question]] rather than a statement.) The facts are usually stated in whatever [[grammatical tense]] is appropriate to them; there are not normally special tense or [[grammatical mood|mood]] patterns for this type of conditional sentence. Such sentences may be used to express a certainty, a universal statement, a law of science, etc. (in these cases ''if'' may often be replaced by ''when''):
| |
| ::If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
| |
| ::If the sea is stormy, the waves are high.
| |
| They can also be used for logical deductions about particular circumstances (which can be in various mixtures of past, present and future):
| |
| ::If it's raining here now, then it was raining on the West Coast this morning.
| |
| ::If it's raining now, then your laundry is getting wet.
| |
| ::If it's raining now, there will be mushrooms to be picked next week.
| |
| ::If he locked the door, then Kitty is trapped inside.
| |
| | |
| A ''predictive'' conditional sentence concerns a situation dependent on a hypothetical (but entirely possible) future event. The consequence is normally also a statement about the future, although it may also be a consequent statement about present or past time (or a question or order).
| |
| ::If I become President, I'll lower taxes.
| |
| ::If it rains this afternoon, everybody will stay home.
| |
| ::If it rains this afternoon, then yesterday's weather forecast was wrong.
| |
| ::If it rains this afternoon, your garden party is doomed.
| |
| ::What will you do if he invites you?
| |
| ::If you see them, shoot!
| |
| | |
| ===Counterfactual===
| |
| {{main|Counterfactual conditional}}
| |
| In a ''counterfactual'' or ''speculative''<ref>{{Citation | last = Mead | first = Hayden | last2 = Stevenson | first2 = Jay | title = The Essentials of Grammar | year = 1996 | publisher = [[Berkley Books]] | location = [[New York City|New York]] | isbn = 978-0-425-15446-5 | oclc = 35301673 | page = 55 }}</ref> conditional sentence, a situation is described as dependent on a condition that is known to be false, or presented as unlikely. The time frame of the hypothetical situation may be past, present or future, and the time frame of the condition does not always correspond to that of the consequence. For example:
| |
| ::If I were king, I could have you thrown in the dungeon.
| |
| ::If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.
| |
| ::If he said that to me, I would run away.
| |
| ::If you had called me, I would have come.
| |
| ::If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.
| |
| | |
| The difference in meaning between a "counterfactual" conditional with a future time frame, and a "predictive" conditional as described in the previous section, may be slight. For example, there is no great practical difference in meaning between "If it rained tomorrow, I would cancel the match" and "If it rains tomorrow, I will cancel the match".
| |
| | |
| It is in the counterfactual type of conditional sentence that the grammatical form called the [[conditional mood]] (meaning something like the English "would ...") is most often found. For the uses of particular verb forms and grammatical structures in the various types and parts of conditional sentences in certain languages, see the following sections.
| |
| | |
| ==Grammar of conditional sentences==
| |
| Languages have different rules concerning the [[grammar|grammatical]] structure of conditional sentences. These may concern the [[syntax|syntactic]] structure of the condition clause (protasis) and consequence (apodosis), as well as the forms of verbs used in them (particularly their [[grammatical tense|tense]] and [[grammatical mood|mood]]). Rules for English and certain other languages are described below; more information can be found in the articles on the grammars of individual languages. (Some languages are also described in the article on the [[conditional mood]].)
| |
| | |
| ===English===
| |
| {{main|English conditional sentences}}
| |
| In English conditional sentences, the condition clause (protasis) is most commonly introduced by the [[conjunction (grammar)|conjunction]] ''if'', or sometimes other conjunctions or expressions such as ''unless'', ''provided (that)'', ''providing (that)'' and ''as long as''. Certain condition clauses can also be formulated using [[subject-auxiliary inversion|inversion]] without any conjunction (''should you fail...''; ''were he to die...''; ''had they helped us...''). | |
| | |
| In [[English language teaching]], conditional sentences are often classified under the headings '''zero conditional''', '''first conditional''' (or ''conditional I''), '''second conditional''' (or ''conditional II''), '''third conditional''' (or ''conditional III'') and '''mixed conditional''', according to the grammatical pattern followed.<ref>Craig Thane, ''Teacher Training Essentials:
| |
| Workshops for Professional Development'', Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 67.</ref>
| |
|
| |
| "Zero conditional" refers to conditional sentences that express a simple implication (see above section), particularly when both clauses are in the present tense: "If you don't eat for a long time, you become hungry." This form of the conditional expresses the idea that a universally known fact is being described: "If you touch a flame, you burn yourself." The act of burning oneself only happens on the condition of the first clause being completed. However such sentences can be formulated with a variety of tenses (and moods), as appropriate to the situation.
| |
| | |
| "First conditional" refers to predictive conditional sentences (see above section); here, normally, the condition is expressed using the present tense and the consequence using the future: "If you make a mistake, someone will let you know."
| |
| | |
| "Second conditional" refers to the pattern where the condition clause is in the past tense, and the consequence in [[conditional mood]] (using ''would'' or, in the first person and rarely, [[shall and will|''should'']]). This is used for hypothetical, counterfactual situations in a present or future time frame (where the condition expressed is known to be false or is presented as unlikely).
| |
| ::If I liked parties, I would attend more of them.
| |
| ::If it were to rain tomorrow, I would dance in the street.
| |
| | |
| The past tense used in the condition clause is historically the [[English subjunctive|past subjunctive]]; however in modern English this is identical to the past [[indicative mood|indicative]] except in the case of the verb ''be'' (first and third person singular), where the indicative is ''was'' and the subjunctive ''were''. In this case either form may be used (''was'' is more colloquial, and ''were'' more formal, although the phrase ''if I were you'' is common in colloquial language too):
| |
| ::If I (he, she, it) was/were rich, there would be plenty of money available for this project.
| |
| | |
| "Third conditional" is the pattern where the condition clause is in the [[past perfect]], and the consequence is expressed using the [[conditional perfect]]. This is used to refer to hypothetical, counterfactual (or believed likely to be counterfactual) situations in the past
| |
| ::If you had called me, I would have come.
| |
| | |
| "Mixed conditional" usually refers to a mixture of the second and third conditionals (the counterfactual patterns). Here either the condition or the consequence, but not both, has a past time reference:
| |
| ::If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.
| |
| ::If we were soldiers, we wouldn't have done it like that.
| |
| | |
| A range of variations on the above structures are possible.
| |
| | |
| ===Latin===
| |
| <!-- Some examples in Latin and especially English would be nice. -->
| |
| Conditional sentences in [[Latin]] are traditionally classified into three categories, based on grammatical structure.
| |
| | |
| *simple conditions (factual or logical implications)
| |
| **present tense [if ''present indicative'' then ''indicative'']
| |
| **past tense [if ''perfect/imperfect indicative'' then ''indicative'']
| |
| *future conditions
| |
| **"future more vivid" [if ''future indicative'' then ''future indicative'']
| |
| **"future less vivid" [if ''present subjunctive'' then ''present subjunctive'']
| |
| *contrafactual conditions
| |
| **"present contrary-to-fact" [if ''imperfect subjunctive'' then ''imperfect subjunctive'']
| |
| **"past contrary-to-fact" [if ''pluperfect subjunctive'' then ''pluperfect subjunctive'']
| |
| | |
| ===French===
| |
| In [[French language|French]], the conjunction corresponding to "if" is ''si''. The use of tenses is quite similar to English:
| |
| *In implicative conditional sentences, the present tense (or other appropriate tense, mood, etc.) is used in both clauses.
| |
| *In predictive conditional sentences, the future tense or imperative generally appears in the main clause, but the condition clause is formed with the present tense (as in English). This contrasts with dependent clauses introduced by certain other conjunctions, such as ''quand'' ("when"), where French uses the future (while English has the present).
| |
| *In counterfactual conditional sentences, the [[imperfect]] is used to express the condition (where English similarly uses the past tense). The main clause contains the [[conditional mood]] (e.g. ''j'arriverais'', "I would arrive").
| |
| *In counterfactual conditional sentences with a past time frame, the condition is expressed using the [[pluperfect]] e.g. (''s'il avait attendu'', "if he had waited"), and the consequence with the [[conditional perfect]] (e.g. ''je l'aurais vu'', "I would have seen him"). Again these verb forms parallel those used in English.
| |
| | |
| As in English, certain mixtures and variations of these patterns are possible. See also [[French verbs]].
| |
| | |
| ===Italian===
| |
| [[Italian language|Italian]] uses the following patterns (the equivalent of "if" is ''se''):
| |
| *Present tense (or other as appropriate) in both parts of an implicative conditional.
| |
| *Future tense in both parts of a predictive conditional sentence (the future is not replaced with the present in condition clauses as in English or French).
| |
| *In a counterfactual conditional, the imperfect [[subjunctive]] is used for the condition, and the [[conditional mood]] for the main clause. A more informal equivalent is to use the imperfect indicative in both parts.
| |
| *In a counterfactual conditional with past time frame, the pluperfect subjunctive is used for the condition, and the past conditional (conditional perfect) for the main clause.
| |
| | |
| See also [[Italian verbs]].
| |
| | |
| ===Slavic languages===
| |
| In [[Slavic languages]], such as [[Russian language|Russian]], clauses in conditional sentences generally appear in their natural tense (future tense for future reference, etc.) However, for counterfactuals, a conditional/subjunctive marker such as the Russian бы ''by'' generally appears in both condition and consequent clauses, and this normally accompanies the past tense form of the verb.
| |
| | |
| See [[Russian grammar]], [[Bulgarian grammar]], etc. for more detail.
| |
| | |
| ==Logic==
| |
| While the [[material conditional]] operator used in logic (i.e.<math>\scriptstyle p \Rightarrow q</math>) is sometimes read aloud in the form of a conditional sentence (i.e. "if ''p'', then ''q''"), the intuitive interpretation of conditional statements in natural language does not always correspond to the definition of this [[relation (mathematics)|mathematical relation]]. Modelling the meaning of real conditional statements requires the definition of an [[indicative conditional]], and contrary-to-fact statements require a [[counterfactual conditional]] operator, formalized in modal logic.
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| *[[Anankastic conditional]]
| |
| *[[English modal auxiliary verb]]
| |
| *[[Conditional mood]]
| |
| *[[Subjunctive mood]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist}}
| |
| | |
| == External links ==
| |
| *[http://www.conditionalsentences.org/index.html Conditional Sentences] for advanced learners
| |
| *[http://linguapress.com/grammar/conditionals.htm Using conditional clauses in English] with clear examples
| |
| *[http://istudyenglishonline.com/english-tenses/conditional/ English conditional clauses explanations] with examples
| |
| *[http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/grammar/whprax/w33con.html Latin Conditionals]
| |
| *[http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/French/Grammar/Syntax/Clauses/French-Syntax-Clauses-Si.html French Conditionals]
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Sentences by type]]
| |
| [[Category:Conditionals]]
| |
| | |
| [[es:modo condicional]]
| |
| [[nl:Voorwaardelijke wijs]]
| |