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| {{Infobox scientist
| | In either case, the problem is very similar because the water can damage everything from the walls outward. ) - None (No coverage is extended to secondary structures from the regular flood coverage. Move to Higher Ground: Vacate the flooded house temporarily as you prepare to fix the problem. If the roof repairs are not beyond your means, it might be better to pay out of your pocket than file a claim. This is probably the single most common accident while travel: water damage. <br><br>This will actually eat up the building components and slowly the damage will reach to the point where the major renovation or reconstruction of the damaged areas will need to be done with utmost priority. My friends' wedding was organized in a rush - and I was the best photographer around. Red indicates that the i - Phone, or i - Pad has been in contact with liquid. The inspections are carried out by professionals from the county, city government, township or private groups who examine the property for structural problems and defects. Consult with [http://joelimuy.livejournal.com water damage restoration] professional for quick and thorough cleanup of the store. <br><br>Great Tips to Prevent Damage from Water in the Attic:. You will need to use different methods to open up different models of Black - Berry. Much of this damage can be prevented with simple preventative measures and preparation. Another one is tile sealer which is used to fill up the space that arises in between the tiles. When it comes to water damage what you don�t know really can hurt you. <br><br>However, although business owners are increasing their commercial property insurance coverage, this protection is just one way to prepare for water-related emergencies. If you have ever had your TV come close to death, this article lets you know what kind of damage is recoverable and what types are not. But, before you decide to actually begin to perform these exercises consistently, you should look into the assessment of your medical doctor. Learn from what others have found out from experience. It is now that you want to try to get rid of the amount of easily accessible water by shaking it lightly, but not hard enough to do any damage. <br><br>Periodically turn the Blackberry over so all sides get exposed to the sun. Other people may remain in the identical property for their entire lifestyle and the house is left to their youngsters when they pass. The centers repair phones even if the phone is not bought from a service center but the handset is under warranty but that depends on the conditions of warranty. If you're sure you've removed all the moisture and your hardwood floor doesn't go back to normal, you might need to have a professional who knows is experienced with repairing water damage to hardwood floors come take a look. They also use a moisture meter to identify likely places where moisture accumulates, and a boroscope to look into tiny crevasses and areas where no person could see. |
| |name = John Pell
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| |image = John_Pell.jpg
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| |image_size = 300px
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| |caption = John Pell (1611-1685).
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| |birth_date = {{Birth date|1611|03|01|df=y}}
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| |birth_place = [[Southwick, West Sussex|Southwick]], [[Sussex]], [[England]]
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| |death_date = {{Death date and age|1685|12|12|1611|03|01|df=y}}
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| |death_place = [[Westminster]], [[London]], [[England]]
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| |residence = [[England]]
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| |citizenship =
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| |nationality = English
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| |ethnicity =
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| |field = [[Mathematician]] and [[linguist]]
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| |work_institutions = [[University of Amsterdam]]
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| |alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
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| |doctoral_advisor =
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| |doctoral_students = [[William Brereton (mathematician)|William Brereton]]
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| |known_for = [[Pell's equation]]<br>[[Pell number]]
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| |author_abbrev_bot =
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| |author_abbrev_zoo =
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| |influences = [[Henry Briggs (mathematician)|Henry Briggs]]
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| |influenced =
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| |prizes =
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| |religion = [[Anglican]]
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| |footnotes = He was the brother of [[Thomas Pell]]
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| |signature =
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| }}
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| '''John Pell''' (1 March 1611 – 12 December 1685) was an [[England|English]] [[mathematician]].
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| ==Early life==
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| He was born at [[Southwick, West Sussex|Southwick]] in [[Sussex]]. He was educated at [[Steyning Grammar School]], and entered [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], at the age of thirteen.<ref>{{acad|id=PL624J|name=Pell, John}}</ref> During his university career he became an accomplished linguist, and even before he took his B.A. degree (in 1629) corresponded with [[Henry Briggs (mathematician)|Henry Briggs]] and other mathematicians. In 1630 he was teaching in the short-lived Chichester Academy, set up by [[Samuel Hartlib]].<ref>Malcolm and Stedall, p. 29.</ref><ref name = MacTutor>http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Pell.html</ref> Shortly afterwards he married Ithamaria Reginald (also rendered variously as Ithamara or Ithumaria, with the surname Reginolles), sister of [[Bathsua Makin]].<ref>Malcolm and Stedall, p. 69.</ref>
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| Pell spent much of the 1630s working under Hartlib's influence, on a variety of topics in the area of pedagogy, encyclopedism and [[pansophy]], combinatorics and the legacy of [[Trithemius]]. By 1638 he had formulated a proposal for a [[universal language]].<ref>Malcolm and Stedall, p. 55.</ref> In mathematics, he concentrated on expanding the scope of algebra in the [[theory of equations]], and on [[mathematical table]]s.<ref name="Malcolm and Stedall, p. 57">Malcolm and Stedall, p. 57.</ref> As part of a joint lobbying effort with Hartlib to find himself support to continue as a researcher, he had his short ''Idea of Mathematics'' printed in October 1638.<ref name="Malcolm and Stedall, p. 57"/> The campaign brought interested responses from [[Johann Moriaen]] and [[Marin Mersenne]].<ref>Malcolm and Stedall, pp. 73-4.</ref>
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| ==Academic and diplomat==
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| His reputation and the influence of Sir [[William Boswell]], the English resident, with the States-General procured his election in 1644 to the chair of mathematics in [[Amsterdam]], after an earlier attempt immediately after [[Martin van den Hove]] left for Leiden had failed.<ref>Malcolm and Stedall, pp. 77.</ref> From 1644 he worked on a polemical work, against [[Longomontanus]]. For this he put in a large effort soliciting help and testimonials: from [[Bonaventura Cavalieri]], his patron [[Sir Charles Cavendish]], [[René Descartes]], [[Thomas Hobbes]], Mersenne, [[Claude Mydorge]], and [[Gilles de Roberval]]. It finally appeared as ''Controversy with Longomontanus concerning the Quadrature of the Circle'' (1647).<ref>Aloysius Martinich, ''Hobbes: A Biography'' (1999), p. 278.</ref><ref name = Pyle>[[Andrew Pyle (philosopher)|Andrew Pyle]] (editor), ''Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century British Philosophers'' (2000), article ''Pell, John'', pp. 638-641.</ref>
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| Pell moved in 1646, on the invitation of [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]], to [[Breda (Netherlands)|Breda]], and remained there until 1652.
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| From 1654 to 1658 Pell acted as [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s political agent to the [[Protestant]] [[cantons of Switzerland|canton]]s of [[Switzerland]]; he co-operated with [[Samuel Morland]] at [[Geneva]].<ref>http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/smorland.html</ref> A mathematical pupil and disciple there, from 1657, was [[Johann Heinrich Rahn]], known as Rhonius.<ref>Malcolm and Stedall p. 77.</ref> Rahn is credited with the invention of the [[division sign]] ÷ (''obelus''); it has also been attributed to Pell, who taught Rahn a three-column spreadsheet-style technique of tabulation of calculations, and acted as editor for Rahn's 1659 book ''Teutsche Algebra'' in which it appeared. This book by Rahn also contained what would become known as the "Pell equation".<ref>[[Florian Cajori]], ''A History of Mathematical Notations: Two Volumes Bound as One'' (1993 edition), p. 271.</ref><ref>http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Rahn.html</ref> [[Diophantine equation]]s was a favorite subject with Pell; he lectured on them at Amsterdam. He is now best remembered, if perhaps erroneously, for the indeterminate equation
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| :<math>ax^2+1=y^2,</math>
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| which is known as ''[[Pell's equation]]''. This problem was in fact proposed by [[Pierre de Fermat]] first to [[Bernard Frénicle de Bessy]], and in 1657 to all mathematicians. Pell's connection with the problem is through Rahn. It consisted of the publication of the solutions of [[John Wallis]] and [[Lord Brouncker]], in his edition of [[Thomas Branker]]'s ''Translation of Rhonius's Algebra'' (1668); added to his earlier editorial contributions, whatever they were, to the 1659 algebra book written by Rahn (i.e. Rhonius).<ref name=pell>{{citation | last1 = O'Connor | first1 = J. J. | last2 = Robertson | first2 = E. F. | title=John Pell | url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Pell.html| year=2005}}</ref> This new edition of what was essentially Rahn's work, by Pell, included a great deal of additional material on [[number theory]], amounting to a reply to the 1657 book ''Exercitationes mathematicae'' by [[Frans van Schooten]]. It is also notable for its inclusion of a ''Table of Incomposits'', an early large [[factor table]].<ref>http://www.kuttaka.org/FactorTables.pdf</ref> | |
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| ==After the Restoration==
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| After his return to England he took orders, in 1661, when he became rector of [[Fobbing]] in [[Essex]]. In 1663 he was given an honorary D.D. ([[Lambeth degree]]), and was also elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]. At the same time he was presented by Bishop [[Gilbert Sheldon]] to the rectory of [[Laindon]], Essex; Sheldon expected him to treat the positions as sinecures.<ref name = Pyle/><ref>''Concise Dictionary of National Biography''</ref><ref>http://www.panorama.org.uk/st_nicholas_laindon.html</ref> He spent time as mathematics teacher to [[William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton]], at [[Brereton Hall]].<ref name = MacTutor/>
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| In 1673 he met [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] in London, and was able to inform him that some of his mathematical work had been anticipated by [[François Regnaud]] and [[Gabriel Mouton]].<ref>http://www.math.rutgers.edu/courses/436/Honors02/leibniz.html</ref><ref>Nicholas Jolley, ''Leibniz'' (2005), p. 17.</ref> His devotion to mathematics seems to have interfered with his advancement in the Church and with his private life. For a time he was confined as a [[debtor]] in the [[King's Bench Prison]]. He lived, on the invitation of Dr [[Daniel Whistler]], for a short time in 1682 at the [[College of Physicians]], but died at the house of Mr Cothorne, reader of the church of [[St Giles in the Fields|St Giles-in-the Fields]].
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| ==Works==
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| Many of Pell's manuscripts fell into the hands of [[Richard Busby]], master of [[Westminster School]], and afterwards came into the possession of the [[Royal Society]]; they are still preserved in nearly forty folio volumes in the [[British Library]], which contain, not only Pell's own memoirs, but much of his correspondence with the mathematicians of his time.
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| His chief works are:
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| *''Astronomical History of Observations of Heavenly Motions and Appearances'' (1634)
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| *''Ecliptica prognostica'' (1634)
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| *''An Idea of Mathematicks'' (1638)
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| *''Controversy with Longomontanus concerning the Quadrature of the Circle'' (1646?)
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| *''A Table of Ten Thousand Square Numbers'' (fol.; 1672).
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| The ''Idea'' was a short manifesto. It made three suggestions: a mathematical encyclopedia and bibliography; a complete mathematics research library and collection of instruments, with state sponsorship; and a three-volume comprehensive set of mathematical textbooks, able to convey the state of the art to any scholar.<ref>John T. Young (1998), ''Faith, Alchemy and Natural Philosophy: Johann Moriaen, Reformed Intelligencer, and the Hartlib Circle.'' Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 1-84014-282-0, p. 115.</ref>
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| ==Family==
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| Upon the death of John Pell's brother, [[Thomas Pell]], in 1670, the mathematician's son, [[Sir John Pell]] inherited lands in New York, where he lived as the first [[Lord of the Manor]] of [[Pelham (village), New York|Pelham]]. His descendants have continued to be prominent in the American polity, including Ambassador and U.S. Representative [[Herbert Pell]] and U.S. Senator [[Claiborne Pell]]. Another descendant, Stephen HP Pell, restored Fort Ticonderoga, NY, beginning in 1908.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Obelus]]
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| * [[Claiborne Pell]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==References==
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| *{{1911}}
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| * The most recent study of Pell is by [[Noel Malcolm]] and Jacqueline Stedall, ''John Pell (1611-1685) and His Correspondence with Sir Charles Cavendish: The Mental World of an Early Modern Mathematician'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). ISBN 0-19-856484-8
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| ==External links==
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| * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Pell}}
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| *[http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pell.html Galileo Project page]
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| * http://www.townofpelham.com/townhistorian/index.html
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=5190555}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME = Pell, John
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = British mathematician
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = 1 March 1611
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Southwick, West Sussex|Southwick]], [[Sussex]], [[England]]
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| | DATE OF DEATH = 12 December 1685
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| | PLACE OF DEATH = [[Westminster]], [[London]], England
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Pell, John}}
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| [[Category:1611 births]]
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| [[Category:1685 deaths]]
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| [[Category:17th-century English mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:British mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:17th-century English people]]
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| [[Category:Original Fellows of the Royal Society]]
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| [[Category:Number theorists]]
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| [[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London]]
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| [[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
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| [[Category:People from Fobbing]]
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| [[Category:People from Southwick, West Sussex]]
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| [[Category:People imprisoned for debt]]
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In either case, the problem is very similar because the water can damage everything from the walls outward. ) - None (No coverage is extended to secondary structures from the regular flood coverage. Move to Higher Ground: Vacate the flooded house temporarily as you prepare to fix the problem. If the roof repairs are not beyond your means, it might be better to pay out of your pocket than file a claim. This is probably the single most common accident while travel: water damage.
This will actually eat up the building components and slowly the damage will reach to the point where the major renovation or reconstruction of the damaged areas will need to be done with utmost priority. My friends' wedding was organized in a rush - and I was the best photographer around. Red indicates that the i - Phone, or i - Pad has been in contact with liquid. The inspections are carried out by professionals from the county, city government, township or private groups who examine the property for structural problems and defects. Consult with water damage restoration professional for quick and thorough cleanup of the store.
Great Tips to Prevent Damage from Water in the Attic:. You will need to use different methods to open up different models of Black - Berry. Much of this damage can be prevented with simple preventative measures and preparation. Another one is tile sealer which is used to fill up the space that arises in between the tiles. When it comes to water damage what you don�t know really can hurt you.
However, although business owners are increasing their commercial property insurance coverage, this protection is just one way to prepare for water-related emergencies. If you have ever had your TV come close to death, this article lets you know what kind of damage is recoverable and what types are not. But, before you decide to actually begin to perform these exercises consistently, you should look into the assessment of your medical doctor. Learn from what others have found out from experience. It is now that you want to try to get rid of the amount of easily accessible water by shaking it lightly, but not hard enough to do any damage.
Periodically turn the Blackberry over so all sides get exposed to the sun. Other people may remain in the identical property for their entire lifestyle and the house is left to their youngsters when they pass. The centers repair phones even if the phone is not bought from a service center but the handset is under warranty but that depends on the conditions of warranty. If you're sure you've removed all the moisture and your hardwood floor doesn't go back to normal, you might need to have a professional who knows is experienced with repairing water damage to hardwood floors come take a look. They also use a moisture meter to identify likely places where moisture accumulates, and a boroscope to look into tiny crevasses and areas where no person could see.