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| '''United States congressional apportionment''' is the process by which seats in the [[United States House of Representatives]] are redistributed amongst the 50 [[U.S. state|states]] following each [[United States Constitution|constitutionally]] mandated decennial [[United States Census|census]]. Each state is [[Apportionment (politics)|apportioned]] a number of seats which approximately corresponds to its share of the aggregate population of the 50 states.<ref>The populations of [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Territories of the United States|federal territories]] are not included in this figure.</ref> However, every state is constitutionally guaranteed at least one seat.<br />
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| [[File:2010 census reapportionment.svg|600px|thumb|right|[[Reapportionment|Allocation of congressional districts]] in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] after the [[United States Census, 2010|2010 census]].]]
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| [[File:2000 census reapportionment.svg|500px|thumb|right|[[Reapportionment|Allocation of congressional districts]] after the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]].]]
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| ==Reapportionment==
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| [[File:USHouseStructure2012-2022 SeatsByState.png|500px|thumb|right|The 435 seats of the House grouped by state (post-2010 Census reapportionment).]]
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| [[File:Pop per rep.png|thumb|right|500px|Population per U.S. Representative allocated to each of the 50 states and DC, ranked by population. Since DC (ranked 50) receives no seats in the House, its bar is absent.]]
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| The number of seats in the House of Representatives is currently set to 435, and has been since 1913, except for a temporary increase to 437 after the admissions of Alaska and Hawaii. Though the actual reapportionment will normally occur in respect of a decennial census, the law that governs the total number of representatives and the method of apportionment to be carried into force at that time can be created prior to the census.
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| The decennial apportionment also determines the size of each state's representation in the [[Electoral College (United States)|U.S. Electoral College]]—that is, any state's number of electors equals the size of its total congressional delegation (i.e., House seat(s) plus Senate seats).<ref>[[Article Two of the United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1, Clause 2]].</ref>
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| Federal law requires the [[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives|Clerk of the House of Representatives]] to notify each state government of its entitled number of seats no later than January 25 of the year immediately following the census. After seats have been reapportioned, each state determines the boundaries of [[List of United States congressional districts|congressional districts]]—geographical areas within the state of approximately equal population—in a process called [[redistricting]].<ref>{{usc|2|2c}}</ref>
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| Any citizen of the State can challenge the constitutionality of the redistricting in their US district court.<ref>{{uscsub|28|2284|a}}</ref>
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| Because the deadline for the House Clerk to report the results does not occur until the following January, and the states need sufficient time to perform the redistricting, the decennial census does not affect the elections that are held during that same year. For example, the electoral college apportionment during 2000 presidential election was still based on the 1990 census results. Likewise, the congressional districts and the electoral college during the 2020 general elections will still be based on the 2010 census.
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| ==Constitutional text==
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| The subject of representation is addressed twice in the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]]. Originally, the apportionment of [[United States House of Representatives|House]] seats was commanded by [[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article I]], Section 2, clause 3, which states:
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| {{quote|Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, [[Three-Fifths Compromise|three fifths of all other Persons]].<ref name="Const-1-2-3">U.S. Const., art. I, § 2, cl. 3.</ref>}}
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| Following the end of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the above provision was superseded by Section 2 of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]], which states:
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| {{quote|Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,<Ref>Changed to eighteen by section 1 of the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|26th amendment]].</ref> and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.<ref>U.S. Const., amend. XIV, § 2.</ref>}}
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| Article I additionally provides that:
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| {{quote|The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative...<ref name="Const-1-2-3"/>}}
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| The "Indians not taxed" clause has been irrelevant since the [[Revenue Act of 1924]] and [[Indian Citizenship Act of 1924]] were passed.
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| ==House size==
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="float:right; width:25%; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:95%;"
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| |+Ratio of representation in the House, 1789–1913
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| ! Years !! Source !! Constituents<br />per Rep.
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| | nowrap | 1789 || U.S. Const. ||≥30,000
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| |1793–1803 || nowrap | [[U.S. Census of 1790|1790 Census]]||34,436
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| |1803–1813 || [[U.S. Census of 1800|1800 Census]]||34,609
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| |1813–1823 || [[U.S. Census of 1810|1810 Census]]||36,377
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| |1823–1833 || [[U.S. Census of 1820|1820 Census]]||42,124
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| |1833–1843 || [[U.S. Census of 1830|1830 Census]]||49,712
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| |1843–1853 || [[U.S. Census of 1840|1840 Census]]||71,338
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| |1853–1863 || [[U.S. Census of 1850|1850 Census]]||93,020
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| |1863–1873 || [[U.S. Census of 1860|1860 Census]]||122,614
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| |1873–1883 || [[U.S. Census of 1870|1870 Census]]||130,533
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| |1883–1893 || [[U.S. Census of 1880|1880 Census]]||151,912
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| |1893–1903 || [[U.S. Census of 1890|1890 Census]]||173,901
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| |1903–1913 || [[U.S. Census of 1900|1900 Census]]||193,167
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| |1913–1923 || [[U.S. Census of 1910|1910 Census]]||210,583
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| |1923–1933 || [[1920 U.S. Census|1920 Census]]||210,583
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| |1933–1943 || [[1930 U.S. Census|1930 Census]]||280,675
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| |1943–1953 || [[1940 U.S. Census|1940 Census]]||301,164
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| |1953–1963 || [[1950 U.S. Census|1950 Census]]||334,587
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| |1963–1973 || [[1960 U.S. Census|1960 Census]]||410,481
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| |1973–1983 || [[1970 U.S. Census|1970 Census]]||469,088
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| |1983–1993 || [[1980 U.S. Census|1980 Census]]||510,818
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| |}
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| The size of the U.S. House of Representatives refers to total number of congressional districts (or seats) into which the land area of the United States proper has been divided. The number of voting representatives is currently set at 435. There are an additional five delegates to the House of Representatives. They represent the [[District of Columbia]] and the territories of [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], which first elected a representative in 2008,<ref>[http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=79834 Bush signs federalization bill], Agnes E. Donato, Saipan Tribune, May 10, 2008.</ref> and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. [[Puerto Rico]] also elects a [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|resident commissioner]] every four years.
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| ===Controversy and history===
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| During the period that the current U.S. Constitution has been in effect, the number of citizens per congressional district has risen from an average of 33,000 in 1790 to almost 700,000 {{As of|2008|lc=on}}. Prior to the 20th century, the number of representatives increased every decade as more states joined the union, and the population increased. In 1911, [[Public Law 62-5]] raised the membership of the U.S. House to 433 with a provision to add one permanent seat each upon the admissions of [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]] as states. As provided, membership increased to 435 in 1912.
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| But in 1921, Congress failed to reapportion the House membership as required by the United States Constitution. This failure to reapportion may have been politically motivated, as the [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1920|newly elected Republican majority]] may have feared the effect such a reapportionment would have on their future electoral prospects.<ref>"Fair Representation, Meeting The Ideal of One Man One vote" - [[Michel Balinski]] and H. Peyton Young -- Page 51</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/boundaries/a_conApport.html#seven]</ref> Then in 1929 Congress (Republican control of both houses of congress and the presidency) passed the [[Reapportionment Act of 1929]] which capped the size of the House at 435 (the then current number), but allowed temporary increases upon the admission of new states which were to be reverted upon the implementation of the immediate subsequent census.
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| In truth, the rules prohibiting legislative entrenchment would allow any subsequent legislature (after 1929) to increase or decrease the membership of the House of Representatives if such legislature so desired.
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| [[File:US population per representative.jpg|left|thumb|400px|The U.S. population has increased more rapidly than the membership of the House of Representatives.]]
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| The current size of 435 seats means one member represents on average about 709,760 people;<ref>http://www.thirty-thousand.org/</ref> but exact representation per member varies by state. Three states – [[Wyoming]], [[Vermont]], and [[North Dakota]] – have populations smaller than the average for a single district.
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| The "ideal" number of members has been a contentious issue since the country's founding. [[George Washington]] agreed that the original representation proposed during the [[Philadelphia Convention|Constitutional Convention]] (one representative for every 40,000) was inadequate and supported an alteration to reduce that number to 30,000.<ref>[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NTMxYWU4ZjU1M2U5NmJhZjc4YjRiY2Y2NTc4MjNjM2M= George Will Called Me An Idiot], Jonah Golderg, [[National Review]], January 15, 2001.</ref> This was the only time that Washington pronounced an opinion on any of the actual issues debated during the entire convention.<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_917.asp Madison's notes on the Constitutional Convention - Tuesday September 17, 1787]</ref> On the other hand, the researchers with [http://Rangevoting.org RangeVoting.org] contend the optimal legislature size should be somewhere between the cube root and the square root of the constituent population, <ref>[http://rangevoting.org/PuzzlePage.html]</ref> which would yield a number between 700 and 17,000 for the current U.S. population.
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| In [[Federalist No. 55]], [[James Madison]] argued that the size of the House of Representatives has to balance the ability of the body to legislate with the need for legislators to have a relationship close enough to the people to understand their local circumstances, that such representatives' social class be low enough to sympathize with the feelings of the mass of the people, and that their power be diluted enough to limit their abuse of the public trust and interests. {{quote|"... first, that so small a number of representatives will be an unsafe depositary of the public interests; secondly, that they will not possess a proper knowledge of the local circumstances of their numerous constituents; thirdly, that they will be taken from that class of citizens which will sympathize least with the feelings of the mass of the people, and be most likely to aim at a permanent elevation of the few on the depression of the many;..."<ref>[http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa55.htm The Federalist #55]</ref>}}
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| Madison also addressed Anti-Federalist claims that the representation would be inadequate, arguing that the major inadequacies are of minimal inconvenience since these will be cured rather quickly by virtue of decennial reapportionment. He noted, however, {{quote|"I take for granted here what I shall, in answering the fourth objection, hereinafter show, that the number of representatives will be augmented from time to time in the manner provided by the Constitution. On a contrary supposition, I should admit the objection to have very great weight indeed."}} Madison argued against the assumption that more is better: {{quote|"Sixty or seventy men may be more properly trusted with a given degree of power than six or seven. But it does not follow that six or seven hundred would be proportionally a better depositary. And if we carry on the supposition to six or seven thousand, the whole reasoning ought to be reversed. ... In all very numerous assemblies, of whatever character composed, passion never fails to wrest the scepter from reason."<ref>[http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa55.htm The Federalist #55]</ref>}}
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| ====Clemons v. Department of Commerce====
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| {{Main|Clemons v. Department of Commerce}}
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| A 2009 lawsuit, ''[[Clemons v. Department of Commerce]]'', sought a court order for Congress to increase the size of the House's voting membership and then reapportion the seats in accordance with the population figures of the 2010 Census. The intent of the plaintiff was to rectify the disparity of congressional district population sizes among the states that result from the present method of apportionment. Upon reaching the U.S. Supreme Court in December 2010, the holdings of the lower district and appellate courts were vacated and the case remanded to the U.S. District Court from which the case originated with instructions that the district court dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.
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| ===Proposed expansion===
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| The [[Article the First|first proposed amendment]] to the Constitution within the [[Bill of Rights (United States)|Bill of Rights]] attempted to set a pattern for growth of the House along with the population, but has not been ratified.
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| The proposed [[Wyoming Rule]] calls for expanding the House until the standard Representative-to-population ratio equals that of the smallest entitled unit (currently the state of [[Wyoming]]). This proposal is primarily designed to address the fact that some House districts are currently nearly twice the size of others; for instance, there are nearly 1 million residents in [[Montana]]'s single district, compared to about 570,000 in Wyoming's. ''See [[List of U.S. states by population]]''. It should be noted that, while a larger House size will generally result in the smallest and largest districts being proportionally closer in size, this is not always the case. Therefore in some cases, the Wyoming Rule may actually result in an increase in the ratio of the sizes of the largest and smallest districts. For instance, after the [[1990 United States Census|1990 Census]] and with a House size of 435, the largest district (Montana's At-large district) had 799,065 residents, 76% larger than the smallest district (Wyoming's At-large district with 453,588 residents). The Wyoming Rule would have given a House size of 547 in 1990. Using that size, the largest district (North Dakota's At-large district) would have had 638,800 residents, 92% larger than the smallest districts (Delaware's two districts at approximately 333,084 residents each), which is larger than the 76% figure mentioned above.
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| On May 21, 2001, Rep. [[Alcee Hastings]] sent a [[Dear colleague letter (United States)|dear colleague letter]] pointing out that U.S. expansion of its legislature had not kept pace with other countries.<ref>[http://www.fairvote.org/?page=866 House of Representatives? Hardly.], Alcee Hastings, May 21, 2001.</ref>
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| In 2007, during the [[110th Congress]], [[Thomas M. Davis|Representative Tom Davis]] introduced a bill in the House of Representatives that would add two seats to the House, one for Utah and one for the [[District of Columbia]]. It was passed by the House, but was tripped up by procedural hurdles in Senate and withdrawn from consideration. An identical bill was reintroduced during the [[111th Congress]]. In February 2009 the Senate adopted the measure 61-37. In April 2010, however, House leaders decided to shelve the proposal.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/20/AR2010042004796.html | work=The Washington Post | first1=Ann E. | last1=Marimow | first2=Ben | last2=Pershing | title=Congressional leaders shelve D.C. voting rights bill | date=April 21, 2010}}</ref>
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| ==Apportionment methods==
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| Apart from the requirement that the number of delegates for each state is at least one, a state's number of representatives is in principle proportional to population, thus assuring reasonably consistent representation to the people regardless of the state boundaries and populations. No method of calculating a fair distribution of voting power across the various states was known until recently and five distinct apportionment methods have been used since the adoption of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]], none of them producing fully proportional distribution of power among the states.
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| The current method, known as the method of equal proportions, has been used since the 1940 Census. The Vinton or Hamilton method, used from 1850 to 1900, was susceptible to what is known as the [[apportionment paradox]] or Alabama paradox.<ref name=HistoricalApportionment>{{cite web|title=Congressional Apportionment-Historical Perspective|url=http://www.census.gov/population/apportionment/about/history.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=27 October 2013}}. </ref>
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| In 2008, a so-called One-Person-One-Vote model was introduced by J. Toplak in ''Temple Law Review'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Toplak |first=Jurij |title=Equal Voting Weight of All: Finally 'One Person, One Vote' from Hawaii to Maine? |work=Temple Law Review |publisher=Temple University |volume=81 |issue=1 |year=2008 |pages=123–176 |url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1001219}}</ref> which distributes the states' power in the House of Representatives exactly 'according to their Numbers'. Under this system, however, members of the House of Representatives do not have equal voting power. The method would be constitutional since the U.S. Constitution does not require Congressmen to have equal voting powers but does require the voters to have votes of equal weight.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1001219 |author=Jurij Toplak |pages=158-175 |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Equal Voting Weight of All: Finally 'One Person, One Vote' from Hawaii to Maine? |deadurl=no |accessdate=2013-10-17}}</ref>
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| ===The Method of Equal Proportions===
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| {{See|Huntington–Hill method}}
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| The apportionment methodology currently used is the method of equal proportions,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of Apportionment in America |publisher=American Mathematical Society |url=http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/apportion2.html |accessdate=2009-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2 USC §2a |publisher=Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute |url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode02/usc_sec_02_00000002---a000-.html |accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Computing Apportionment |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/apportionment/computing.html |accessdate=2009-02-14}}</ref> so called because it guarantees that no additional transfer of a seat (from one state to another) will reduce the ratio between the numbers of persons per representative in any two states.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Edward V Huntington |title=The Mathematical Theory of the Apportionment of Representatives |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. |year=1921 |pmc=1084767 |pmid=16576591 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=123–7}}</ref> According to [http://www.nationalatlas.gov/ NationalAtlas.gov], the method of equal proportions minimizes the percentage differences in the populations of the congressional districts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congressional Apportionment |publisher=NationalAtlas.gov |url=http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/boundaries/a_conApport.html#six |accessdate=2009-02-14}}</ref>
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| In this method, as a first step, each of the 50 states is given its one guaranteed seat in the House of Representatives, leaving 385 seats to assign.
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| The remaining seats are allocated one at a time, to the state with the highest priority number. Thus, the 51st seat would go to the most populous state (currently California). The priority number is determined by a formula that is mathematically computed to be the ratio of the state population to the [[geometric mean]] of the number of seats it currently holds in the assignment process, ''n'' (initially 1), and the number of seats it ''would'' hold ''if'' the seat were assigned to it, ''n''+1.
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| The formula for determining the priority of a state to be apportioned the next available seat defined by the method of equal proportions is
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| :<math> A_{n} = \frac{P}{\sqrt{n(n+1)}} </math>
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| where ''P'' is the population of the state, and ''n'' is the number of seats it currently holds before the possible allocation of the next seat. An equivalent, recursive definition is
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| :<math> A_{n+1} = \sqrt{\frac{n}{n+2}} \ A_{n} </math>
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| where ''n'' is still the number of seats the state has before allocation of the next, and for ''n'' = 1, the initial ''A''<sub>1</sub> is explicitly defined as
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| :<math> A_{1} = \frac{P}{\sqrt{2}} </math>
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| Consider the reapportionment following the 2010 U.S. Census: beginning with all states initially being allocated one seat, the largest value of ''A''<sub>1</sub> corresponds to the largest state, California, which is allocated seat 51. After being allocated its 2nd seat, its priority value decreases to its ''A''<sub>2</sub> value, which is reordered to a position back in line. The 52nd seat goes to Texas, the 2nd largest state, because its ''A''<sub>1</sub> priority value is larger than the ''A<sub>n</sub>'' of any other state. However, the 53rd seat goes back to California because its ''A''<sub>2</sub> priority value is larger than the ''A<sub>n</sub>'' of any other state. The 54th seat goes to New York because its ''A''<sub>1</sub> priority value is larger than the ''A<sub>n</sub>'' of any other state at this point. This process continues until all remaining seats are assigned. Each time a state is assigned a seat, ''n'' is incremented by 1, causing its priority value to be reduced and reordered among the states, whereupon another state normally rises to the top of the list.
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| The Census 2010 Ranking of Priority Values<ref>{{Cite web|authorlink=U.S. Bureau of the Census |title=PRIORITY VALUES FOR 2010 CENSUS |publisher=U.S. Bureau of the Census |url=http://www.census.gov/population/apportionment/files/Priority%20Values%202010.pdf |accessdate=2012-06-07}}</ref> shows the order in which seats 51–435 were apportioned after the 2010 Census, with additional listings for the next five priorities. [[Minnesota]] was allocated the final (435th) seat. [[North Carolina]], which gained the 435th seat in the 2000 census,<ref>{{Cite web|authorlink=U.S. Bureau of the Census |title=Census 2000 Ranking of Priority Values |publisher=U.S. Bureau of the Census |date=2001-02-21 |url=http://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/apportionment/00pvalues.txt |accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> missed its 14th seat by 15,754 residents as the 436th seat to be allocated.
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| ==Past apportionments==
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| {{See also|Apportionment Bill}}
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| ''Note: The first apportionment was established by the Constitution based on population estimates made by the [[Philadelphia Convention]], and was not based on any census or enumeration.''
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| {| class="wikitable nowraplinks" style="text-align:center; font-size:80%"
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| ! Census, Year || Effected || Size
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| !AL ||AK ||AZ ||AR ||CA || ||CO ||CT ||DE ||FL ||GA ||
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| !HI ||ID ||IL ||IN ||IA || ||KS ||KY ||LA ||ME ||MD ||
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| !MA ||MI ||MN ||MS ||MO || ||MT ||NE ||NV ||NH ||NJ ||
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| !NM ||NY ||NC ||ND ||OH || ||OK ||OR ||PA ||RI ||SC ||
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| !SD ||TN ||TX ||UT ||VT || ||VA ||WA ||WV ||WI ||WY
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| |-
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| | [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 3: Apportionment of Representatives and taxes|Const.]] ||1789 ||65
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| | – || – || – || – || – || || – || 5|| 1|| – || 3||
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| | – || – || – || – || – || || – || – || – || – || 6||
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| | 8|| – || – || – || – || || – || – || – || 3|| 4||
| |
| | – || 6|| 5|| – || – || || – || – || 8|| 1|| 5||
| |
| | – || – || – || – || – || ||10|| – || – || – || –
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1790 United States Census|1st, 1790]] ||1793 ||105
| |
| | – || – || – || – || – || || – || 7|| 1|| – || 2||
| |
| | – || – || – || – || – || || – || 2|| – || – || 8||
| |
| |14|| – || – || – || – || || – || – || – || 4|| 5||
| |
| | – ||10||10|| – || – || || – || – ||13|| 2|| 6||
| |
| | – || – || – || – || 2|| ||19|| – || – || – || –
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1800 United States Census|2nd, 1800]] ||1803 ||142
| |
| | – || – || – || – || – || || – || 7|| 1|| – || 4||
| |
| | – || – || – || – || – || || – || 6|| – || – || 9||
| |
| |17|| – || – || – || – || || – || – || – || 5|| 6||
| |
| | – ||17||12|| – || 1|| || – || – ||18|| 2|| 8||
| |
| | – || 3|| – || – || 4|| ||22|| – || – || – || –
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1810 United States Census|3rd, 1810]] ||1813 ||182
| |
| | – || – || – || – || – || || – || 7|| 2|| – || 6||
| |
| | – || – || – || – || – || || – ||10|| 1|| – || 9||
| |
| |20|| – || – || – || – || || – || – || – || 6|| 6||
| |
| | – ||27||13|| – || 6|| || – || – ||23|| 2|| 9||
| |
| | – || 6|| – || – || 6|| ||23|| – || – || – || –
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1820 United States Census|4th, 1820]] ||1823 ||213
| |
| | 3|| – || – || – || – || || – || 6|| 1|| – || 7||
| |
| | – || – || 1|| 3|| – || || – ||12|| 3|| 7|| 9||
| |
| |13|| – || – || 1|| 1|| || – || – || – || 6|| 6||
| |
| | – ||34||13|| – ||14|| || – || – ||26|| 2|| 9||
| |
| | – || 9|| – || – || 5|| ||22|| – || – || – || –
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1830 United States Census|5th, 1830]] ||1833 || 240
| |
| | 5|| – || – || – || – || || – || 6|| 1|| – || 9||
| |
| | – || – || 3|| 7|| – || || – ||13|| 3|| 8|| 8||
| |
| |12|| – || – || 2|| 2|| || – || – || – || 5|| 6||
| |
| | – ||40||13|| – ||19|| || – || – ||28|| 2|| 9||
| |
| | – ||13|| – || – || 5|| ||21|| – || – || – || –
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1840 United States Census|6th, 1840]] ||1843 ||223
| |
| | 7|| – || – || 1|| – || || – || 4|| 1|| – || 8||
| |
| | – || – || 7||10|| – || || – ||10|| 4|| 7|| 6||
| |
| |10|| 3|| – || 4|| 5|| || – || – || – || 4|| 5||
| |
| | – ||34|| 9|| – ||21|| || – || – ||24|| 2|| 7||
| |
| | – ||11|| – || – || 4|| ||15|| – || – || – || –
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1850 United States Census|7th, 1850]] ||1853 ||234
| |
| | 7|| – || – || 2|| 2|| || – || 4|| 1|| 1|| 8||
| |
| | – || – || 9||11|| 2|| || – ||10|| 4|| 6|| 6||
| |
| |11|| 4|| – || 5|| 7|| || – || – || – || 3|| 5||
| |
| | – ||33|| 8|| – ||21|| || – || – ||25|| 2|| 6||
| |
| | – ||10|| 2|| – || 3|| ||13|| – || – || 3 || –
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1860 United States Census|8th, 1860]] ||1863 ||241
| |
| | 6|| – || – || 3|| 3|| || – || 4|| 1|| 1|| 7||
| |
| | – || – ||14||11|| 6|| || 1|| 9|| 5|| 5|| 5||
| |
| |10|| 6|| 2|| 5|| 9|| || – || – || – || 3|| 5||
| |
| | – ||31|| 7|| – ||19|| || – || 1||24|| 2|| 4||
| |
| | – || 8|| 4|| – || 3|| ||11|| – || – || 6 || –
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1870 United States Census|9th, 1870]] ||1873 ||292
| |
| | 8|| – || – || 4|| 4|| || – || 4|| 1|| 2|| 9||
| |
| | – || – ||19||13|| 9|| || 3||10|| 6|| 5|| 6||
| |
| |11|| 9|| 3|| 6||13|| || – || 1|| 1|| 3|| 7||
| |
| | – ||33|| 8|| – ||20|| || – || 1||27|| 2|| 5||
| |
| | – ||10|| 6|| – || 3|| || 9|| – || 3|| 8 || –
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1880 United States Census|10th, 1880]] ||1883 ||325
| |
| | 8|| – || – || 5|| 6|| || 1|| 4|| 1|| 2||10||
| |
| | – || – ||20||13||11|| || 7||11|| 6|| 4|| 6||
| |
| |12||11|| 5|| 7||14|| || – || 3|| 1|| 2|| 7||
| |
| | – ||34|| 9|| – ||21|| || – || 1||28|| 2|| 7||
| |
| | – ||10||11|| – || 2|| ||10|| – || 4|| 9 || –
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1890 United States Census|11th, 1890]] ||1893 || 356
| |
| | 9|| – || – || 6|| 7|| || 2|| 4|| 1|| 2||11||
| |
| | – || 1||22||13||11|| || 8||11|| 6|| 4|| 6||
| |
| |13||12|| 7|| 7||15|| || 1|| 6|| 1|| 2|| 8||
| |
| | – ||34|| 9|| 1||21|| || – || 2||30|| 2|| 7||
| |
| | 2||10||13|| – || 2|| ||10|| 2|| 4||10|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Census || Effected || Size
| |
| !AL ||AK ||AZ ||AR ||CA || ||CO ||CT ||DE ||FL ||GA ||
| |
| !HI ||ID ||IL ||IN ||IA || ||KS ||KY ||LA ||ME ||MD ||
| |
| !MA ||MI ||MN ||MS ||MO || ||MT ||NE ||NV ||NH ||NJ ||
| |
| !NM ||NY ||NC ||ND ||OH || ||OK ||OR ||PA ||RI ||SC ||
| |
| !SD ||TN ||TX ||UT ||VT || ||VA ||WA ||WV ||WI ||WY
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1900 United States Census|12th, 1900]] ||1903 || 386
| |
| | 9|| – || – || 7|| 8|| || 3|| 5|| 1|| 3||11||
| |
| | – || 1||25||13||11|| || 8||11|| 7|| 4|| 6||
| |
| |14||12|| 9|| 8||16|| || 1|| 6|| 1|| 2||10||
| |
| | – ||37||10|| 2||21|| || – || 2||32|| 2|| 7||
| |
| | 2||10||16|| 1|| 2|| ||10|| 3|| 5||11|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1910 United States Census|13th, 1910]] || 1913 || 435
| |
| |10|| – || 1|| 7||11|| || 4|| 5|| 1|| 4||12||
| |
| | – || 2||27||13||11|| || 8||11|| 8|| 4|| 6||
| |
| |16||13||10|| 8||16|| || 2|| 6|| 1|| 2||12||
| |
| | 1||43||10|| 3||22|| || 8|| 3||36|| 3|| 7||
| |
| | 3||10||18|| 2|| 2|| ||10|| 5|| 6||11|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1920 United States Census|14th, 1920]]
| |
| | colspan=62 style="padding-left:2em; font-size:110%" | ''Congress failed to pass any reapportionment act. Distribution of seats from 1913 remained in effect, despite population shifts.''
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1930 United States Census|15th, 1930]] ||1933 || 435
| |
| | 9|| – || 1|| 7||20|| || 4|| 6|| 1|| 5||10||
| |
| | – || 2||27||12|| 9|| || 7|| 9|| 8|| 3|| 6||
| |
| |15||17|| 9|| 7||13|| || 2|| 5|| 1|| 2||14||
| |
| | 1||45||11|| 2||24|| || 9|| 3||34|| 2|| 6||
| |
| | 2|| 9||21|| 2|| 1|| || 9|| 6|| 6||10|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1940 United States Census|16th, 1940]] ||1943 || 435
| |
| | 9|| – || 2|| 7||23|| || 4|| 6|| 1|| 6||10||
| |
| | – || 2||26||11|| 8|| || 6|| 9|| 8|| 3|| 6||
| |
| |14||17|| 9|| 7||13|| || 2|| 4|| 1|| 2||14||
| |
| | 2||45||12|| 2||23|| || 8|| 4||33|| 2|| 6||
| |
| | 2||10||21|| 2|| 1|| || 9|| 6|| 6||10|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1950 United States Census|17th, 1950]] ||1953 || 435
| |
| | 9|| – || 2|| 6||30|| || 4|| 6|| 1|| 8||10||
| |
| | – || 2||25||11|| 8|| || 6|| 8|| 8|| 3|| 7||
| |
| |14||18|| 9|| 6||11|| || 2|| 4|| 1|| 2||14||
| |
| | 2||43||12|| 2||23|| || 6|| 4||30|| 2|| 6||
| |
| | 2|| 9||22|| 2|| 1|| ||10|| 7|| 6||10|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1960 United States Census|18th, 1960]] ||1963 || 435
| |
| | 8|| 1|| 3|| 4||38|| || 4|| 6|| 1||12||10||
| |
| | 2|| 2||24||11|| 7|| || 5|| 7|| 8|| 2|| 8||
| |
| |12||19|| 8|| 5||10|| || 2|| 3|| 1|| 2||15||
| |
| | 2||41||11|| 2||24|| || 6|| 4||27|| 2|| 6||
| |
| | 2|| 9||23|| 2|| 1|| ||10|| 7|| 5||10|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1970 United States Census|19th, 1970]] ||1973 || 435
| |
| | 7|| 1|| 4|| 4||43|| || 5|| 6|| 1||15||10||
| |
| | 2|| 2||24||11|| 6|| || 5|| 7|| 8|| 2|| 8||
| |
| |12||19|| 8|| 5||10|| || 2|| 3|| 1|| 2||15||
| |
| | 2||39||11|| 1||23|| || 6|| 4||25|| 2|| 6||
| |
| | 2|| 8||24|| 2|| 1|| ||10|| 7|| 4|| 9|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1980 United States Census|20th, 1980]] ||1983 || 435
| |
| | 7|| 1|| 5|| 4||45|| || 6|| 6|| 1||19||10||
| |
| | 2|| 2||22||10|| 6|| || 5|| 7|| 8|| 2|| 8||
| |
| |11||18|| 8|| 5|| 9|| || 2|| 3|| 2|| 2||14||
| |
| | 3||34||11|| 1||21|| || 6|| 5||23|| 2|| 6||
| |
| | 1|| 9||27|| 3|| 1|| ||10|| 8|| 4|| 9|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[1990 United States Census|21st, 1990]] ||1993 || 435
| |
| | 7|| 1|| 6|| 4||52|| || 6|| 6|| 1||23||11||
| |
| | 2|| 2||20||10|| 5|| || 4|| 6|| 7|| 2|| 8||
| |
| |10||16|| 8|| 5|| 9|| || 1|| 3|| 2|| 2||13||
| |
| | 3||31||12|| 1||19|| || 6|| 5||21|| 2|| 6||
| |
| | 1|| 9||30|| 3|| 1|| ||11|| 9|| 3|| 9|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[2000 United States Census|22nd, 2000]] ||2003 || 435
| |
| | 7|| 1|| 8|| 4||53|| || 7|| 5|| 1||25||13||
| |
| | 2|| 2||19|| 9|| 5|| || 4|| 6|| 7|| 2|| 8||
| |
| |10||15|| 8|| 4|| 9|| || 1|| 3|| 3|| 2||13||
| |
| | 3||29||13|| 1||18|| || 5|| 5||19|| 2|| 6||
| |
| | 1|| 9||32|| 3|| 1|| ||11|| 9|| 3|| 8|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[2010 United States Census|23rd, 2010]] ||2013 || 435
| |
| | 7|| 1|| 9|| 4||53|| || 7|| 5|| 1||27||14||
| |
| | 2|| 2||18|| 9|| 4|| || 4|| 6|| 6|| 2|| 8||
| |
| | 9||14|| 8|| 4|| 8|| || 1|| 3|| 4|| 2||12||
| |
| | 3||27||13|| 1||16|| || 5|| 5||18|| 2|| 7||
| |
| | 1|| 9||36|| 4|| 1|| ||11||10|| 3|| 8|| 1
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Census, Year || Effected || Size
| |
| ! AL ||AK ||AZ ||AR ||CA || ||CO ||CT ||DE ||FL ||GA ||
| |
| !HI ||ID ||IL ||IN ||IA || ||KS ||KY ||LA ||ME ||MD ||
| |
| !MA ||MI ||MN ||MS ||MO || ||MT ||NE ||NV ||NH ||NJ ||
| |
| !NM ||NY ||NC ||ND ||OH || ||OK ||OR ||PA ||RI ||SC ||
| |
| !SD ||TN ||TX ||UT ||VT || ||VA ||WA ||WV ||WI ||WY
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Changes following the 2010 census==
| |
| On December 21, 2010 the [[U.S. Census Bureau]] released its official apportionment results for congressional representation. The changes were in effect for the [[United States elections, 2012|U.S. elections in 2012]].<ref>{{cite news
| |
| | url=http://www.census.gov/2010census/news/pdf/apport2010_table1.pdf
| |
| | title=APPORTIONMENT POPULATION AND NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES, BY STATE: 2010 CENSUS
| |
| | work=US Census
| |
| | date=2010-12-21
| |
| | accessdate=2013-02-23}}
| |
| </ref>
| |
| {| class="wikitable" border="1"
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| |
| ! Gain four|| colspan=1 | Gain two|| colspan=1 |Gain one|| colspan=1 | Lose one|| |Lose two
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;"
| |
| |[[Texas]]
| |
| |[[Florida]]
| |
| |[[Arizona]]<br />[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]<br />[[Nevada]]<br />[[South Carolina]]<br />[[Utah]]<br />[[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
| |
| |[[Illinois]]<br />[[Iowa]]<br />[[Louisiana]]<br />[[Massachusetts]]<br />[[Michigan]]<br />[[Missouri]]<br />[[New Jersey]]<br />[[Pennsylvania]]
| |
| |[[New York]]<br />[[Ohio]]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Past increases==
| |
| The size of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] has increased as follows:<ref>[http://www.thirty-thousand.org/pages/QHA-02.htm The Size of the U. S. House of Representatives and its Constituent State Delegations], thirty-thousand.org.</ref>
| |
| | |
| ===1789–1800===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! width=130 | Date !! width=50 | Size !! width=35 | Change !! Citation !! Comments
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1789 || style="text-align:center" | 59 || style="text-align:center" | n/a || rowspan=3 | [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 3: Apportionment of Representatives and taxes|Const. Art. I,<br />§ 2, cl. 3]] || Seats apportioned by the Constitution
| |
| |-
| |
| | November 21, 1789 || style="text-align:center" | 64 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 5 || [[North Carolina]] ratified the Constitution with the seats apportioned by the Constitution
| |
| |-
| |
| | May 29, 1790 || style="text-align:center" | 65 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || [[Rhode Island]] ratified the Constitution with the seats apportioned by the Constitution
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1791 || style="text-align:center;" | 67 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 2 || rowspan=2 | {{USStat|1|191}} || [[Vermont]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | June 1, 1792 || style="text-align:center;" | 69 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 2 || [[Kentucky]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1793 || style="text-align:center" | 105 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 36 || {{USStat|1|253}} || Apportionment of the [[1790 United States Census|First Census]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | June 1, 1796 || style="text-align:center" | 106 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|1|492}} || [[Tennessee]] admitted
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===1801–1820===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! width=130 | Date !! width=50 | Size !! width=35 | Change !! Citation !! Comments
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 1, 1803 || style="text-align:center" | 107 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|2|175}} || [[Ohio]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1803 || style="text-align:center" | 142 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 35 || {{USStat|2|128}} || Apportionment of the [[1800 United States Census|Second Census]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | April 30, 1812 || style="text-align:center" | 143 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|2|703}} || [[Louisiana]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1813 || style="text-align:center" | 182 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 39 || {{USStat|2|669}} || Apportionment of the [[1810 United States Census|Third Census]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | December 11, 1816 || style="text-align:center" | 183 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|3|290}} || [[Indiana]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | December 10, 1817 || style="text-align:center" | 184 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|3|349}} || [[Mississippi]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | December 3, 1818 || style="text-align:center" | 185 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|3|430}} || [[Illinois]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | December 14, 1819 || style="text-align:center" rowspan=2 | 186 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|3|492}} || [[Alabama]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 15, 1820 || style="text-align:center" | {{steady}} || {{USStat|3|555}} || [[Maine]] admitted, 7 seats transferred from [[Massachusetts]]
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===1821–1840===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! width=130 | Date !! width=50 | Size !! width=35 | Change !! Citation !! Comments
| |
| |-
| |
| | August 10, 1821 || style="text-align:center" | 187 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|3|547}} || [[Missouri]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1823 || style="text-align:center" | 213 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 26 || {{USStat|3|651}} || Apportionment of the [[1820 United States Census|Fourth Census]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1833 || style="text-align:center" | 240 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 27 || {{USStat|4|516}} || Apportionment of the [[1830 United States Census|Fifth Census]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | June 15, 1836 || style="text-align:center" | 241 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|5|51}} || [[Arkansas]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | January 26, 1837 || style="text-align:center" | 242 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|5|50}}<!-- Correct even though it appears in USStat *before* Arkansas. AR's act of admission was unconditional, so it legally received its House seat the moment the act was signed (June 15, 1836). Michigan's admission, however, was conditioned on its accepting Congress' award of the disputed Toledo Strip to Ohio in exchange for the Upper Peninsula; it did NOT gain its seat until the presidential proclamation called for by this section was issued (January 26, 1837). This is also why AR is considered to have been admitted first (25th state vs. MI 26th), even though (per the later North & South Dakota precedent) MI's act of admission is deemed to have become law before AR's. --> || [[Michigan]] admitted
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===1841–1853===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! width=130 | Date !! width=50 | Size !! width=35 | Change !! Citation !! Comments
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1843 || style="text-align:center" | 223 || style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 19 || {{USStat|5|491}} || Apportionment of the [[1840 United States Census|Sixth Census]], the '''only time the size of the House was reduced''', except for the minor readjustment in 1963.
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 3, 1845 || style="text-align:center" | 224 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|5|743}} || [[Florida]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | December 29, 1845 || style="text-align:center" | 226 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 2 || {{USStat|5|798}} || [[Texas Annexation|Texas annexed]] and admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | December 28, 1846 || style="text-align:center" | 228 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 2 || {{USStat|5|743}}<br>{{USStat|9|52}} || [[Iowa]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | May 29, 1848 || style="text-align:center" | 230 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 2 || {{USStat|9|58}}<br>{{USStat|9|235}} || [[Wisconsin]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1849 || style="text-align:center" | 231 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|9|235}} || Wisconsin given another seat.
| |
| |-
| |
| | September 9, 1850 || style="text-align:center" rowspan=2 | 233 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 2 || {{USStat|9|452}} || [[California]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2 | March 4, 1853 || style="text-align:center" | {{steady}} || {{USStat|9|432}} || Apportionment of the [[1850 United States Census|Seventh Census]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center" | 234 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|10|25}} || Additional seat apportioned to California
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The 1850 Apportionment bill provided a method to be used in future reapportionments, as well as establishing the then-current 233 as the number of seats to be apportioned after future censuses. Due to census returns being incomplete in California, an additional act provided that California retain the same representation it had when admitted, until a new census could be taken. California would otherwise have lost one seat, and so the total number of seats was increased by one to 234.
| |
| | |
| ===1854–1880===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! width=130 | Date !! width=50 | Size !! width=35 | Change !! Citation !! Comments
| |
| |-
| |
| | May 11, 1858 || style="text-align:center" | 236 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 2 || {{USStat|11|166}} || [[Minnesota]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | February 14, 1859 || style="text-align:center" | 237 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|11|383}} || [[Oregon]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | January 29, 1861 || style="text-align:center" | 238 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{USStat|11|269}} || [[Kansas]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | June 2, 1862 || style="text-align:center" | 239 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{usstat|12|411}} || California apportioned an extra seat
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan= 2 | March 4, 1863 || style="text-align:center" | 233 || style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 6 || {{USStat|9|432}} || Apportionment of the [[1860 United States Census|Eighth Census]], in accordance with the 1850 act, which provided for an apportionment of 233 seats
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center" rowspan=2 | 241 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 8 || {{usstat|12|353}} || Supplemental apportionment of 8 seats, for an overall increase of 2 seats in the 38th Congress
| |
| |-
| |
| | June 20, 1863 || style="text-align:center" | {{steady}} || {{usstat|12|633}} || [[West Virginia]] [[West Virginia#Separation from Virginia|admitted]], three seats transferred from [[Virginia]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | October 31, 1864 || style="text-align:center" | 242 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{usstat|13|32}} || [[Nevada]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 1, 1867 || style="text-align:center" | 243 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{usstat|14|391}} || [[Nebraska]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2 | March 4, 1873 || style="text-align:center" | 283 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 40 || {{usstat|17|28}} || Apportionment of the [[1870 United States Census|Ninth Census]], replacing the 1850 act
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="text-align:center" | 292 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 9 || {{usstat|17|192}} || Supplemental apportionment added one seat each for nine states
| |
| |-
| |
| | August 1, 1876 || style="text-align:center" | 293 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || {{usstat|13|34}} || [[Colorado]] admitted
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===1881–1900===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! width=130 | Date !! width=50 | Size !! width=35 | Change !! Citation !! Comments
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1883 || style="text-align:center" | 325 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 32 || [[47th United States Congress|47th Congress]], ch. 20, {{USStat|22|5}} || Apportionment of the [[1880 United States Census|Tenth Census]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | November 2, 1889 || style="text-align:center" | 328 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 3 || || [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]] admitted. One seat goes to the former, two to the latter.
| |
| |-
| |
| | November 8, 1889 || style="text-align:center" | 329 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || || [[Montana]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | November 11, 1889 || style="text-align:center" | 330 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || || [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | July 3, 1890 || style="text-align:center" | 331 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || || [[Idaho]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | July 10, 1890 || style="text-align:center" | 332 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || || [[Wyoming]] admitted.
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1893 || style="text-align:center" | 356 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 24 || [http://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1890_Apportionment.pdf Apportionment Act of 1891] || Apportionment of the [[1890 United States Census|Eleventh Census]].
| |
| |-
| |
| | January 4, 1896 || style="text-align:center" | 357 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || || [[Utah]] admitted.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===1901–present===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| ! width=130 | Date !! width=50 | Size !! width=35 | Change !! Citation !! Comments
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1903 || style="text-align:center" | 386 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 29 || [http://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1900_Apportionment.pdf Apportionment Act of 1901], {{USStat|31|733}} || Apportionment of the [[1900 United States Census|Twelfth Census]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | November 16, 1907 || style="text-align:center" | 391 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 5 || [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol3/HTML_files/SES0186.html Oklahoma Enabling Act] || [[Oklahoma]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | January 6, 1912 || style="text-align:center" | 393 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 2 || [[Apportionment Act of 1911]], Sec. 2; [http://books.google.com/books?id=iJ5JAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA110&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false New Mexico Enabling Act] || [[New Mexico]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | February 14, 1912 || style="text-align:center" | 394 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || [[Apportionment Act of 1911]], Sec. 2 || [[Arizona]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | March 4, 1913 || style="text-align:center" | 435 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 41 || [[Apportionment Act of 1911]], {{USPL|62|5}}, {{USStat|37|13}} || Apportionment of the [[1910 United States Census|Thirteenth Census]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | January 3, 1959 || style="text-align:center" | 436 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/ak_statehood.asp Alaska Statehood Act] || [[Alaska]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | August 21, 1959 || style="text-align:center" | 437 || style="text-align:center" | {{increase}} 1 || [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/48C3.txt Hawaii Admission Act] || [[Hawaii]] admitted
| |
| |-
| |
| | January 3, 1963 || style="text-align:center" | 435 || style="text-align:center" | {{decrease}} 2 || [[Reapportionment Act of 1929]], ch. 28, {{USStat|46|26}}, {{USC|2|2a}} || Apportionment of the [[1960 United States Census|Eighteenth Census]]<br>Note: The Reapportionment Act of 1929 stated that the "then existing number of Representatives" would be apportioned after each census, which would have dictated an apportionment of 437 seats, but the Alaska Statehood Act and Hawaii Admission Act explicitly stated that the new seats were temporary increases<ref>Both acts included the phrasing ''That such temporary increase in the membership shall not operate to either increase or decrease the permanent membership of the House of Representatives as prescribed in the Act of August 8, 1911 (37 Stat. 13) nor shall such temporary increase affect the basis of apportionment established by the Act of November 15, 1941 (55 Stat. 761; 2 U. S. C., sec. 2a), for the Eighty-third Congress and each Congress thereafter. ''</ref>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| * [[Apportionment paradox]]
| |
| * [[Article the First]]
| |
| * [[Gerrymandering]]
| |
| * [[List of U.S. states by population]]
| |
| * [[List of U.S. states by historical population]] (tables of state populations since 1790)
| |
| * [[Redistricting]]
| |
| * [[United States Congress]]
| |
| | |
| ==Notes==
| |
| * Delegate counts in ''italics'' represent temporary counts assigned by Congress until the next decennial census or by the U.S. Constitution in 1789 until the first U.S. Census.
| |
| * Elections held in the year of a census use the apportionment determined by the previous census.
| |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| * {{Cite book|last=Balinski |first=Michael L. |last2=Young |first2=H. Peyton |year=1982 |title=Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote |place=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |url=http://books.google.com/?id=eBFNzSeAv_sC |isbn=0-8157-0090-3 }}
| |
| * {{Cite book|last=Foster |first=Robert |year=1895 |title=Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States: Historical and Judicial |volume=1 |place=Boston |publisher=The Boston Book Co. |pages=329–446 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Rd49AAAAIAAJ }}
| |
| * {{Cite book|last=Hamilton |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Hamilton |last2=Madison |first2=James |author2-link=James Madison |last3=Jay |first3=John |author3-link=John Jay |year=1831 |title=The Federalist |place=Hallowell |publisher=Glazier, Masters & Co. |url=http://books.google.com/?id=6TATAAAAYAAJ |isbn=0-8239-5735-7 }}
| |
| * {{Cite journal|last=Edelman|first=Paul H.|title=Getting the Math Right: Why California Has Too Many Seats in the House of Representatives|journal=Vanderbilt Law Review|volume=102|issue=March|page=297|publisher=Vanderbilt University|url=|location=Nashville|year=2006}}
| |
| * {{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/3234988 |author1=Kromkowski, Charles A. |author2=Kromkowski, John A. |title=Why 435? A Question of Political Arithmetic |journal=Polity |volume=24 |issue=Fall 1991 |format=PDF |pages=129–145 |url=http://www.thirty-thousand.org/documents/Kromkowski_Fall1991.pdf |year =1991 |jstor=3234988 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2013-10-17}}
| |
| * {{Cite journal|last=Agnew|first=Robert A.|title=Optimal Congressional Apportionment|journal=American Mathematical Monthly|volume=115|issue=April|pages=297–303|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|year=2008}}
| |
| | |
| ==Further reading==
| |
| * {{Cite journal|last=Stinebrickner-Kauffman|first=Taren|title=Counting Matters: Prison Inmates, Population Bases, and "One Person, One Vote"|journal=Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law|volume=11|issue=Winter|page=229|publisher=Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law|url=|location=Chicago|year=2004}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| * [http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/apportionment/index.html Congressional Apportionment by the U.S. Census Bureau]
| |
| * [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/ctk/Democracy.shtml Cut-the-knot.org:The Constitution and Paradoxes]
| |
| * [http://www.thirty-thousand.org/ Thirty-thousand.org]
| |
| * [http://www.fairvote.org/action/commentary.htm Commentaries and More Information on Increasing U.S. House Size].
| |
| | |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:United States Congressional Apportionment}}
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| [[Category:Demographics of the United States|Congressional apportionment]]
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| [[Category:United States House of Representatives|Apportionment]]
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| [[Category:United States congressional districts|Congressional apportionment]]
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