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In [[statistical mechanics]], the '''Lee–Yang theorem''' states that if [[Partition function (statistical mechanics)|partition functions]] of certain  models in [[statistical field theory]] with ferromagnetic interactions are considered as functions of an external field, then all zeros
are  purely imaginary (or on the unit circle after a change of variable). The first version was proved for the [[Ising model]] by {{harvs|txt|first2=T. D.| last2=Lee|author2-link=T. D. Lee|first1=C. N. |last1=Yang|author1-link=C. N. Yang|year=1952}} {{harv|Lee|Yang|1952}}. Their result was later extended to more general models by several people.
{{harvtxt|Simon|Griffiths|1973}} extended the Lee–Yang theorem to certain continuous probability distributions by approximating them by a superposition of Ising models. {{harvtxt|Newman|1974}} gave a general theorem stating roughly that the Lee–Yang theorem holds for a ferromagnetic interaction provided it holds for zero interaction. {{harvtxt|Lieb|Sokal|1981}} generalized [[Charles M. Newman|Newman]]'s result from measures on '''R''' to measures on higher-dimensional Euclidean space.
 
There has been some speculation about a relationship between the Lee–Yang theorem and the [[Riemann hypothesis]] about the [[Riemann zeta function]]; see {{harv|Knauf|1999}}.
 
==Statement==
 
===Preliminaries===
Along the formalization in {{harvtxt|Newman|1974}} the Hamiltonian is given by
:<math>H = -\sum J_{jk}S_jS_k-\sum z_jS_j</math>
where ''S<sub>j''</sub> 's are spin variables, ''z<sub>j</sub>'' external field.
The system is said to be '''ferromagnetic''' if all the coefficients in the interaction term ''J''<sub>jk</sub> are non-negative reals.
 
The [[Partition function (statistical mechanics)|partition function]] is given by
:<math>Z = \int e^{- H} d\mu_1(S_1)\cdots d\mu_N(S_N)</math>
where each dμ<sub>''j''</sub> is an even [[measure (mathematics)|measure]] on the reals '''R''' decreasing at infinity so fast that all [[Gaussian function]]s are integrable, i.e.
:<math> \int e^{b S^2} d|\mu_j(S)| < \infty , \, \forall b \in \mathbb{R}.</math>
 
A rapidly decreasing measure on the reals is said to have the '''Lee-Yang property''' if all zeros of its Fourier transform are real as the following.
:<math> \int e^{h S} d\mu_j(S) \neq 0 , \, \forall h \in \mathbb{H}_{+}:=\{ z \in \mathbb{C} | \Re{z}>0 \} </math>
 
===Theorem===
The '''Lee–Yang theorem states''' that if the Hamiltonian is ferromagnetic and all the measures dμ<sub>''j''</sub> have the Lee-Yang property, and all the numbers ''z''<sub>''j''</sub> have positive real part, then
the partition function is non-zero.
:<math> Z(\{ z_j \}) \neq 0 , \, \forall z_j \in \mathbb{H}_{+}</math>
In particular if all the numbers ''z''<sub>''j''</sub> are equal to some number ''z'', then all zeros of the partition function (considered as a function of ''z'') are imaginary.
 
In the original Ising model case considered by Lee and Yang, the measures all have support on the 2 point set &minus;1, 1,
so the partition function can be considered a function of the variable ρ = ''e''<sup>π''z''</sup>. With this change of variable the Lee–Yang theorem says that all zeros ρ lie on the unit circle.
 
==Examples==
 
Some examples of measure with the Lee-Yang property are:
*The measure of the Ising model, which has support consisting of two points (usually 1 and &minus;1) each with weight 1/2. This is the original case considered by Lee and Yang.
*The distribution of spin ''n''/2, whose support has ''n''+1 equally spaced points, each of weight 1/(''n''&nbsp;+&nbsp;1). This is a generalization of the Ising model case.
*The density of measure uniformly distributed between &minus;1 and 1.
*The density <math>\exp(-\lambda\cosh(S))\,dS</math>
*The density <math>\exp(-\lambda S^4-bS^2)\,dS</math> for positive λ and real ''b''. This corresponds to the (''&phi;''<sup>4</sup>)<sub>2</sub> Euclidean quantum field theory.
*The density <math>\exp(-\lambda S^6- aS^4-bS^2)\,dS</math> for positive λ does not always have the Lee-Yang property.
*If dμ has the Lee-Yang property, so does exp(''bS''<sup>2</sup>)&nbsp;''d&mu;'' for any positive ''b''.
*If ''d&mu;'' has the Lee-Yang property, so does ''Q''(''S'')&nbsp;''d&mu;'' for any even polynomial ''Q'' all of whose zeros are imaginary.
*The convolution of two measures with the Lee-Yang property also has the Lee-Yang property.
 
==References==
*{{Citation | last1=Itzykson | first1=Claude | last2=Drouffe | first2=Jean-Michel | title=Statistical field theory. Vol. 1 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | series=Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics | isbn=978-0-521-34058-8 | id={{MathSciNet | id = 1175176}} | year=1989}}
*{{Citation | last1=Knauf | first1=Andreas | title=Number theory, dynamical systems and statistical mechanics | id={{MathSciNet | id = 1714352}} | year=1999 | journal=Reviews in Mathematical Physics. A Journal for Both Review and Original Research Papers in the Field of Mathematical Physics | issn=0129-055X | volume=11 | issue=8 | pages=1027–1060|doi=10.1142/S0129055X99000325}}
*{{Citation | last1=Lee | first1=T. D. | last2=Yang | first2=C. N. | title=Statistical Theory of Equations of State and Phase Transitions. II. Lattice Gas and Ising Model | url=http://link.aps.org/abstract/PR/v87/p410 | doi=10.1103/PhysRev.87.410  | year=1952 | journal=[[Physical Review]] | issn=0031-9007 | volume=87 | pages=410–419}}
*{{Citation | doi=10.1007/BF01213009 | last1=Lieb | first1=Elliott H. | last2=Sokal | first2=Alan D. | title=A general Lee-Yang theorem for one-component and multicomponent ferromagnets | id={{MathSciNet | id = 623156}} | year=1981 | journal=Communications in Mathematical Physics | issn=0010-3616 | volume=80 | issue=2 | pages=153–179|url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cmp/1103919874}}
*{{Citation | last1=Newman | first1=Charles M. | title=Zeros of the partition function for generalized Ising systems | doi=10.1002/cpa.3160270203 | id={{MathSciNet | id = 0484184}} | year=1974 | journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]] | issn=0010-3640 | volume=27 | pages=143–159}}
*{{Citation | doi=10.1007/BF01645626 | last1=Simon | first1=Barry | author1-link=Barry Simon | last2=Griffiths | first2=Robert B. | title=The  (φ<sup>4</sup>)<sub>2</sub> field theory as a classical Ising model | url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cmp/1103859251 | id={{MathSciNet | id = 0428998}} | year=1973 | journal=Communications in Mathematical Physics | issn=0010-3616 | volume=33 | pages=145–164}}
*{{Citation | last1=Yang | first1=C. N. | last2=Lee | first2=T. D. | title=Statistical Theory of Equations of State and Phase Transitions. I. Theory of Condensation | url=http://link.aps.org/abstract/PR/v87/p404  | doi=10.1103/PhysRev.87.404 | year=1952 | journal=[[Physical Review]] | issn=0031-9007 | volume=87 | pages=404–409}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee-Yang theorem}}
[[Category:Statistical mechanics theorems]]

Revision as of 03:52, 15 November 2013

In statistical mechanics, the Lee–Yang theorem states that if partition functions of certain models in statistical field theory with ferromagnetic interactions are considered as functions of an external field, then all zeros are purely imaginary (or on the unit circle after a change of variable). The first version was proved for the Ising model by Template:Harvs Template:Harv. Their result was later extended to more general models by several people. Template:Harvtxt extended the Lee–Yang theorem to certain continuous probability distributions by approximating them by a superposition of Ising models. Template:Harvtxt gave a general theorem stating roughly that the Lee–Yang theorem holds for a ferromagnetic interaction provided it holds for zero interaction. Template:Harvtxt generalized Newman's result from measures on R to measures on higher-dimensional Euclidean space.

There has been some speculation about a relationship between the Lee–Yang theorem and the Riemann hypothesis about the Riemann zeta function; see Template:Harv.

Statement

Preliminaries

Along the formalization in Template:Harvtxt the Hamiltonian is given by

H=JjkSjSkzjSj

where Sj 's are spin variables, zj external field. The system is said to be ferromagnetic if all the coefficients in the interaction term Jjk are non-negative reals.

The partition function is given by

Z=eHdμ1(S1)dμN(SN)

where each dμj is an even measure on the reals R decreasing at infinity so fast that all Gaussian functions are integrable, i.e.

ebS2d|μj(S)|<,b.

A rapidly decreasing measure on the reals is said to have the Lee-Yang property if all zeros of its Fourier transform are real as the following.

ehSdμj(S)0,h+:={z|z>0}

Theorem

The Lee–Yang theorem states that if the Hamiltonian is ferromagnetic and all the measures dμj have the Lee-Yang property, and all the numbers zj have positive real part, then the partition function is non-zero.

Z({zj})0,zj+

In particular if all the numbers zj are equal to some number z, then all zeros of the partition function (considered as a function of z) are imaginary.

In the original Ising model case considered by Lee and Yang, the measures all have support on the 2 point set −1, 1, so the partition function can be considered a function of the variable ρ = eπz. With this change of variable the Lee–Yang theorem says that all zeros ρ lie on the unit circle.

Examples

Some examples of measure with the Lee-Yang property are:

  • The measure of the Ising model, which has support consisting of two points (usually 1 and −1) each with weight 1/2. This is the original case considered by Lee and Yang.
  • The distribution of spin n/2, whose support has n+1 equally spaced points, each of weight 1/(n + 1). This is a generalization of the Ising model case.
  • The density of measure uniformly distributed between −1 and 1.
  • The density exp(λcosh(S))dS
  • The density exp(λS4bS2)dS for positive λ and real b. This corresponds to the (φ4)2 Euclidean quantum field theory.
  • The density exp(λS6aS4bS2)dS for positive λ does not always have the Lee-Yang property.
  • If dμ has the Lee-Yang property, so does exp(bS2 for any positive b.
  • If has the Lee-Yang property, so does Q(S for any even polynomial Q all of whose zeros are imaginary.
  • The convolution of two measures with the Lee-Yang property also has the Lee-Yang property.

References

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    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

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  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

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    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

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    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010