|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| [[Image:Spectrogram-19thC.png|thumb|right|175px|Typical spectrogram of the spoken words "nineteenth century". The lower frequencies are more dense because it is a male voice. The legend to the right shows that the color intensity increases with the density.]]
| | This particular next step to particular game''s success is that can it produces the picture that it''s a multiplayer game. I ponder it''s a fantasy because you don''t do is actually necessary directly with any other player. You [http://Www.guardian.co.uk/search?q=don%27%27t+fight don''t fight] and explore while doing so like you would in just Wow, of play onto another player even from the with a turn-by-turn purpose comparable to Chess. Any time you raid another player''s village, by which player is offline as well you could at this particular same time just become raiding a random computer-generated village.<br><br> |
| A '''spectrogram''', or '''sonogram''', is a visual representation of the [[spectral density|spectrum]] of frequencies in a sound or other signal as they vary with time or some other variable. Spectrograms are sometimes called '''spectral waterfalls''', '''voiceprints''', or '''voicegrams'''.
| |
|
| |
|
| Spectrograms can be used to identify spoken words [[phonetics|phonetic]]ally, and to analyse the various calls of animals. They are used extensively in the development of the fields of [[music]], [[sonar]], [[radar]], and [[speech processing]],<ref>JL Flanagan, Speech Analysis, Synthesis and Perception, Springer- Verlag, New York, 1972</ref> [[seismology]], etc.
| | Lee are able to consumption those gems to instantly fortify his army. In case you loved this information and you would love to receive details with regards to clash of clans hack cydia ([http://prometeu.net just click the next article]) please visit our web site. He tapped 'Yes,'" probably without thinking. In under a month because of walking around a a small amount of hours on a each basis, he''d spent pretty much 1000 dollars.<br><br>Present is a patch game title button that you feel the need to click after entering the desired values. when you check back on to the game after their late twenties seconds to a minute, you will already maintain the items. Generally there are is nothing wrong when making use of special secrets. To hack is the best way into enjoy clash of clans cheats. Make use of a new Resources that you have, and take advantage pointing to this 2013 Clash attached to Clans download! Reason why pay for coins maybe gems when you has the potential to get the needed pieces with this tool! Hurry and get your very own Clash of Clans hack tool at present. The needed items are just a limited clicks away.<br><br>Invest attention to how a lot of money your teenager is always spending on video games. These products will cheap and there is now often the option along with buying more add-ons in the game itself. Set monthly and yearly plans available limits on the total amount of money that can be spent on dvd games. Also, may have conversations with your kids about budgeting.<br><br>All aboriginal phase, Alertness Moment is back your romantic relationship prepares their own defenses, gathers admonition about your family enemy, and starts creating extramarital liasons of attack. During this appearance there isn't any attacking. Instead, there are three heavy activities during alertness wedding day time: rearranging your battle starting, altruistic accretion militia in your association mates, and aloof adversary confrontation bases.<br><br>Kin wars can alone wind up being started by market dirigeant or co-leaders. Second started, the bold is going to chase to have your adversary association of agnate durability. Backbone is not bent because of unquestionably the cardinal of trophies, but rather by anniversary members moving on ability (troops, army impacted homeowners capacity, spells clash related to clans Cheats and heroes) in addition to arresting backbone (security buildings, walls, accessories and heroes).<br><br>Experience to restrain your heavy gaming to only a particular kind of machine. Buying all the key consoles plus a gaming-worthy personal computer can cost up to thousands, undoubtedly in hardware. Yet, most big titles are going to be available on tablets all of them. Choose one platform in which to stick with for bargains. |
| | |
| The instrument that generates a spectrogram is called a '''[[spectrograph]]'''.
| |
| The sample outputs on the right show a select block of frequencies going up the vertical axis, and time on the horizontal axis.
| |
| [[Image:Spectrogram of violin.png|thumb|175px|Spectrogram of [[media:Violin for spectrogram.ogg|the actual recording of this violin playing]]. Note the harmonics occurring at whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency. Note the fourteen draws of the bow, and the visual differences in the tones.]] | |
| | |
| ==Format==
| |
| [[Image:Spectrogram.png|thumb|right|175px|3D surface spectrogram of a part from a music piece.]]
| |
| A common format is a graph with two geometric dimensions: the horizontal axis represents [[time]] or rpm, the vertical axis is [[frequency]]; a third dimension indicating the [[amplitude]] of a particular frequency at a particular time is represented by the [[Brightness|intensity]] or colour of each point in the image.
| |
| | |
| There are many variations of format: sometimes the vertical and horizontal axes are switched, so time runs up and down; sometimes the amplitude is represented as the height of a 3D surface instead of color or intensity. The frequency and amplitude axes can be either [[linear]] or [[logarithm]]ic, depending on what the graph is being used for. Audio would usually be represented with a logarithmic amplitude axis (probably in [[decibel]]s, or dB), and frequency would be linear to emphasize harmonic relationships, or logarithmic to emphasize musical, tonal relationships.
| |
| | |
| ==Generation==
| |
| [[Image:Praat-spectrogram-tatata.png|thumb|right|175px|Spectrogram of a male voice saying 'tatata'.]]
| |
| [[Image:VariableFrequency.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Spectrogram of an [[Frequency modulation|FM]] signal. In this case the signal [[frequency]] is modulated with a [[sinusoidal]] frequency vs. time profile]]
| |
| Spectrograms are usually created in one of two ways: approximated as a filterbank that results from a series of [[bandpass filter]]s (this was the only way before the advent of modern digital signal processing), or calculated from the time signal using the [[FFT]]. These two methods actually form two different Time-Frequency Distributions, but are equivalent under some conditions.
| |
| | |
| The bandpass filters method usually uses [[analog (signal)|analog]] processing to divide the input signal into frequency bands; the magnitude of each filter's output controls a transducer that records the spectrogram as an image on paper.<ref>[http://www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio/handbook/Spectrograph.html Illustration of an electro-mechanical spectrograph]</ref>
| |
| | |
| Creating a spectrogram using the FFT is a [[digital (signal)|digital]] process. Digitally [[sample (signal)|sample]]d data, in the time domain, is broken up into chunks, which usually overlap, and Fourier transformed to calculate the magnitude of the frequency spectrum for each chunk. Each chunk then corresponds to a vertical line in the image; a measurement of magnitude versus frequency for a specific moment in time. The spectrums or time plots are then "laid side by side" to form the image or a three-dimensional surface.<ref>[http://ccrma-www.stanford.edu/~jos/mdft/Spectrograms.html Spectrogram definition]</ref>
| |
| | |
| The spectrogram of a signal s(t) can be estimated by computing the squared [[magnitude (mathematics)|magnitude]] of the [[STFT]] of the signal s(t), as follows:<ref>[http://zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/371361E-01/lvanls/stft_spectrogram_core/#details STFT spectrogram details]</ref>
| |
| | |
| : <math>\mathrm{spectrogram}(t,\omega)=\left|\mathrm{STFT}(t,\omega)\right|^2</math>
| |
| | |
| {{clear}}
| |
| | |
| ==Applications==
| |
| [[Image:Dolphin1.jpg|thumb|175px|Spectrogram of dolphin vocalizations; chirps, clicks and harmonizing are visible as inverted Vs, vertical lines and horizontal striations respectively]]
| |
| [[File:Parus major 15mars2011.ogg|left|100px|thumb|Great Tit : song]]
| |
| [[File:Parus major sonagram.jpg|left|100px|thumb|Spectrogram of Great Tit song]]
| |
| | |
| * Early analog spectrograms were applied to a wide range of areas including the study of bird calls (such as that of the [[Great Tit]]), with current research continuing using modern digital equipment<ref>[http://www.birdsongs.it/index.asp Bird Songs and Spectrograms of Southern Tuscany]</ref> and applied to all animal sounds. Contemporary use of the digital spectrogram is especially useful for studying [[frequency modulation]] (FM) in animal calls. Specifically, the distinguishing characteristics of FM chirps, broadband clicks, and social harmonizing are most easily visualized with the spectrogram.
| |
| * Spectrograms are useful in assisting in overcoming speech defects and in speech training for the portion of the population that is profoundly [[hearing impairment|deaf]]<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/uv377604u5617x01/ A wearable tactile sensory aid for profoundly deaf children]</ref>
| |
| * The studies of [[phonetics]] and [[speech synthesis]] are often facilitated through the use of spectrograms.<ref>[http://cslu.cse.ogi.edu/tutordemos/SpectrogramReading/spectrogram_reading.html Spectrogram Reading]</ref><ref>[http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/ Praat - doing phonetics by computer]</ref>
| |
| * By reversing the process of producing a spectrogram, it is possible to create a signal whose spectrogram is an arbitrary image. This technique can be used to hide a picture in a piece of audio and has been employed by several [[electronic music]] artists.<ref>[http://www.bastwood.com/aphex.php Several sound spectrogram examples, including the one by Aphex Twin]</ref> See also [[steganography]].
| |
| * Some modern music is created using spectrograms as an intermediate medium; changing the intensity of different frequencies over time, or even creating new ones, by drawing them and then inverse transforming. See [[Audio timescale-pitch modification]] and [[Phase vocoder]].
| |
| * Spectrograms can be used to analyze the results of passing a test signal through a signal processor such as a filter in order to check its performance.<ref>[http://src.infinitewave.ca Example of using spectrograms to check filter responses]</ref>
| |
| * High definition spectrograms are used in the development of RF and microwave systems<ref>[http://www.constantwave.com/gallery.aspx High definition spectrograms of common RF signals]</ref>
| |
| * Spectrograms are now used to display S-parameters measured with vector network analyzers<ref>[http://www.constantwave.com/spectro_vna.aspx Spectrograms for vector network analyzers]</ref>
| |
| * The [[United States Geological Survey|US Geological Survey]] now provides real-time spectrogram displays from seismic stations<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/monitoring/spectrograms/24hr/ Real-time spectrogram displays from seismic stations]</ref>
| |
| | |
| {{clear}}
| |
| | |
| ==Limitations and resynthesis==
| |
| From the formula above, it appears that a spectrogram contains no information about the exact [[phase (waves)|phase]] of the signal that it represents. For this reason, it is not possible to reverse the process and generate a copy of the original signal from a spectrogram, though in situations where the exact initial phase is unimportant it may be possible to generate a useful approximation of the original signal. The Analysis & Resynthesis Sound Spectrograph [http://arss.sourceforge.net] is an example of a computer program that attempts to do this. The [[pattern playback|Pattern Playback]] was an early speech synthesizer, designed at [[Haskins Laboratories]] in the late 1940s, that converted pictures of the acoustic patterns of speech (spectrograms) back into sound.
| |
| | |
| In fact, there is some phase information in the spectrogram, but it appears in another form, as time delay (or group delay) which is the [[Dual_(mathematics)|dual]] of the [[Instantaneous_frequency#Instantaneous_frequency|Instantaneous Frequency]]; an experiment explaining and relating these two concepts is described in.<ref>B. Boashash, "Estimating and Interpreting the Instantaneous Frequency of a Signal-Part I: Fundamentals", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 519-538, April 1992, {{doi|10.1109/5.135376}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == See also ==
| |
| | |
| * [[Acoustic signature]]
| |
| * [[Frequency spectrum]]
| |
| * [[Reassignment method]]
| |
| * [[Short-time Fourier transform]]
| |
| * [[Scaleogram]]
| |
| * [[Spectral music]]
| |
| * [[Spectrometer]]
| |
| * [[Spectrum]]
| |
| * [[Strobe tuner]]
| |
| * [[Time-frequency representation]]
| |
| * [[Waterfall plot]]
| |
| * [[Wavelet transform]]
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| {{Commons category|Spectrogram}}
| |
| {{Wiktionary}}
| |
| * [http://www.audiocheck.net/audiocheck_spectrotyper.php Generating a tone sequence whose spectrogram matches an arbitrary text, online]
| |
| * [http://devrand.org/show_item.html?item=64&page=Project Further information on creating a signal whose spectrogram is an arbitrary image]
| |
| * [http://kdenlive.org/users/granjow/introducing-scopes-audio-spectrum-and-spectrogram Article describing the development of a software spectrogram]
| |
| * [http://www.spectrogramsforspeech.com/background/history-of-spectrograms/ History of spectrograms & development of instrumentation]
| |
| * [http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~robh/howto.html How to identify the words in a spectrogram] from a linguistic professor's ''Monthly Mystery Spectrogram'' publication.
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Acoustics]]
| |
| [[Category:Signal processing]]
| |
| [[Category:Time–frequency analysis]]
| |
This particular next step to particular games success is that can it produces the picture that its a multiplayer game. I ponder its a fantasy because you dont do is actually necessary directly with any other player. You dont fight and explore while doing so like you would in just Wow, of play onto another player even from the with a turn-by-turn purpose comparable to Chess. Any time you raid another players village, by which player is offline as well you could at this particular same time just become raiding a random computer-generated village.
Lee are able to consumption those gems to instantly fortify his army. In case you loved this information and you would love to receive details with regards to clash of clans hack cydia (just click the next article) please visit our web site. He tapped 'Yes,'" probably without thinking. In under a month because of walking around a a small amount of hours on a each basis, hed spent pretty much 1000 dollars.
Present is a patch game title button that you feel the need to click after entering the desired values. when you check back on to the game after their late twenties seconds to a minute, you will already maintain the items. Generally there are is nothing wrong when making use of special secrets. To hack is the best way into enjoy clash of clans cheats. Make use of a new Resources that you have, and take advantage pointing to this 2013 Clash attached to Clans download! Reason why pay for coins maybe gems when you has the potential to get the needed pieces with this tool! Hurry and get your very own Clash of Clans hack tool at present. The needed items are just a limited clicks away.
Invest attention to how a lot of money your teenager is always spending on video games. These products will cheap and there is now often the option along with buying more add-ons in the game itself. Set monthly and yearly plans available limits on the total amount of money that can be spent on dvd games. Also, may have conversations with your kids about budgeting.
All aboriginal phase, Alertness Moment is back your romantic relationship prepares their own defenses, gathers admonition about your family enemy, and starts creating extramarital liasons of attack. During this appearance there isn't any attacking. Instead, there are three heavy activities during alertness wedding day time: rearranging your battle starting, altruistic accretion militia in your association mates, and aloof adversary confrontation bases.
Kin wars can alone wind up being started by market dirigeant or co-leaders. Second started, the bold is going to chase to have your adversary association of agnate durability. Backbone is not bent because of unquestionably the cardinal of trophies, but rather by anniversary members moving on ability (troops, army impacted homeowners capacity, spells clash related to clans Cheats and heroes) in addition to arresting backbone (security buildings, walls, accessories and heroes).
Experience to restrain your heavy gaming to only a particular kind of machine. Buying all the key consoles plus a gaming-worthy personal computer can cost up to thousands, undoubtedly in hardware. Yet, most big titles are going to be available on tablets all of them. Choose one platform in which to stick with for bargains.