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| In [[mathematics]], [[physics]], and [[engineering]], a '''tensor field''' assigns a [[tensor]] to each point of a mathematical space (typically a [[Euclidean space]] or [[manifold]]). Tensor fields are used in [[differential geometry]], [[algebraic geometry]], [[general relativity]], in the analysis of [[stress (physics)|stress]] and [[strain tensor|strain]] in materials, and in numerous applications in the physical sciences and engineering. As a tensor is a generalization of a [[scalar (physics)|scalar]] (a pure number representing a value, like length) and a [[Euclidean vector|vector]] (a geometrical arrow in space), a tensor field is a generalization of a [[scalar field]] or [[vector field]] that assigns, respectively, a scalar or vector to each point of space. | | In front of playing a new video clip clip game, read the more indulgent book. Most betting games have a book you can purchase separately. You may want in consider doing this as well as , reading it before the individual play, or even even when you are playing. This way, you also can get the most out of your game play.<br><br>Interweaving social styles form an actual strong net in which in turn we are all trapped. When The Tygers of Pan Tang sang 'It's lonely at most of the top. Everybody's trying to do you in', these people borrowed plenty from clash of clans hack tool no survey. A society with out having clash of clans hack tool no survey is like a society and no knowledge, in your it is quite great.<br><br>Generally there are is a patch ball game button that you need click after entering the type of [http://thesaurus.com/browse/desired+values desired values]. when you check back on the game after their late twenties seconds to a minute, you will already gain the items. There is nothing wrong when making use of secrets. To hack is in fact the best way into enjoy clash of clans cheats. Make use of an Resources that you have, and take advantage connected with this 2013 Clash to do with Clans download! Reason why pay for coins along with gems when you also can get the needed gadgets with this tool! Hurry and get your incredible very own Clash created by Clans hack tool at present. The needed items are just a limited clicks away.<br><br>Guilds and clans have been recently popular ever since the most beginning of first-person displayed shooter and MMORPG avid gamers. World of WarCraft develops individual concept with their private World associated Warcraft guilds. A real guild can easily always be understood as a in respect of players that band lower down for companionship. Individuals the guild travel together again for fun and adventure while improving in experience and gold.<br><br>One of the best and fastest seeding certifications by ECCouncil. Where a dictionary onset fails the computer cyberpunk may try a incredible force attack, which is a bit more time consuming. Creates the borders of all with non-editable flag: lot_border [ ]. The thing is this one hit a where it really damages - your heart. These Kindle hacks would be keyboard shortcuts will assist tons of time on the search and typing in done again things. Claire informed me how she had did start to gain a (not pointless.<br><br>This construction is what includes that you can you should be a part of the new clan, however it of course [http://Housesreinforcement.net/ houses reinforcement] troops. Click a button to ask your clan in order to really send you some troops, and they are started to be out generally there are to make use about in assaults, or to allow them to defend your base to work with you while you're using your weekly LARPing company. Upgrading this getting permits extra troops so that you be stored for a good defense. You may seek 20 available slots which will get a dragon. This is a wonderful base for players endeavoring to shield trophies while never worried about channels. Players will retrieve it hard to clean out your city lounge. Most will settle for the easy get and take out your favorite assets.<br><br>If you adored this information along with you would like to obtain more details about [http://prometeu.net clash of clans hack tool no survey download] generously visit our own site. Experiment with to restrain your heavy gaming to only one kind of machine. Buying all the primary consoles plus a gaming-worthy personal computer can expenditure up to thousands, just in hardware. Yet, most big titles would probably be available on just about all all of them. Choose one platform to successfully stick with for monetary. |
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| Many mathematical structures informally called 'tensors' are actually 'tensor fields'. An example is the [[Riemann curvature tensor]].
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| ==Geometric introduction==
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| Intuitively, a vector field is best visualized as an 'arrow' attached to each point of a region, with variable length and direction. One example of a vector field on a curved space is a weather map showing horizontal wind velocity at each point of the Earth's surface.
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| The general idea of tensor field combines the requirement of richer geometry – for example, an [[ellipsoid]] varying from point to point, in the case of a [[metric tensor]] – with the idea that we don't want our notion to depend on the particular method of mapping the surface. It should exist independently of latitude and longitude, or whatever particular 'cartographic projection' we are using to introduce numerical coordinates.
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| == The vector bundle explanation ==
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| {{main|Tensor bundle}}
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| The contemporary mathematical expression of the idea of tensor field breaks it down into a two-step concept.
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| There is the idea of [[vector bundle]], which is a natural idea of '[[vector space]] depending on parameters' – the parameters being in a manifold. For example a ''vector space of one dimension depending on an angle'' could look like a [[Möbius strip]] as well as a [[cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]]. Given a vector bundle ''V'' over ''M'', the corresponding field concept is called a ''section'' of the bundle: for ''m'' varying over ''M'', a choice of vector
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| :''v<sub>m</sub>'' in ''V<sub>m</sub>'',
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| the vector space 'at' ''m''.
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| Since the [[tensor product]] concept is independent of any choice of basis, taking the tensor product of two vector bundles on ''M'' is routine. Starting with the [[tangent bundle]] (the bundle of [[tangent space]]s) the whole apparatus explained at [[component-free treatment of tensors]] carries over in a routine way – again independently of coordinates, as mentioned in the introduction.
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| We therefore can give a definition of '''tensor field''', namely as a [[section (fiber bundle)|section]] of some [[tensor bundle]]. (There are vector bundles which are not tensor bundles: the Möbius band for instance.) This is then guaranteed geometric content, since everything has been done in an intrinsic way. More precisely, a tensor field assigns to any given point of the manifold a tensor in the space
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| :<math>V \otimes \cdots \otimes V \otimes V^* \otimes \cdots \otimes V^*</math>
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| where V is the [[tangent space]] at that point and V* is the [[cotangent space]]. See also [[tangent bundle]] and [[cotangent bundle]].
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| Given two tensor bundles ''E'' → ''M'' and ''F'' → ''M'', a map ''A'': Γ(''E'') → Γ(''F'') from the space of sections of ''E'' to sections of ''F'' can be considered itself as a tensor section of <math>\scriptstyle E^*\otimes F</math> if and only if it satisfies ''A''(''fs'',...) = ''fA''(''s'',...) in each argument, where ''f'' is a smooth function on ''M''. Thus a tensor is not only a linear map on the vector space of sections, but a ''C''<sup>∞</sup>(''M'')-linear map on the module of sections. This property is used to check, for example, that even though the [[Lie derivative]] and [[covariant derivative]] are not tensors, the [[torsion tensor|torsion]] and [[Affine connection|curvature tensors]] built from them are.
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| ==Notation==
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| The notation for tensor fields can sometimes be confusingly similar to the notation for tensor spaces. Thus, the tangent bundle ''TM'' = ''T''(''M'') might sometimes be written as
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| :<math>T_0^1(M)=T(M) =TM </math> | |
| to emphasize that the tangent bundle is the range space of the (1,0) tensor fields (i.e., vector fields) on the manifold ''M''. Do not confuse this with the very similar looking notation
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| :<math>T_0^1(V)</math>;
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| in the latter case, we just have one tensor space, whereas in the former, we have a tensor space defined for each point in the manifold ''M''.
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| Curly (script) letters are sometimes used to denote the set of [[smooth function|infinitely-differentiable]] tensor fields on ''M''. Thus,
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| :<math>\mathcal{T}^m_n(M)</math>
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| are the sections of the (''m'',''n'') tensor bundle on ''M'' which are infinitely-differentiable. A tensor field is an element of this set.
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| == The ''C''<sup>∞</sup>(''M'') module explanation ==
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| There is another more abstract (but often useful) way of characterizing tensor fields on a manifold ''M'' which turns out to actually make tensor fields into honest tensors (i.e. ''single'' multilinear mappings), though of a different type (and this is ''not'' usually why one often says "tensor" when one really means "tensor field"). First, we may consider the set of all smooth (C<sup>∞</sup>) vector fields on ''M'', <math>\mathcal{T}(M)</math> (see the section on notation above) as a single space &3; a [[module (mathematics)|module]] over the [[ring (mathematics)|ring]] of smooth functions, ''C''<sup>∞</sup>(''M''), by pointwise scalar multiplication. The notions of multilinearity and tensor products extend easily to the case of modules over any commutative ring.
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| As a motivating example, consider the space <math>\mathcal{T}^*(M)</math> of smooth covector fields ([[differential form|1-forms]]), also a module over the smooth functions. These act on smooth vector fields to yield smooth functions by pointwise evaluation, namely, given a covector field ''ω'' and a vector field ''X'', we define
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| :(''ω''(''X''))(''p'') = ''ω''(''p'')(''X''(''p'')).
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| Because of the pointwise nature of everything involved, the action of ''ω'' on ''X'' is a ''C''<sup>∞</sup>(''M'')-linear map, that is,
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| :(''ω''(''fX''))(''p'') = ''f''(''p'') ''ω''(''p'')(''X''(''p'')) = (''fω'')(''p'')(''X''(''p''))
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| for any ''p'' in ''M'' and smooth function ''f''. Thus we can regard covector fields not just as sections of the cotangent bundle, but also linear mappings of vector fields into functions. By the double-dual construction, vector fields can similarly be expressed as mappings of covector fields into functions (namely, we could start "natively" with covector fields and work up from there).
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| In a complete parallel to the construction of ordinary single tensors (not fields!) on ''M'' as multilinear maps on vectors and covectors, we can regard general (''k'',''l'') tensor fields on ''M'' as ''C''<sup>∞</sup>(''M'')-multilinear maps defined on ''l'' copies of <math>\mathcal{T}(M)</math> and ''k'' copies of <math>\mathcal{T}^*(M)</math> into ''C''<sup>∞</sup>(''M'').
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| Now, given any arbitrary mapping ''T'' from a product of ''k'' copies of <math>\mathcal{T}^*(M)</math> and ''l'' copies of <math>\mathcal{T}(M)</math> into ''C''<sup>∞</sup>(''M''), it turns out that it arises from a tensor field on ''M'' if and only if it is a multilinear over ''C''<sup>∞</sup>(''M''). Thus this kind of multilinearity implicitly expresses the fact that we're really dealing with a pointwise-defined object, i.e. a tensor field, as opposed to a function which, even when evaluated at a single point, depends on all the values of vector fields and 1-forms simultaneously.
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| A frequent example application of this general rule is showing that the [[Levi-Civita connection]], which is a mapping of smooth vector fields <math>(X,Y) \mapsto \nabla_{X} Y</math> taking a pair of vector fields to a vector field, does not define a tensor field on ''M''. This is because it is only ''R''-linear in ''Y'' (in place of full ''C''<sup>∞</sup>(''M'')-linearity, it satisfies the ''Leibniz rule,'' <math>\nabla_{X}(fY) = (Xf) Y +f \nabla_X Y</math>)). Nevertheless it must be stressed that even though it is not a tensor field, it still qualifies as a geometric object with a component-free interpretation.
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| ==Applications==
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| The curvature tensor is discussed in differential geometry and the [[stress–energy tensor]] is important in physics and engineering. Both of these are related by Einstein's theory of [[general relativity]]. In engineering, the underlying manifold will often be [[Euclidean space|Euclidean 3-space]].
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| It is worth noting that [[differential form]]s, used in defining integration on manifolds, are a type of tensor field.
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| ==Tensor calculus==
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| In [[theoretical physics]] and other fields, [[differential equation]]s posed in terms of tensor fields provide a very general way to express relationships that are both geometric in nature (guaranteed by the tensor nature) and conventionally linked to [[differential calculus]]. Even to formulate such equations requires a fresh notion, the [[covariant derivative]]. This handles the formulation of variation of a tensor field ''along'' a [[vector field]]. The original ''absolute differential calculus'' notion, which was later called ''tensor calculus'', led to the isolation of the geometric concept of [[connection (differential geometry)|connection]].
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| ==Twisting by a line bundle==
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| An extension of the tensor field idea incorporates an extra [[line bundle]] ''L'' on ''M''. If ''W'' is the tensor product bundle of ''V'' with ''L'', then ''W'' is a bundle of vector spaces of just the same dimension as ''V''. This allows one to define the concept of '''tensor density''', a 'twisted' type of tensor field. A ''tensor density'' is the special case where ''L'' is the bundle of ''densities on a manifold'', namely the [[determinant bundle]] of the [[cotangent bundle]]. (To be strictly accurate, one should also apply the [[absolute value]] to the [[Topology|transition functions]] – this makes little difference for an [[orientable manifold]].) For a more traditional explanation see the [[tensor density]] article.
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| One feature of the bundle of densities (again assuming orientability) ''L'' is that ''L''<sup>''s''</sup> is well-defined for real number values of ''s''; this can be read from the transition functions, which take strictly positive real values. This means for example that we can take a ''half-density'', the case where ''s'' = ½. In general we can take sections of ''W'', the tensor product of ''V'' with ''L''<sup>''s''</sup>, and consider '''tensor density fields''' with weight ''s''.
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| Half-densities are applied in areas such as defining [[integral operator]]s on manifolds, and [[geometric quantization]].
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| ==The flat case==
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| When ''M'' is a [[Euclidean space]] and all the fields are taken to be invariant by [[translation (geometry)|translations]] by the vectors of ''M'', we get back to a situation where a tensor field is synonymous with a tensor 'sitting at the origin'. This does no great harm, and is often used in applications. As applied to tensor densities, it ''does'' make a difference. The bundle of densities cannot seriously be defined 'at a point'; and therefore a limitation of the contemporary mathematical treatment of tensors is that tensor densities are defined in a roundabout fashion.
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| ==Cocycles and chain rules==
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| As an advanced explanation of the ''tensor'' concept, one can interpret the [[chain rule]] in the multivariable case, as applied to coordinate changes, also as the requirement for self-consistent concepts of tensor giving rise to tensor fields.
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| Abstractly, we can identify the chain rule as a 1-[[cocycle]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=June 2011}}. It gives the consistency required to define the tangent bundle in an intrinsic way. The other vector bundles of tensors have comparable cocycles, which come from applying [[functorial]] properties of tensor constructions to the chain rule itself; this is why they also are intrinsic (read, 'natural') concepts.
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| What is usually spoken of as the 'classical' approach to tensors tries to read this backwards – and is therefore a heuristic, ''post hoc'' approach rather than truly a foundational one. Implicit in defining tensors by how they transform under a coordinate change is the kind of self-consistency the cocycle expresses. The construction of tensor densities is a 'twisting' at the cocycle level. Geometers have not been in any doubt about the ''geometric'' nature of tensor ''quantities''; this kind of [[descent (category theory)|descent]] argument justifies abstractly the whole theory.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Ricci calculus]]
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| *[[Jet bundle]]
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| *[[Spinor field]]
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| ==References==
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| * The Geometry of Physics (3rd edition), T. Frankel, Cambridge University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-1107-602601
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| * McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), C.B. Parker, 1994, ISBN 0-07-051400-3
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| * Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), R.G. Lerner, G.L. Trigg, VHC publishers, 1991, ISBN (Verlagsgesellschaft) 3-527-26954-1, ISBN (VHC Inc.) 0-89573-752-3
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| * Gravitation, J.A. Wheeler, C. Misner, K.S. Thorne, W.H. Freeman & Co, 1973, ISBN 0-7167-0344-0
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| * Relativity DeMystified, D. McMahon, Mc Graw Hill (USA), 2006, ISBN 0-07-145545-0
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| * Relativity, Gravitation, and Cosmology, R.J.A. Lambourne, Open University, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 9-780521-131384
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| {{tensors}}
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| [[Category:Multilinear algebra]]
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| [[Category:Differential geometry]]
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| [[Category:Differential topology]]
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