List of Chinese discoveries: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:16, 30 November 2013

In computer science, the ambient calculus is a process calculus devised by Luca Cardelli and Andrew D. Gordon in 1998, and used to describe and theorise about concurrent systems that include mobility. Here mobility means both computation carried out on mobile devices (i.e. networks that have a dynamic topology), and mobile computation (i.e. executable code that is able to move around the network). The ambient calculus provides a unified framework for modeling both kinds of mobility.^[1] It is used to model interactions in such concurrent systems as the Internet.

Since its inception, the ambient calculus has grown into a family of closely related ambient calculi Template:Dead link.

Informal description

Ambients

The fundamental primitive of the ambient calculus is the ambient. An ambient is informally defined as a bounded place in which computation can occur. The notion of boundaries is considered key to representing mobility, since a boundary defines a contained computational agent that can be moved in its entirety.^[1] Examples of ambients include:

a web page (bounded by a file)
a virtual address space (bounded by an addressing range)
a Unix file system (bounded within a physical volume)
a single data object (bounded by “self”)
a laptop (bounded by its case and data ports)

The key properties of ambients within the Ambient calculus are:

Ambients have names, which are used to control access to the ambient
Ambients can be nested inside other ambients (representing, for example, administrative domains)
Ambients can be moved as a whole

Operations

Computation is represented as the crossing of boundaries, i.e. the movement of ambients. There are three basic operations (or capabilities) on ambients:^[1]

$i n m . P$ instructs the surrounding ambient to enter some sibling ambient $m$ , and then proceed as $P$
$o u t m . P$ instructs the surrounding ambient to exit its parent ambient $m$
$o p e n m . P$ instructs the surrounding ambient to dissolve the boundary of an ambient $m$ located at the same level
$c o p y m .$ makes any number of copy of something $m$

The Ambient calculus provides a reduction semantics that formally defines what the results of these operations are.

Communication within (i.e. local to) an ambient is anonymous and asynchronous. Output actions release names or capabilities into the surrounding ambient. Input actions capture a value from the ambient, and bind it to a variable. Non-local I/O can be represented in terms of these local communications actions by a variety of means. One approach is to use mobile “messenger” agents that carry a message from one ambient to another (using the capabilities described above). Another approach is to emulate channel-based communications by modeling a channel in terms of ambients and operations on those ambients.^[1] The three basic ambient primitives, namely in, out, and open are expressive enough to simulate name-passing channels in the π-calculus.

External links

Mobile Computational Ambients Template:Dead link by Luca Cardelli

References

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A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[cardelli1998-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+In [[computer science]], the '''ambient calculus''' is a [[process calculus]] devised by [[Luca Cardelli]] and [[Andrew D. Gordon]] in 1998, and used to describe and theorise about [[concurrent systems]] that include ''mobility''. Here ''mobility'' means both computation carried out on mobile devices (''i.e.'' networks that have a dynamic topology), and mobile computation (''i.e.'' executable code that is able to move around the network). The ambient calculus provides a unified framework for modeling both kinds of mobility.<ref name="cardelli1998">{{cite journal|last=Cardelli|first=L.|coauthors=A.D. Gordon|authorlink=Luca Cardelli|title=Mobile Ambients|journal=Proceedings of the First international Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structure (March 28 - April 4, 1998). M. Nivat, Ed. Lecture Notes in Computer Science| volume= 1378|publisher=Springer-Verlag|pages=140–155}}</ref> It is used to model interactions in such [[concurrent systems]] as the [[Internet]].
+Since its inception, the ambient calculus has grown into a family of closely related [http://xdguan.freezope.org/wiki/AmbientCalculiOnline ''ambient calculi''] {{Dead link|date=February 2014}}.
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+== Informal description ==
+===Ambients===
+The fundamental primitive of the ambient calculus is the '''ambient'''. An ambient is informally defined as a ''bounded'' place in which computation can occur. The notion of boundaries is considered key to representing mobility, since a boundary defines a contained computational agent that can be moved in its entirety.<ref name="cardelli1998"/> Examples of ambients include:
+* a web page (bounded by a file)
+* a virtual address space (bounded by an addressing range)
+* a Unix file system (bounded within a physical volume)
+* a single data object (bounded by  “[[this (computer science)|self]]”)
+* a laptop (bounded by its case and data ports)
+The key properties of ambients within the Ambient calculus are:
+* Ambients have names, which are used to control access to the ambient
+* Ambients can be nested inside other ambients (representing, for example, administrative domains)
+* Ambients can be moved as a whole
+===Operations===
+Computation is represented as the crossing of boundaries, ''i.e.'' the movement of ambients. There are three basic operations (or capabilities) on ambients:<ref name="cardelli1998"/>
+* <math>in\;m.P</math> instructs the surrounding ambient to enter some sibling ambient <math>m</math>, and then proceed as <math>P</math>
+* <math>out\;m.P</math> instructs the surrounding ambient to exit its parent ambient <math>m</math>
+* <math>open\;m.P</math> instructs the surrounding ambient to dissolve the boundary of an ambient <math>m</math> located at the same level
+* <math>copy\;m.</math> makes any number of copy of something <math>m</math>
+The Ambient calculus provides a reduction semantics that formally defines what the results of these operations are.
+Communication ''within'' (''i.e.'' local to) an ambient is anonymous and asynchronous. Output actions release names or capabilities into the surrounding ambient. Input actions capture a value from the ambient, and bind it to a variable. ''Non-local'' I/O can be represented in terms of these local communications actions by a variety of means. One approach is to use mobile “messenger” agents that carry a message from one ambient to another (using the capabilities described above). Another approach is to emulate channel-based communications by modeling a channel in terms of ambients and operations on those ambients.<ref name="cardelli1998"/> The three basic ambient primitives, namely '''in''', '''out''', and '''open''' are expressive enough to simulate name-passing channels in the [[Pi-calculus|π-calculus]].
+== See also ==
+* [[lambda calculus]]
+* [[type theory]]
+* [[API-Calculus]]
+==External links==
+*[http://lucacardelli.name/Ambients.html Mobile Computational Ambients] {{Dead link|date=February 2014}} by [[Luca Cardelli]]
+== References ==
+{{reflist}}
+[[Category:Process calculi]]

List of Chinese discoveries: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:16, 30 November 2013

Contents

Informal description

Ambients

Operations

See also

External links

References

Navigation menu

List of Chinese discoveries: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:16, 30 November 2013

Informal description

Ambients

Operations

See also

External links

References

Navigation menu

Search