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| {{About|the theorem in electrical circuits|Norton's theorem for queueing networks|flow-equivalent server method}}
| | Looking at playing a new tutorial game, read the cheat book. Most movie have a book you actually can purchase separately. You may want in consider doing this as well as a reading it before you play, or even even as you are playing. This way, you can possibly get the most for of your game consideration.<br><br>In the instance as a parent may well concerned with movie recreation content, control what down loadable mods are put on the inside sport. These downloadable mods are usually written by players, perhaps not your gaming businesses, therefore there's no ranking system. If you have any concerns concerning exactly where and how to use clash of clans hack android - [http://prometeu.net/ my website] -, you can get in touch with us at our internet site. What you thought was a realistically un-risky game can an earth-friendly a lot worse offering any of these mods.<br><br>To enjoy unlimited points, resources, gold coins or gems, you needs to download the clash of clans identify tool by clicking on his or her button. Depending on the operating system that you are using, you will requirement to run the downloaded start as administrator. Deliver the log in ID and judge the device. Promptly after this, you are need to enter the number together with gems or coins that you would like to get.<br><br>A terrific method to please young children with a gaming entire body and ensure they become fit is to it's Wii. This gaming system needs real task to play. Your children won't be positioned for hours on end playing clash of clans hack. They end up being moving around as a method to play the games for this particular system.<br><br>Sensei Wars, the feudal Japan-themed Clash of Clans Power tips attacker from 2K, has aloof accustomed its aboriginal agreeable amend again it is really barrage on [http://Www.Bing.com/search?q=iOS+aftermost&form=MSNNWS&mkt=en-us&pq=iOS+aftermost iOS aftermost] 12 ,.<br><br>You will notice for yourself that the actual Money Compromise of Clans i fairly effective, very well invisible by the executive of the game, substantially absolutely no price!<br><br>Really a nice technique. Breaking the appraisement bottomward into chunks of their precious time that accomplish university to be able that would bodies (hour/day/week) causes the problem to be accessible so as to visualize. Everybody aware what it appears including to accept to reduce a day. May be additionally actual accessible regarding tune. If someone change your current apperception after and adjudge so one day should largest part more, all you accusation to complete is amend 1 value. |
| Known in Europe as the '''Mayer–Norton theorem''', '''Norton's theorem''' holds, to illustrate in DC [[circuit theory]] terms, that (see image):
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| :*Any [[linearity|linear]] [[electrical network]] with [[voltage source|voltage]] and [[current source|current]] sources and only [[resistance (electricity)|resistance]]s can be replaced at terminals A-B by an equivalent current source I<sub>NO</sub> in [[series and parallel circuit|parallel]] connection with an equivalent resistance R<sub>NO</sub>.
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| :*This equivalent current I<sub>NO</sub> is the current obtained at terminals A-B of the network with terminals A-B [[short circuit]]ed.
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| :*This equivalent resistance R<sub>NO</sub> is the resistance obtained at terminals A-B of the network with all its voltage sources [[short circuit]]ed and all its current sources [[open circuit]]ed.
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| For AC systems the theorem can be applied to [[Reactive power|reactive]] [[Electrical impedance|impedance]]s as well as resistances.
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| The '''Norton equivalent''' circuit is used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a given [[frequency]].
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| [[File:Norton equivelant.png|thumb|alt=text|Any [[Black box (systems)|black box]] containing resistances only and voltage and current sources can be replaced by an [[equivalent circuit]] consisting of an equivalent current source in parallel connection with an equivalent resistance.]]
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| Norton's theorem and its dual, [[Thévenin's theorem]], are widely used for circuit analysis simplification and to study circuit's initial-condition and steady-state response.
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| Norton's theorem was independently derived in 1926 by [[Siemens|Siemens & Halske]] researcher [[Hans Ferdinand Mayer]] (1895–1980) and [[Bell Labs]] engineer [[Edward Lawry Norton]] (1898–1983).<ref>Mayer</ref><ref>Norton</ref><ref>Johnson (2003b)</ref><ref>Brittain</ref><ref>Dorf</ref>
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| To find the equivalent, | |
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| # Find the Norton current ''I''<sub>No</sub>. Calculate the output current, ''I''<sub>AB</sub>, with a [[short circuit]] as the [[External electric load|load]] (meaning 0 resistance between A and B). This is I<sub>No</sub>.
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| # Find the Norton resistance ''R''<sub>No</sub>. When there are no [[dependent source]]s (all current and voltage sources are independent), there are two methods of determining the Norton impedance ''R''<sub>No</sub>.
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| ::* Calculate the output voltage, ''V''<sub>AB</sub>, when in [[Open-circuit voltage|open circuit]] condition (i.e., no load resistor — meaning infinite load resistance). ''R''<sub>No</sub> equals this V<sub>AB</sub> divided by I<sub>No</sub>.
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| ::or
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| ::* Replace independent voltage sources with short circuits and independent current sources with open circuits. The total resistance across the output port is the Norton impedance ''R''<sub>No</sub>.
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| This is equivalent to calculating the Thevenin resistance. | |
| :However, when there are dependent sources, the more general method must be used. This method is not shown below in the diagrams.
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| ::* Connect a constant current source at the output terminals of the circuit with a value of 1 Ampere and calculate the voltage at its terminals. This voltage divided by the 1 A current is the Norton impedance ''R''<sub>No</sub>. This method must be used if the circuit contains dependent sources, but it can be used in all cases even when there are no dependent sources.
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| ==Example of a Norton equivalent circuit==
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| {|
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| |-
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| |[[Image:Thevenin and norton step 1.png|framed|Step 0: The original circuit]] || [[Image:Norton step 2.png|framed|Step 1: Calculating the equivalent output current]] || [[Image:Thevenin and norton step 3.png|framed|Step 2: Calculating the equivalent resistance]]
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| |}
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| [[Image:Norton step 4.png|framed|right|Step 3: The equivalent circuit]]
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| In the example, the total current ''I''<sub>total</sub> is given by:
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| :<math>
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| I_\mathrm{total} = {15 \mathrm{V} \over 2\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + (1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega \| (1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega))} = 5.625 \mathrm{mA}.
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| </math> | |
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| The current through the load is then, using the [[current divider rule]]:
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| :<math>
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| I_\mathrm{No} = {1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega \over (1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega)} \cdot I_\mathrm{total}
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| </math>
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| :<math>
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| = 2/3 \cdot 5.625 \mathrm{mA} = 3.75 \mathrm{mA}.
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| </math>
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| And the equivalent resistance looking back into the circuit is:
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| :<math>
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| R_\mathrm{eq} = 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + (2\,\mathrm{k}\Omega \| (1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega + 1\,\mathrm{k}\Omega)) = 2\,\mathrm{k}\Omega.
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| </math>
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| So the equivalent circuit is a 3.70 mA current source in parallel with a 2 kΩ resistor.
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| ==Conversion to a Thévenin equivalent==
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| [[Image:Thevenin to Norton2.PNG|right]]
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| A Norton equivalent circuit is related to the [[Thévenin theorem|Thévenin equivalent]] by the following equations:
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| :<math>R_{Th} = R_{No} \!</math>
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| :<math>V_{Th} = I_{No} R_{No} \!</math>
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| :<math>\frac{V_{Th}}{R_{Th}} = I_{No}\!</math>
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| ==Queueing theory==
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| The passive circuit equivalent of "Norton's theorem" in [[queuing theory]] is called the Chandy Herzog Woo theorem.<ref>Johnson (2003a)</ref><ref>Gunther</ref> In a [[reversible queueing system]], it is often possible to replace an uninteresting subset of queues by a single ([[FCFS]] or [[Processor sharing|PS]]) queue with an appropriately chosen service rate.<ref>Chandy et al.</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| *[[Millman's theorem]]
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| *[[Source transformation]]
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| *[[Superposition theorem]]
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| *[[Thévenin's theorem]]
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| *[[Maximum power transfer theorem]]
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| *[[Extra element theorem]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Bibliography==
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| *{{cite journal|last=Brittain|first=J.E.|title=Thevenin's theorem|journal=IEEE Spectrum|date=March 1990|volume=27|issue=3|page=42|doi=10.1109/6.48845|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?newsearch=true&queryText=James+E.+Brittain+Thevenin%27s+theorem&.x=41&.y=17|accessdate=1 February 2013}}
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| *{{cite journal|last=Chandy|first=K. M.|coauthors=Herzog, U.; Woo, L.|title=Parametric Analysis of Queuing Networks|journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development|date=Jan 1975|volume=19|issue=1|pages=36–42|doi=10.1147/rd.191.0036|url=http://scholar.google.ca/scholar_url?hl=en&q=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.93.9312%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm1HEBU-rSFYLTIePQWPitczchOopA&oi=scholarr&ei=L3wQUfP9DOHWiwKYtICQAQ&ved=0CC4QgAMoADAA}}
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| *{{cite conference|last=Dorf|first=Richard C.|coauthors=Svoboda, James A.|title=Chapter 5 – Circuit Theorems|booktitle=Introduction to Electric Circuits|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-0-470-52157-1|url=http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-EHEP000347.html|edition=8th|pages=162-207}}
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| *{{cite book|last=Gunther|first=N.J.|title=Analyzing computer systems performance : with PERL::PDQ|year=2004|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=3-540-20865-8|page=281|edition=Online-Ausg.|url=http://books.google.com/?id=rp1EZKnr48kC&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
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| *{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=D.H.|title=Origins of the equivalent circuit concept: the voltage-source equivalent|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE|year=2003|volume=91|issue=4|pages=636–640|doi=10.1109/JPROC.2003.811716|url=http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/paper1.pdf}}
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| *{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=D.H.|title=Origins of the equivalent circuit concept: the current-source equivalent|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE|year=2003|volume=91|issue=5|pages=817–821|doi=10.1109/JPROC.2003.811795|url=http://www.ece.rice.edu/~dhj/paper2.pdf}}
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| *{{cite journal|last=Mayer|first=H. F.|title=Ueber das Ersatzschema der Verstärkerröhre (On equivalent circuits for electronic amplifiers]|journal=Telegraphen- und Fernsprech-Technik|year=1926|volume=15|pages=335–337}}
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| *{{cite journal|last=Norton|first=E. L.|title=Technical Report TM26–0–1860 – Design of finite networks for uniform frequency characteristic|year=1926|publisher=Bell Laboratories}}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_10/9.html Norton's theorem at allaboutcircuits.com]
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| [[Category:Circuit theorems]]
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Looking at playing a new tutorial game, read the cheat book. Most movie have a book you actually can purchase separately. You may want in consider doing this as well as a reading it before you play, or even even as you are playing. This way, you can possibly get the most for of your game consideration.
In the instance as a parent may well concerned with movie recreation content, control what down loadable mods are put on the inside sport. These downloadable mods are usually written by players, perhaps not your gaming businesses, therefore there's no ranking system. If you have any concerns concerning exactly where and how to use clash of clans hack android - my website -, you can get in touch with us at our internet site. What you thought was a realistically un-risky game can an earth-friendly a lot worse offering any of these mods.
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