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| {{Infobox scientist
| | There is nothing to write about me I think.<br>Hurrey Im here and a part of this site.<br>I just hope I am useful at all<br><br>Here is my web site ... [http://hemorrhoidtreatmentfix.com/bleeding-hemorrhoids hemorrhoids bleeding] |
| | name = Woldemar Voigt
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| | image = WoldemarVoigt.jpg|150px
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| | image_size = 150px
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| | caption = Woldemar Voigt (1850 - 1919)
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| | birth_date = 2 September 1850
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| | birth_place = [[Leipzig]], [[Kingdom of Saxony]]
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| | death_date = 13 December 1919
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| | death_place = [[Göttingen]], [[Weimar Germany|Germany]]
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| | residence = [[Germany]]
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| | nationality = [[Germany|German]]
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| | field = [[Physicist]]
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| | work_institution = [[Georg-August University of Göttingen]]
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| | alma_mater = [[Universität Königsberg]]
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| | doctoral_advisor = [[Franz Ernst Neumann]]
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| | doctoral_students = [[Paul Drude]] <br> Karl Körner <br> Alfred A. Robb
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| <!--[[Jan Kroo]]<br>
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| [[Karl Körner]]<br>
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| [[Burton Moore]]<br>
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| [[Alfred Robb]] <br>
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| [[Fritz Schmidt]]-->
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| | known_for = [[Voigt notation]]<br>[[Voigt profile]]<br>[[Voigt effect]]
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| | prizes =
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| | religion =
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| | footnotes =
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| '''Woldemar Voigt''' ({{IPA-de|foːkt|lang}}; 2 September 1850 – 13 December 1919) was a [[Germany|German]] [[physicist]], who taught at the [[Georg August University of Göttingen]]. Voigt eventually went on to head the Mathematical Physics Department at Göttingen and was succeeded in 1914 by [[Peter Debye]], who took charge of the theoretical department of the Physical Institute. In 1921, Debye was succeeded by [[Max Born]].
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| Voigt was born in [[Leipzig]], and died in [[Göttingen]]. He was a student of [[Franz Ernst Neumann]]. He worked on [[crystal]] [[physics]], [[thermodynamics]] and [[electro-optics]]. His main work was the ''Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik'' (textbook on crystal physics), first published in 1910. He discovered the [[Voigt effect]] in 1898. The word [[tensor]] in its current meaning was introduced by him in 1899. [[Voigt profile]] and [[Voigt notation]] are named after him. He was also an amateur musician and became known as a Bach expert (see External links).
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| In 1887 Voigt formulated a form of the [[Lorentz transformation]] between a rest frame of reference and a frame moving with speed <math>v</math> in the <math>x</math> direction. However, as Voigt himself declared, the transformation was aimed for a specific problem and did not carry with it the ideas of a general [[Coordinate system#Transformations|coordinate transformation]], as is the case in [[relativity theory]].<ref>{{Citation | author=Voigt, W. | year=1887a | journal=Göttinger Nachrichten | title= [[s:de:Ueber das Doppler’sche Princip|Ueber das Doppler’sche Princip]] ([[s:Translation:On the Principle of Doppler|On the Principle of Doppler]]) |pages= 41–51 |issue=7 }}; Reprinted with additional comments by Voigt in ''Physikalische Zeitschrift'' '''XVI''', 381 - 386 (1915).</ref>
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| ==The Voigt transformation==
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| {{Further|History of Lorentz transformations}}
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| In modern notation Voigt's transformation was
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| :<math>x^\prime = x - vt</math>
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| :<math>y^\prime = y/\gamma</math>
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| :<math>z^\prime = z/\gamma</math>
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| :<math>t^\prime = t - vx/c^2</math>
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| where <math>\gamma = 1/\sqrt{1 - v^2/c^2}</math>.
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| If the right-hand sides of his equations are multiplied by <math>\gamma</math> they are the modern [[Lorentz transformation]]. [[Hermann Minkowski]] said in 1908 that the transformations which play the main role in the principle of relativity were first examined by Voigt in 1887. Also [[Hendrik Lorentz]] (1909) is on record as saying he could have taken these transformations into his theory of electrodynamics, if only he had known of them, rather than developing his own. It is interesting then to examine the consequences of these transformations from this point of view. Lorentz might then have seen that the transformation introduced [[relativity of simultaneity]], and also [[time dilation]]. However, the magnitude of the dilation was greater than the now accepted value in the Lorentz transformations. Moving clocks, obeying Voigt's time transformation, indicate an elapsed time
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| <math>\Delta t_\mathrm{Voigt} = \gamma^{-2}\Delta t = \gamma^{-1}\Delta t_\mathrm{Lorentz}</math>, | |
| while stationary clocks indicate an elapsed time <math>\Delta t</math>.
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| Lorentz did not adopt this transformation as he found in 1904 that only the Lorentz contraction corresponds to the principle of relativity. Since Voigt's transformation preserves the speed of light in all frames, the [[Michelson-Morley experiment]] and the [[Kennedy-Thorndike experiment]] can not distinguish between the two transformations. The crucial question is the issue of time dilation. The experimental measurement of [[time dilation]] by [[Ives–Stilwell experiment|Ives and Stillwell]] (1938) and others settled the issue in favor of the Lorentz transformation.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[German inventors and discoverers]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Wikisource|Translation:On the Principle of Doppler|On the Principle of Doppler}}
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| ;Primary Sources
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| <references />
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| *{{Citation | author=Voigt, W. | year=1887b | journal=Göttinger Nachrichten | title= Theorie des Lichts für bewegte Medien | url= http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=55436 |pages= 177–238 |issue=8 }}; This article ends with the announcement that in a forthcoming article the principles worked out so far shall be applied to the problems of reflection and refraction. The article contains on p. 235, last paragraph, and on p. 236, 2nd paragraph, a judgment on the Michelson experiment of 1886, which Voigt, after a correspondence with H. A. Lorentz in 1887 and 1888, has partly withdrawn in the article announced, namely in a footnote in Voigt (1888). According to Voigt's first judgment, the Michelson experiment must yield a null result, independently of whether the Earth transports the luminiferous aether with it (Fizeau's 1st aether hypothesis), or whether the Earth moves through an entirely independent, self-consistent universal [[luminiferous aether]] (Fizeau's 2nd aether hypothesis).
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| *{{Citation | author=Voigt, W. | year=1888 | journal=Annalen der Physik | title= Theorie des Lichts für bewegte Medien |pages= 370–396, 524–551 |volume=35 }}; In a footnote on p. 390 of this article, Voigt corrects his earlier judgment, made in ''Göttinger Nachrichten'' No. 8, p. 235 and p. 236 (1887), and states indirectly that, after a correspondence with H. A. Lorentz, he can no longer maintain that in the case of the validity of Fizeau's 2nd aether hypothesis the Michelson experiment must yield a null result too.
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| *{{Citation | author=Bucherer, A. H.| year=1908 | title=Messungen an Becquerelstrahlen. Die experimentelle Bestätigung der Lorentz-Einsteinschen Theorie | journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift | volume =9 | issue=22 |pages =755–762}}; For Minkowski's statement see p. 762.
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| *{{Citation | author=Lorentz, H.A | year=1916 | title=The theory of electrons | url=http://www.archive.org/details/electronstheory00lorerich | place =Leipzig & Berlin| publisher=B.G. Teubner}}; See p. 198.
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| * Lorentz 1904, [[s:en:Electromagnetic phenomena|Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light]]
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| ;Secondary sources
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| *{{Citation | author=Macrossan, M. N. | year=1986 | journal=Brit. J. Phil. Sci. | title= A Note on Relativity Before Einstein | url= http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:9560 |pages= 232–234 |volume=37 | doi=10.1093/bjps/37.2.232}}
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| * Ernst, Andreas & Hsu Jong-Ping (June 2001); [http://psroc.phys.ntu.edu.tw/cjp/v39/211.pdf ''First Proposal of the Universal Speed of Light by Voigt in 1887''], pdf [[Chinese Journal of Physics]]
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| ==External links==
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| *{{MathGenealogy |id=45011}}
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| * [http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s1-04/1-04.htm The relativity of light (MathPages)]
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| * [http://homepages.bw.edu/bachbib/script/bach1.pl?0=Voigt,%20Woldemar Bach expert Woldemar Voigt]
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| * {{worldcat id|lccn-n87-122113}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=9927643}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME =Voigt, Woldemar
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = German physicist
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| | DATE OF BIRTH =2 September 1850
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Leipzig]], [[Saxony]]
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| | DATE OF DEATH =13 December 1919
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| | PLACE OF DEATH =[[Göttingen]], [[Germany]]
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Voigt, Woldemar}}
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| [[Category:1850 births]]
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| [[Category:1919 deaths]]
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| [[Category:German physicists]]
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| [[Category:People from Leipzig]]
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| [[Category:People from the Kingdom of Saxony]]
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| [[Category:University of Leipzig alumni]]
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| [[Category:University of Königsberg alumni]]
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| [[Category:University of Königsberg faculty]]
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| [[Category:University of Göttingen faculty]]
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| [[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
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There is nothing to write about me I think.
Hurrey Im here and a part of this site.
I just hope I am useful at all
Here is my web site ... hemorrhoids bleeding