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| | My name is Ilana and I am studying Art and Educational Policy Studies at Ocala National Forest / United States.<br><br>Here is my web blog :: Fifa 15 Coin Generator ([http://Freefacebooklike.com/fifa-15-coin-hack/ Freefacebooklike.com]) |
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| {{taxobox
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| |name = ''Helianthus annuus''
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| |image = Sunflower sky backdrop.jpg
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| |regnum = [[Plantae]]
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| |unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
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| |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
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| |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
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| |ordo = [[Asterales]]
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| |familia = [[Asteraceae]]
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| |subfamilia = [[Helianthoideae]]
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| |tribus = [[Heliantheae]]
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| |genus = ''[[Helianthus]]''
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| |species = '''''H. annuus'''''
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| |binomial = ''Helianthus annuus''
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| |binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
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| }}
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| The '''sunflower''' (''Helianthus annuus'') is an [[annual plant]] [[native plant|native]] to the [[Americas]]. It possesses a large [[inflorescence]] (flowering head), and its name is derived from the flower's shape and image, which is often used to capture the sun. The plant has a rough, hairy stem, broad, coarsely toothed, rough leaves, and circular [[Pseudanthium|flower heads]]. The heads consist of many individual flowers which mature into seeds, often in the hundreds, on a receptacle base.
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| From the Americas, [[sunflower seed]]s were brought to Europe in the 16th century, where, along with [[sunflower oil]], they became a widespread cooking ingredient. Leaves of the sunflower can be used as cattle feed, while the stems contain a fibre which may be used in [[paper]] production.
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| == Structure ==
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| The root of a sunflower reflects its characteristic of being a member of the class of flowers known as a [[dicot]], or dicotyledons. Out of the seed, the first root, [[radicle]], pushes through and develops into a taproot. It continues to expand through primary and secondary tissues. Primary roots develop from primary tissues of the apical trimester that increase the length of the plant. Secondary roots, from secondary tissues of the lateral trimesters give rise to the girth of the plant. Both structures are vital for the growth and strength of the stem.
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| The [[Plant stem|stem]] of a sunflower grows from the [[wikt:plume|plume]] found inside the seed. The plumule is an embryo shoot with a hypocaust stem structure below the point where the plume was attached and an epicycloid stem structure above this attachment point.<ref>Bidlack, James E. and Jansky, Shelley H. (2011) ''Stern's Introductory Plant Biology.'' New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Twelfth Edition. p.140.</ref> Since a sunflower is a dicot, the cross-section of the stem organizes the vascular bundles in an away to separate the cortex and create a pith. This is opposite of its root structure, which does not include a pith. The vascular bundles consisting of [[xylem]] and [[phloem]] transport water, mainly acquired from the roots, and food, mainly developed in the leaves, throughout the plant.
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| The leaf of a sunflower is considered a [[simple leaf]], being one which consists of a single blade.<ref>(Bidlack 2011:104)</ref> The [[plumule]] gives rise to the first leaves of the plant that will go on to grow into organs for [[transpiration]], with the opening and closing of the [[stomata]] found within the cell structure of leaves; for [[photosynthesis]], and for other [[metabolic]] activities.<ref>(Bidlack 2011:105)</ref> As far as structure, a sunflower blade is heart-shaped, has pinnate venation, and alternates along the stem. Its green color accents the vibrant green or other variety of leaves the flower has.
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| The flower of a sunflower is actually several flowers, which is why it is considered an [[inflorescence]]. An inflorescence is a group of several flowers.<ref>(Bidlack 2011:129)</ref> Therefore, the many individual packets at the center of the head are the fruits of the plant, not the seeds. Each flower of the sunflower consists of the typical structures of a flower: receptacle, peduncle, sepal, petals, stamen, and a pistil. Consequently, every flower is able to develop fruit, or the ripened ovary, with the ovule (seed) inside.
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| == Description ==
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| [[File:Helianthus whorl.jpg|thumb|left|Head displaying florets in spirals of 34 and 55 around the outside]]
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| What is usually called the "[[flower]]" on a mature sunflower is actually a "[[Head (botany)|flower head]]" (also known as a "composite flower") of numerous florets (small flowers) crowded together. The outer petal-bearing florets (ray florets) are sterile and can be yellow, red, orange, or other colors. The florets inside the circular head are called disc florets, which mature into seeds
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| The flower petals within the sunflower's cluster are always in a [[phyllotaxis|spiral pattern]]. Generally, each floret is oriented toward the next by approximately the [[golden angle]], 137.5°, producing a pattern of interconnecting [[spiral]]s, where the number of left spirals and the number of right spirals are successive [[Fibonacci number]]s. Typically, there are 34 spirals in one direction and 55 in the other; on a very large sunflower there could be 89 in one direction and 144 in the other.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.nl/books?id=2gO2sBp4ipQC&pg=RA1-PA217&dq=large-sunflower+spirals+144+89 |title=John A. Adam, Mathematics in Nature |publisher=Books.google.nl |date=|accessdate=2011-01-31|isbn=978-0-691-11429-3|year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat2.html#demos |title=R. Knott, Interactive demos |publisher=Mcs.surrey.ac.uk|date=2009-02-12 |accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html |title=R. Knott, Fibonacci in plants |publisher=Mcs.surrey.ac.uk |date=2010-10-30 |accessdate=2011-01-31}}</ref> This pattern produces the most efficient packing of seeds within the flower head.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f_VMeAToefwC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=fibonacci+packing+efficiency|title=Introduction to landscape design - Google Books |publisher=|date= 2000-08-25|accessdate=2011-01-31|isbn=978-0-471-35291-4|author1=Motloch|first1=John L}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YJ6uEstnjLsC&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185&dq=fibonacci+packing+efficiency |title=Phyllotaxis |publisher=|date=|accessdate=2011-01-31|isbn=978-0-521-40482-2|author1=Jean|first1=Roger V|year=1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/lab/5833/cycas.html&date=2009-10-25+16:53:45|title=Parastichy pair(13:21) of CYCAS REVOLUTA (male) florets_WebCite}}</ref>
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| Sunflowers commonly grow to heights between 1.5 and 3.5 m (5–12 ft.). The tallest sunflower confirmed by Guinness World Records is 8.0 m (2009, Germany). In 16th-century Europe the record was already 7.3 m (24 ft., Spain).<ref name="Gerard1597">{{cite book|last=Gerard|first=John|title=Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes|publisher=John Norton|location=London|year=1597|pages=612–614|url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748|accessdate=2012-08-08}} Popular botany book in 17th century England</ref> Most cultivars are variants of ''H. annuus'', but four other species (all perennials) are also domesticated. This includes ''H. tuberosus'', the [[Jerusalem Artichoke]], which produces edible tubers.
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| == Mathematical model of floret arrangement ==
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| [[Image:SunflowerModel.svg|thumb|Illustration of Vogel's model for ''n''=1 ... 500]]
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| A model for the pattern of [[floret]]s in the head of a sunflower was proposed by H. Vogel in 1979.<ref>
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| {{Cite journal
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| | last =Vogel
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| | first =H
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| | title =A better way to construct the sunflower head
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| | journal =Mathematical Biosciences
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| | issue =44
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| | pages =179–189
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| | year =1979
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| | doi =10.1016/0025-5564(79)90080-4
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| | volume =44
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| }}</ref> This is expressed in [[polar coordinates]]
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| :<math>r = c \sqrt{n},</math>
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| :<math>\theta = n \times 137.5^{\circ},</math>
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| where θ is the angle, ''r'' is the radius or distance from the center, and ''n'' is the index number of the floret and ''c'' is a constant scaling factor. It is a form of [[Fermat's spiral]]. The angle 137.5° is related to the [[golden ratio]] (55/144 of a circular angle, where 55 and 144 are [[Fibonacci numbers]]) and gives a close packing of florets. This model has been used to produce computer graphics representations of sunflowers.<ref>{{cite book
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| | last =Prusinkiewicz
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| | first =Przemyslaw
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| | authorlink =Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz
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| | coauthors =[[Aristid Lindenmayer|Lindenmayer, Aristid]]
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| | title =The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants
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| | publisher =Springer-Verlag
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| | year =1990
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| | location =
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| | pages =101–107
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| | url =http://algorithmicbotany.org/papers/#webdocs
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| | doi =
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| | isbn = 978-0-387-97297-8 }}</ref>
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| == Genome ==
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| The sunflower, ''Helianthus annuus'', [[genome]] is [[diploid]] with a base [[chromosome]] number of 17 and an estimated genome size of 2871–3189 Mbp.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Helianthus annuus'' (common sunflower) Genome Project |publisher=NCBI |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome?term=txid4232 |accessdate=2012-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{NCBI | 4232 | ''Helianthus annuus''}}</ref> Some sources claim its true size is around 3.5 billion base pairs (slightly larger than the [[human genome]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunflower Genome Holds the Promise of Sustainable Agriculture|publisher=ScienceDaily |date=2010-01-14 |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100112121930.htm}}</ref>
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| == Cultivation and uses ==
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| [[File:Sunflower Seeds Kaldari.jpg|thumb|A sunflower seed dehulled (left) and with hull (right)]]
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| [[File:Sunflower macro wide.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of disk florets]]
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| [[File:Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de La Blanca, Cardejón, España, 2012-09-01, DD 02.JPG|thumb|A field of sunflowers at Cardejón, Spain]]
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| [[File:SunflowerYield.png|thumb|right|Worldwide sunflower output]]
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| To grow best, sunflowers need full sun. They grow best in fertile, moist, well-[[drainage|drained]] [[soil]] with heavy [[mulch]]. In commercial planting, seeds are planted 45 cm (1.5 ft.) apart and 2.5 cm (1 in) deep.
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| Sunflower "whole seed" (fruit) are sold as a snack food, raw or after roasting in ovens, with or without salt and/or seasonings added. Sunflowers can be processed into a peanut butter alternative, [[sunflower butter]]. In Germany, it is mixed with rye flour to make ''Sonnenblumenkernbrot'' (literally: sunflower whole seed bread), which is quite popular in German-speaking Europe. It is also sold as food for birds and can be used directly in cooking and salads. American Indians had multiple uses for sunflowers in the past, such as in bread, medical ointments, dyes and body paints.<ref>Pelczar, Rita. (1993) The Prodigal Sunflower. ''American Horticulturist'' 72(8).</ref>
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| Sunflower oil, extracted from the seeds, is [[Cooking oil|used for cooking]], as a [[carrier oil]] and to produce [[margarine]] and [[biodiesel]], as it is cheaper than [[olive oil]]. A range of sunflower varieties exist with differing fatty acid compositions; some 'high oleic' types contain a higher level of monounsaturated fats in their oil than even [[olive oil]].
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| The cake remaining after the seeds have been processed for oil is used as a livestock feed. Some recently developed [[cultivar]]s have drooping heads. These cultivars are less attractive to [[Gardening|gardeners]] growing the flowers as [[ornamental plant]]s, but appeal to farmers, because they reduce bird damage and losses from some [[phytopathology|plant diseases]]. Sunflowers also produce [[latex]], and are the subject of experiments to improve their suitability as an alternative crop for producing [[nonallergenic]] [[rubber]].
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| Traditionally, several Native American groups planted sunflowers on the north edges of their gardens as a "fourth sister" to the better known [[Three Sisters (agriculture)|three sisters]] combination of [[Maize|corn]], [[beans]], and [[Squash (plant)|squash]].<ref>Kuepper and Dodson (2001) [http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/complant.html Companion Planting: Basic Concept and Resources]</ref> Annual species are often planted for their [[Allelopathy|allelopathic]] properties.<ref>Nikneshan, P., Karimmojeni, P., Moghanibashi, M., Hosseini, N. (2011) ''Australian Journal of Crop Science.'' 5(11):1434-40. ISSN:1835-2707. [http://www.cropj.com/karimmojeini_5_11_2011_1434_1440.pdf Allelopathic potential of sunflower on weed management in safflower and wheat]</ref>
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| However, for commercial farmers growing commodity crops, the sunflower, like any other unwanted plant, is often considered a [[weed]]. Especially in the Midwestern US, wild (perennial) species are often found in corn and soybean fields and can have a negative impact on yields.
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| Sunflowers can be used in [[phytoremediation]] to extract toxic ingredients from soil, such as lead, arsenic and uranium, and used in [[rhizofiltration]] to neutralize [[radionuclide]]s and other toxic ingredients and harmful bacteria from water. They were used to remove caesium-137 and strontium-90 from a nearby pond after the Chernobyl disaster,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n3_v150/ai_18518620/?tag=content;col1 |title=Botanical cleanup crews: using plants to tackle polluted water and soil |author=Adler, Tina |publisher=''Science News''|date=July 20, 1996|accessdate= 2010-09-03}}</ref> and a similar campaign was mounted in response to the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110624/wl_asia_afp/japandisasteraccidentnuclearsunflowers|title=Sunflowers to clean radioactive soil in Japan|author=AFP |publisher=Yahoo News|date=June 24, 2011|accessdate= 2011-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sunflowers melt Fukushima's nuclear "snow"|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/19/us-japan-disaster-sunflowers-idUSTRE77I0PG20110819|accessdate=22 January 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=19 August 2011|author=Antoni Slodkowski|author2=Yuriko Nakao}}</ref>
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| == Heliotropism misconception ==
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| [[File:SunflowerSunset2.jpg|thumb|Flowerheads facing East, away from the Sun. Late afternoon, Sun is in the West.]]
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| A common misconception is that flowering sunflower heads track the Sun across the sky. Although immature flower buds exhibit this behaviour, the mature flowering heads point in a fixed (and typically easterly) direction throughout the day.<ref name="Hangarter">"Many people are under the misconception that the flower heads of the cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) track the sun... Immature flower buds of the sunflower do exhibit solar tracking and on sunny days the buds will track the sun across the sky from east to west... However, as the flower bud matures and blossoms, the stem stiffens and the flower becomes fixed facing the eastward direction." {{cite web|url=http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/solartrack/solartrack.html|title=Solar tracking: sunflower plants|last=Hangarter|first=Roger P|work=Plants-In-Motion website|publisher=Indiana University|accessdate=22 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.flowers-org.com/helianthus-sunflower.html|title=Sunflowers in the blooming stage are not heliotropic anymore. The stem has frozen, typically in an eastward orientation.}}</ref> This old misconception was disputed in 1597 by the English botanist [[John Gerard]], who grew sunflowers in his famous herbal garden: "[some] have reported it to turn with the Sun, the which I could never observe, although I have endeavored to find out the truth of it."<ref name="Gerard1597" /> The uniform alignment of sunflower heads in a field might give some people the false impression that the flowers are tracking the sun.
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| The uniform alignment results from [[heliotropism]] in an earlier development stage, the bud stage, before the appearance of flower heads ([[anthesis]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/sunflower/|title=Sunflower, Developmental stages (life cycle) |work=GeoChemBio website|accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref> The [[bud]]s are heliotropic until the end of the bud stage, and finally face East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2402749?uid=3738256&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21102587672931|title="Diurnal E-W oscillations of the heads occurred initially but ceased as the flowers opened and anthesis commenced, leaving the heads facing east." Movements of Helianthus annuus Leaves and Heads A. R. G. Lang and J. E. Begg ''Journal of Applied Ecology (1979) 16, 299-305}}</ref><ref>"When the plant is in the bud stage, it tends to track the movement of the sun across the horizon. Once the flower opens into the radiance of yellow petals, it faces east." [http://www.sunflowernsa.com/all-about/faq/#11 National Sunflower Association]</ref> Their heliotropic motion is a [[circadian]] rhythm, synchronized by the sun, which continues if the sun disappears on cloudy days. If a sunflower plant in the bud stage is rotated 180°, the bud will be turning away from the sun for a few days, as resynchronization by the sun takes time.<ref name="HäderLebert2001">{{cite book|author1=Donat-Peter Häder|author2=Michael Lebert|title=Photomovement|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2nevsljDiCYC&pg=PA673|accessdate=15 August 2010|year=2001|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-444-50706-8|pages=673–}}</ref> The heliotropic motion of the bud is performed by the [[pulvinus]], a flexible segment just below the bud, due to reversible changes in [[turgor]] pressure, which occurs without growth.
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| == History ==
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| Although it was commonly accepted that the sunflower was first domesticated in what is now the Southeastern US, roughly 5000 years ago,<ref>Blackman et al. (2011) [http://www.pnas.org/content/108/34/14360.full]. PNAS.</ref> there is evidence that it was first domesticated in Mexico<ref>Lentz et al. (2008) [http://www.pnas.org/content/105/17/6232.full.pdf. PNAS.]</ref> around 2600 BC. These crops were found in Tabasco, Mexico at the San Andre's dig site. The earliest known examples in the United States of a fully domesticated sunflower have been found in Tennessee, and date to around 2300 BC.<ref>Rieseberg, Loren H., et al. (2004) Origin of Extant Domesticated Sunflowers in Eastern North America. ''Nature'' 430.6996. 201-205.</ref> Many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous American peoples]] used the sunflower as the symbol of their [[solar deity]], including the [[Tonatiuh|Aztecs]] and the [[Otomi people|Otomi]] of Mexico and the [[Tahuantinsuyu|Incas]] in South America. In 1510 early Spanish explorers encountered the sunflower in the Americas and carried its seeds back to Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Putt, E.D.|title=Sunflower Technology and Production|editor=A.A. Schneiter|publisher=American Society of Agronomy|location=Madison, Wisconsin|year=1997|series=Agronomy Series|volume=35|pages=1–19|chapter=Early history of sunflower}}</ref> Of the four plants known to have been domesticated in what is now the eastern continental United States <ref>Smith (2006) [http://www.pnas.org/content/103/33/12223.full]. PNAS.</ref> and to have become important agricultural commodities, the sunflower is currently the most economically important.
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| During the 18th century, the use of sunflower oil became very popular in Russia, particularly with members of the Russian Orthodox Church, because sunflower oil was one of the few oils that was allowed during [[Great Lent|Lent]], according to some [[Fasting#Rules|fasting traditions]].<ref>"SUNFLOWERS: The Secret History." ''Kirkus Reviews'' 75.23 (2007):1236. ''Academic Search Complete.'' Web. 17 Nov. 2012.</ref>
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| Among the [[Zuni people]], the fresh or dried root is chewed by the medicine man before sucking venom from a snakebite and applying a [[poultice]] to the wound.<ref>Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye (1980) A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' 2:365-388 (p.375)</ref> This compound poultice of the root is applied with much ceremony to rattlesnake bites.<ref>Stevenson, Matilda Coxe (1915) Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 (p.53-54)</ref> Blossoms are also used ceremonially for anthropic worship.<ref>Stevenson, p.93</ref>
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| == Culture ==
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| [[File:Anthonyvandyckselfportrait.jpeg|thumb|Van Dyck with Sunflower, c. 1633]]
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| * The sunflower is the [[state flower]] of the US state of [[Kansas]], and one of the city flowers of [[Kitakyūshū]], [[Japan]].
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| * The sunflower is often used as a symbol of [[green ideology]]. The sunflower is also the symbol of the [[Vegan Society]].
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| * During the late 19th century, the flower was used as the symbol of the [[Aesthetic Movement]].
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| * Subject of [[Van Gogh]]'s series of paintings, ''[[Sunflowers (series of paintings)|Sunflowers]]''
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| * The sunflower is the national flower of [[Ukraine]].
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| * The sunflower was chosen as the symbol of the [[Spiritualism|Spiritualist Church]] for many reasons, but mostly because it turns toward the sun as "Spiritualism turns toward the light of truth". As stated earlier in the article, this is in fact, not true. Modern Spiritualists often have art or jewelry with sunflower designs.<ref>Awtry-Smith, Marilyn J. The Symbol of Spiritualism: The Sunflower. Reprinted from the ''New Educational Course on Modern Spiritualism''. Appendix IV in ''Talking to the Other Side: A History of Modern Spiritualism and Mediumship'', ed. by Todd Jay Leonard. ISBN 0-595-36353-9.</ref>
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| * Starting from February 2010, [[Kuban Airlines]] of [[Russia]] painted part of its fleet in a new [[livery]] featuring enormous sunflowers.<ref name='Kuban'>{{cite web | url = http://www.airplane-pictures.net/image79413.html | title = Kuban Airlines new livery | accessdate = 2011-10-21}}</ref>
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| == Cultivars ==
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| [[File:Helianthus annuus prado red.jpg|thumb|Prado Red]]
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| The following are [[cultivar]]s of sunflowers (those marked {{smallcaps|agm}} have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]):-
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| {{columns-list|5|
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| * American Giant
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| * Arnika
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| * Autumn Beauty
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| * Aztec Sun
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| * Black Oil
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| * Chianti Hybrid
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| * Claret {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=935 |title=RHS Plant Selector Helianthus annuus 'Claret' / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-06-08}}</ref>
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| * Dwarf Sunspot
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| * Evening Sun
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| * Florenza
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| * Giant Primrose
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| * Gullick's Variety {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=6026 |title=RHS Plant Selector Helianthus 'Gullick's Variety' AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-06-08}}</ref>
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| * Incredible
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| * Indian Blanket Hybrid
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| * Irish Eyes
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| * Italian White
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| * Kong Hybrid
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| * Large Grey Stripe
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| * Lemon Queen {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5748 |title=RHS Plant Selector Helianthus 'Lemon Queen' AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-06-08}}</ref>
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| * Loddon Gold {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=938 |title=RHS Plant Selector Helianthus 'Loddon Gold' AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-06-08}}</ref>
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| * Mammoth Russian
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| * Miss Mellish {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=4676 |title=RHS Plant Selector Helianthus 'Miss Mellish' AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-06-08}}</ref>
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| * Mongolian Giant
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| * Orange Sun
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| * Pastiche {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=936 |title=RHS Plant Selector Helianthus annuus 'Pastiche' / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-06-08}}</ref>
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| * Peach Passion
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| * Peredovik
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| * Prado Red
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| * Red Sun
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| * Ring of Fire
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| * Rostov
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| * Skyscraper
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| * Solar Eclipse
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| * Soraya
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| * Strawberry Blonde
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| * Sunny Hybrid
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| * Sunshine
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| * Taiyo
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| * Tarahumara
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| * Teddy Bear
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| * Thousand Suns
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| * Titan
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| * Valentine {{smallcaps|agm}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=937 |title=RHS Plant Selector Helianthus annuus 'Valentine' / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2013-06-08}}</ref>
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| * Velvet Queen
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| * Yellow Disk
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| }}
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| == Other species ==
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| There are many species in the sunflower genus ''Helianthus'', and many species in other genera that may be called sunflowers.
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| * The Maximillian sunflower (''[[Helianthus maximiliani]]'') is one of 38 species of [[perennial sunflower]] native to [[North America]]. The [[Land Institute]] and other breeding programs are currently exploring the potential for these as a perennial seed crop.
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| * The sunchoke ([[Jerusalem artichoke]] or ''Helianthus tuberosus'') is related to the sunflower, another example of [[perennial sunflower]].
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| * The Mexican sunflower is ''[[Tithonia]] rotundifolia''. It is only very distantly related to North American sunflowers.
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| * False sunflower refers to plants of the genus ''[[Heliopsis]]''.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[International Sunflower Guerrilla Gardening Day]]
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| * [[List of sunflower diseases]]
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| == References ==
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| ;Footnotes
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| {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| ;General
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| * Pope, Kevin; Pohl, Mary E. D.; Jones, John G.; Lentz, David L.; von Nagy, Christopher; Vega, Francisco J.; Quitmyer Irvy R. (18 May 2001). "[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/292/5520/1370 Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica]". ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', '''292'''(5520):1370–1373.
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| * Shosteck, Robert (1974) ''Flowers and Plants: An International Lexicon with Biographical Notes''. New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co. ISBN 9780812904536.
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| * {{cite web|last=Wood|first= Marcia. |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun02/rubber0602.htm |title=Sunflower Rubber? Agricultural Research.|publisher=USDA |date=June 2002 |accessdate=2011-01-31}}
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| == External links ==
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| {{Wiktionary|sheller}}
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| {{wikiquote|Sunflowers}}
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| {{Commons}}
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| {{TaxonIds
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| |taxon=''Helianthus annuus''
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| |wikispecies=Helianthus annuus
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| |ncbi=4232
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| |namebank=656731
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| |eol=468106
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| |itis=36616
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| }}
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| * [http://www.sunflowernsa.com/ National Sunflower Association]
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| * [http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/soybeans-oil-crops/sunflowerseed.aspx Sunflowerseed]—USDA Economic Research Service. Summary of sunflower production, trade, and consumption and links to relevant USDA reports.
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| * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sunflower.html Sunflower cultivation]—New Crop Resource Online Program, Purdue University
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| * [http://www.learn2grow.com/plantdatabase/plants/PlantDetails.aspx?PlantID=9e95edbe-8f23-4880-a664-5e6cdac17e68 '' Helianthus annuus '']—Home garden cultural information on growing sunflowers
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| * [http://apexjournals.org/jarf/abstract/abstract2012/abstract_09/Kaya%20and%20Day.html Sunflower seed vigor]—Relationship between seed size and NaCl on germination, seed vigor and early seedling growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
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| {{Bioenergy}}
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