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{{Infobox company
| name            = Automobiles Citroen S.A.
| logo            = [[File:Citroën.svg]]
| caption          =
| trading_name    = <!-- d/b/a/, doing business as - if different from legal name above -->
| native_name      = <!-- Company's name in home country language -->
| native_name_lang = <!-- Use ISO 639-2 code, e.g. "fr" for French. If there is more than one native name, in different languages, enter those names using {{tl|lang}}, instead. -->
| romanized        =
| former type      =
| type            = [[S.A. (corporation)|Société Anonyme]]
| traded_as        = Citroen S.A
| industry        = [[Automotive]]
| genre            = <!-- Only used with media and publishing companies -->
| fate            =
| predecessor      =
| successor        =
| foundation      = 1919
| founder          = [[André Citroën]]
| defunct          = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| location_city    = [[Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Ouen]]<ref>"[http://www.humanite.fr/2006-10-28_Societe_Saint-Ouen-retrouve-son-fleuve-la-Seine Saint-Ouen retrouve son fleuve, la Seine]." ''[[l'Humanité]]''. 28 October 2006. Retrieved on 3 February 2010. "La mort lente des petites entreprises, la délocalisation des plus importantes ont transformé Saint-Ouen. Il ne reste en centre-ville que l’usine Citroën.."</ref>
| location_country = France
| locations        = <!-- Number of locations, stores, offices &c. -->
| area_served      = Worldwide
| key_people      = [[Frédéric Saint Geours]], Director
| products        = [[Automobile]]s, [[Commercial vehicle|Commercial Vehicles]], [[Luxury car|Luxury Cars]]
| production      = 1,266,000 vehicles (2013)
| services        = Citroen Insurance
| revenue          = 59.912 Billion (2013)
| operating_income = 59.912 Billion (2013)
| net_income      = 3148.00 Billion (2012)
| aum              = <!-- Only used with financial services companies -->
| assets          =
| equity          =
| owner            = PSA Peugeot Citroen
| num_employees    = 13,900<ref name="citroen.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.piecescitroensport.citroen.com/CWW/en-US/ABOUTCITROEN/IDENTITYCARD/THECOMPANY/|title=The Company|accessdate=2007-09-19|work=citroen.com}}</ref>{{dead link|date=January 2014}}
| parent          = [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]]
| divisions        =
| subsid          =
| homepage        = {{URL|http://www.citroen.com/}}
| footnotes        =
| intl            =
| bodystyle        =
}}
 
[[File:Citroën 15-6 5 2012.jpg|thumb|238px|1940s Citroën in Vaxholm, Sweden 2012]]
'''Citroën''' ({{IPA-fr|si.tʁɔ.ˈɛn}}) is a major French [[automotive industry|automobile manufacturer]], part of the [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] group.
 
Founded in 1919 by French industrialist [[André Citroën|André-Gustave Citroën]] (1878–1935), Citroën was the first mass-production car company outside the USA<ref>{{cite web|title=NSN|url=http://www.nsn.co.uk/car-service/citroen}}</ref> and pioneered the modern concept of creating a sales and services network that complements the motor car.<ref>{{cite web|title= Citroënmania.com|url=http://www.citroen-mania.com.ar/andrecitroen-english.htm}}</ref>
Within eight years Citroën had become Europe's largest car manufacturer and the 4th largest in the world.<ref>Reynolds, John. "André Citroën: Engineer, Explorer, Entrepreneur". (J H Haynes & Co Ltd) Revised edition (25 August 2006) Page 63</ref>
[[File:Tour Eiffel Citroen.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Eiffel Tower]] served as a billboard for Citroën from 1925 to 1934.]]
 
Citroën earned a reputation for innovation and revolutionary engineering, which is reflected in the company's slogan "Créative Technologie". Its history of innovation began with its founding, when André-Gustave Citroën introduced the first industrial mass production of vehicles outside the United States, a technique he developed while mass-producing armaments for the French military in [[World War I]]. In 1924, Citroën produced Europe’s first all-steel-bodied car, the B-10.<ref name="citroen.co.uk">{{cite web|title= Citroën – All-Steel Bodywork|url= http://www.citroen.co.uk/our-brand/history/innovation/#/our-brand/history/innovation/}}</ref> In 1934, Citroën secured its reputation for innovation with its [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]], not only the world's first mass-produced front-wheel drive car, but also one of the first cars to feature a [[monocoque]]-type body.<ref>Reynolds, John. "André Citroën: Engineer, Explorer, Entrepreneur". (J H Haynes & Co Ltd) Revised edition (25 August 2006) inside cover</ref> In 1954 Citroën produced the world's first [[hydropneumatic]] [[self-levelling suspension]] system,{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} then in 1955 the revolutionary [[Citroën DS]], the first European production car with [[disc brakes]].{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} In 1967, Citroën introduced [[Headlamp#Beam aim control|swiveling headlights]] in several models, allowing for greater visibility on winding roads.
 
The brand celebrated its 90th Anniversary in 2009.
 
==History==
 
===Early years===
[[File:AndreCitroen crop.jpg|thumb|left|167px|André Citroën]]
 
[[André Citroën]] built armaments for France during [[World War I]]; after the war, however, unless he planned ahead he knew he would have a modern factory without a product.<ref name=Automobilia1920/>  There was nothing automatic about the decision to become an automobile manufacturer once the war was finished, but the auto-business was one that Citroën knew well, thanks to a successful six year stint working with [[Mors (automobile)|Mors]] between 1908 and the outbreak of [[First World War|war]].<ref name=Automobilia1920>{{cite journal| authorlink = René Bellu  | title =Automobilia| journal = Toutes les voitures françaises 1920 (salon [Oct] 1919)| volume = Nr. 31| pages = page 65|year = 2004|isbn = |publisher=Histoire & collections|location=Paris }}</ref>    The decision to switch to automobile manufacturing was evidently taken as early as 1916 which is when Citroën asked the engineer Louis Dufresne, previously with [[Panhard]], to design a technically sophisticated 18HP automobile for which he could use his factory once peace broke out.<ref name=Automobilia1920/>  Long before that happened, however, he had modified his vision, and decided, (like [[Henry Ford]]), that the best post war opportunities in auto-making would involve a lighter car of good quality, but made in sufficient quantities to be priced enticingly.<ref name=Automobilia1920/>  In February 1917 Citroën contacted another engineer, [[:fr:Jules Salomon|Jules Salomon]], who already had a considerable reputation within the French automotive sector as the creator, in 1909, of a little car called [[Le Zèbre]].<ref name=Automobilia1920/>  André Citroën's mandate was characteristically demanding and characteristically simple:  to produce an all-new design for a 10 HP car that would be better equipped, more robust and less costly to produce than any rival product at the time.<ref name=Automobilia1920/>  The result was the [[Citroën Type A|Type A]], announced to the press, just four months after [[Armistice with Germany|the guns fell silent]], in March 1919.<ref name=Automobilia1920/>  The first "production" Type A emerged from the factory at the end of May, and in June it was exhibited at a show room in the [[Champs-Élysées]] which normally sold [[Alda (automobile)|Alda cars]].<ref name=Automobilia1920/>  Citroën persuaded the owner of the Alda business, [[Fernand Charron]], to lend him the show-room (just as a few years later Charron would be persuaded to become a major investor in Citroën business).<ref name=Automobilia1920/>  On 7 July 1919 the first customer took delivery of a new [[Citroën Type A|Citroën 10HP "Type A"]].<ref name=Automobilia1920/>
 
That same year, André Citroën briefly negotiated with [[General Motors]] on a proposed sale of the Citroën company to GM.<ref name="Sloan1964p317">{{Sloan1964}}, p. 317.</ref> The deal nearly closed, but GM ultimately decided that its management and capital would be too overstretched by the takeover.<ref name="Sloan1964p317"/> Citroën thus remained independent till 1935.
 
Citroën was a keen marketer&mdash;he used the [[Eiffel Tower]] as the world's largest advertising sign, as recorded in the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]].<ref>{{cite web|title=European Motor News|url=http://europeanmotornews.com/2009/10/14/get-an-eiffel-of-the-new-citroen-c3/ }}</ref> He also sponsored expeditions in Asia (Croisière Jaune), North America, (Croisière Blanche) and Africa (Croisière Noire) intended to demonstrate the potential for motor vehicles equipped with the [[Kégresse track]] system to cross inhospitable regions. The expeditions conveyed [[scientists]] and [[journalists]].
 
Demonstrating extraordinary toughness, a 1923 Citroën that had already travelled {{convert|48000|km|abbr=on}} was the first car to be driven around Australia. The car, a 1923 Citroën 5CV Type C Torpedo, was driven by Neville Westwood from [[Perth, Western Australia]], on a round trip from August to December 1925. The car is now fully restored and in the collection of the [[National Museum of Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/citroen |title=1923 5CV Citroen, National Museum of Australia |publisher=Nma.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2011-08-01}}</ref>
 
In 1924, Citroën began a business relationship with American engineer [[Edward G. Budd]]. From 1899, Budd had worked to develop stainless steel bodies for railroad cars, for the [[Pullman Company|Pullman]] in particular. Budd went on to manufacture steel bodies for many automakers, [[Dodge]] being his first big auto client. At the Paris Motor Show in October 1924, Citroën introduced the [[Citroën Type B10|Citroën B10]], the first all-steel body in Europe.<ref name="citroen.co.uk"/>
 
The cars were initially successful in the marketplace, but soon competitors (who were still using a [[wood]]en structure for their bodies) introduced new body designs. Citroën did not redesign the bodies of his cars. Citroëns still sold in large quantities in spite of not changing the body design, but the car's low price was the main selling point and Citroën experienced heavy losses.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}
 
In 1927, the bank [[Lazard]] helped Citroen by bringing new, much-needed funds as well as by renegotiating its debt&mdash;for example, by buying out the SOVAC. It went even further by entering in its capital and being represented at the board. The three directors sent by [[Lazard]] were [[Raymond Philippe]], [[Andre Meyer]], and [[Paul Frantzen]].
 
In an attempt to remedy the situation, Citroën developed the [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]]. The Traction Avant had three revolutionary features: [[unibody|a unitary body with no separate frame]], front wheel [[independent suspension]], and [[front wheel drive]]. Citroën commissioned Budd to create a prototype, which evolved into the 7-horsepower ([[horsepower#CV and cv|CV]]), {{convert|32|HP|abbr=on}} [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]] of 1934.
 
In 1933, Citroën also introduced the Rosalie, the first commercially available passenger car with a [[diesel engine]], developed with [[Harry Ricardo]].
 
<!--spacing-->
 
{{multiple image
| align    = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1    = Citroen A 8 CV Torpedo 1919.jpg
| width1    = 175
| caption1  = 1919 [[Citroën Type A|Citroën A 8CV Torpedo]]
| image2    = Citroen B2 Torpedo 1921.jpg
| width2    = 205
| caption2  = 1921 Citroën B2 Torpedo
| image3    = Citroen 5 CV Typ C2 Torpedo 1923.jpg
| width3    = 235
| caption3  = 1923 "Type C" 5CV
| image4    = Citroen Rosalie Coupe 15CV Anet.jpg
| width4    = 230
| caption4  = 1933 [[Citroën Rosalie|Citroën Rosalie Coupe 15CV]]
}}
 
<!--spacing-->
 
===Michelin era===
[[File:Pierre-Jules Boulanger.png|left|thumb|[[Pierre-Jules Boulanger]]]]
 
Achieving quick development of the Traction Avant and its production facilities at the same time was too costly and overly ambitious, causing the financial ruin of the company. In December 1934, despite the assistance of the Michelin company, Citroën filed for bankruptcy. Within the month, Michelin, already the car manufacturer's largest creditor, became in addition its principal shareholder. Fortunately for Michelin, the technologically advanced [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]] met with market acceptance, and the basic philosophy that had led to this design continued. Pierre Michelin became the chairman of Citroën. [[Pierre-Jules Boulanger]] became the vice-president of Citroën and chief of the engineering and design department. In 1935 [[André Citroën]] died from stomach cancer.
 
[[Pierre-Jules Boulanger]] had been a First World War air reconnaissance photography specialist with the [[French Air Force]]. He was capable and effective and finished the war having risen to the rank of captain. He was also courageous, having been decorated with the Military Cross and the Legion of Honour. He started working for [[Michelin]] in 1918, reporting directly to [[Édouard Michelin]], co-director and founder of the business. Boulanger joined the Michelin board in 1922. He became president of Citroën in 1937 after the death of his friend and kept his position until his death in 1950. In 1938, he also became Michelin's joint managing director.
 
During the [[German occupation of France in World War II]] Boulanger refused to meet Dr. [[Ferdinand Porsche]] or communicate with the German authorities except through intermediaries. He organised a "go slow" on production of trucks for the [[Wehrmacht]], many of which were sabotaged at the factory, by putting the notch on the oil dipstick in the wrong place, resulting in engine seizure. In 1944 when the [[Gestapo]] headquarters in Paris was sacked by the [[French Resistance]], his name was prominent on a [[Nazi]] blacklist of the most important "enemies of the Reich" to be arrested in the event of an allied invasion of France.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Reynolds|title=Citroën 2CV|isbn=978-1-84425-207-7}}</ref>
 
Citroën researchers continued their work in secret, against the express orders of the Germans, and developed the concepts that were later brought to market in the 2CV and DS. These were widely regarded by contemporary [[journalists]] as [[avant garde]], even radical, solutions to automotive design. This began a period of unusual [[brand loyalty]] normally seen in the automobile industry only in niche brands, like [[Porsche]] and [[Ferrari]]. The [[cult]]-like appeal of the cars to ''Citroënistes'' took almost two decades to fade, from 1975 to about 1995.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
Citroën was undercapitalised, so its vehicles had a tendency to be underdeveloped at launch, with limited distribution and service networks. For both the important DS and CX models, development of the original engine around which the design was planned proved too expensive for the finances available, and the actual engine used in both cases was a modest and outdated four-cylinder design.
 
Citroën unveiled the [[Citroën 2CV|2CV]]—signifying two [[Horsepower#CV and cv|fiscal horsepower]], initially only {{convert|12|HP|abbr=on}}—at the [[Paris Salon]] in 1948. The car became a bestseller, achieving the designer's aim of providing rural [[French people]] with a motorized alternative to the [[horse]]. This car remained in production, with only minor changes, until 1990 and was a common sight on French roads until recently.
 
1955 saw the introduction of the [[Citroën DS|DS]], the first full usage of Citroën's now legendary [[hydropneumatic]] [[self-levelling suspension]] system that was tested on the rear suspension of the last of the Tractions. The DS was the first European production car with [[disc brakes]].
 
The [[Citroën DS|DS]] featured [[power steering]], power [[brake]]s, and power [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]], and&mdash;from 1968&mdash;[[Headlamp#Directional headlamps|directional headlights]]. A single high-pressure system was used to activate pistons in the [[gearbox]] cover to shift the gears in the [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] and to operate the [[clutch]] on the Citromatic, Citroën's semi-[[automatic transmission]].
 
This high-pressure hydraulic system would form the basis of many Citroën cars, including the [[Citroën SM|SM]], [[Citroën GS|GS]], [[Citroën CX|CX]], [[Citroën BX|BX]], [[Citroën XM|XM]], [[Citroën Xantia|Xantia]], [[Citroën C5|C5]], and [[Citroën C6|C6]]. These vehicles shared the distinguishing feature of rising to operating [[ride height]] when the engine was turned on, like a "mechanical camel" (per ''Car & Driver'' magazine). A lever beside the driver's seat allowed the driver to adjust the height of the car; this has now been replaced by an electronic switch. The height adjustability of the suspension allows for clearing obstacles, fording shallow (slow-moving) streams, and changing tires. This type of suspension is uniquely able to [[ride quality|absorb road irregularities]] without disturbing the occupants.
 
During Citroën's venture with [[Maserati]], the Citroën high-pressure hydraulic system was used on several Maserati models, for power clutch operation (Bora), power pedal adjustment (Bora), pop-up headlights (Bora, Merak), brakes (Bora, Merak, Khamsin), steering (Khamsin), and the entire [[Maserati Quattroporte|Quattroporte II]] prototype, which was a four-door [[Citroën SM]] under the skin.
 
Citroën was one of the early pioneers of the now widespread trend of [[aerodynamic]] automobile design, which helps to reduce [[fuel consumption]] and improve high-speed performance by reducing [[Drag coefficient|wind resistance]]. The firm began using a [[wind tunnel]] in the 1950s, enabling them to create highly streamlined cars such as the DS that were years ahead of their time. So good were the aerodynamics of the [[Citroën CX|CX]] that it took its name from the term used to measure drag coeffient: <math>\bold c_\mathrm x\,</math>.
 
<!--spacing-->
 
{{multiple image
| align    = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1    = Citroen B11 Sport 4-Door Berline 1951.jpg
| width1    = 275
| caption1  = 1951 [[Citroën Traction Avant|Citroen Traction Avant]]
| image2    = 1955 Citroen 2CV.jpg
| width2    = 160
| caption2  = [[Citroën 2CV|1955 Citroen 2CV]]
| image3    = Citroen H Van.jpg
| width3    = 160
| caption3  = [[Citroen H Van]]
| image4    = Citroën DS 21 Pallas (1).jpg
| width4    = 160
| caption4  = [[Citroën DS]]
}}
 
===Financial restructuring===
In 1963, Citroën negotiated with [[Peugeot]] to cooperate in the purchase of raw materials and equipment. Talks were broken off in 1965.
 
That year Citroën took over the French carmaker [[Panhard]] in the hope of using Panhard's expertise in midsize cars to complement its own range of very small, cheap cars (e.g., [[Citroën 2CV|2CV]]/[[Citroën Ami|Ami]]) and large, expensive cars (e.g., [[Citroën DS|DS]]/ID). Cooperation between the two companies had begun 12&nbsp;years earlier, and they had agreed to a partial merger of their sales networks in 1953. Panhard ceased making vehicles in 1967.
 
The year 1968 saw a restructuring of Citroën's worldwide operations under a new holding company, Citroën SA. [[Michelin]], Citroën's longtime controlling shareholder, sold a 49% stake to [[Fiat]] in what was referred to as the PARDEVI agreement (Participation et Développement Industriels).
 
That year Citroën purchased the [[Italy|Italian]] [[sports car]] [[automaker|maker]] [[Maserati]] and launched the [[grand tourer]] [[Citroën SM|SM]], which featured a V6 Maserati engine and a fully powered steering system called [[DIRAVI]]. The SM was engineered as if it were replacing the [[Citroën DS|DS]], a level of investment the GT sector alone would never be able to support, even in the best of circumstances. Circumstances became more unfavorable as the 1970s progressed. Citroën suffered another financial blow in the [[1973 energy crisis]]. In 1974, the carmaker withdrew from North America owing to design regulations that outlawed core features of Citroën cars.
 
Huge losses at Citroën were caused by failure of the [[Comotor]] rotary engine venture, plus the [[strategic management|strategic error]] of going the {{val|15|u=years}} from 1955 to 1970 without a model in the profitable middle range of the European market, and the massive development costs for the [[Citroën GS|GS]], [[Citroën CX|CX]], [[Citroën SM|SM]], [[Maserati Bora]], [[Maserati Merak]], and [[Maserati Khamsin]] models&mdash;each a technological marvel in its own right.
[[File:Citroën C3.jpg|thumb|225x225px]]
 
===PSA era===
{{Original research|date=September 2009}}
Citroën was unable to withstand the softening of the automobile market that accompanied the [[1973 oil crisis]]. In June 1973 Citroen and Fiat announced their "divorce" on the grounds that benefits foreseen for their union in 1968 had failed to materialise.<ref name=Automobilia1974>{{cite journal| authorlink = René Bellu  | title =Automobilia| journal = Toutes les voitures françaises 1975 (salon Paris Oct 1974)| volume = Nr. 72| pages = Page 19|year = 2005|isbn = |publisher=Histoire & collections|location=Paris }}</ref>  Fiat backed out of the from the "PARDEVI" agreement and returned its 49% stake to Michelin. The French government feared large job losses and arranged talks between [[Michelin]] and Citroën in which it was decided to merge Automobiles Citroën and Automobiles Peugeot into a single company. A year after the break with Fiat, on 24 June 1974, Citroën announced their new partnership, this time with Peugeot.<ref name=Automobilia1974/>   Michelin agreed to transfer control of the business to Peugeot with immediate effect, although their shareholding in Citroën was transferred only in 1976.<ref name=Automobilia1974/>   In 1974, Citroen purchased 38.2% of Peugeot and became responsible for managing the combined activities, in particular their research, purchasing, and investments departments.
 
Citroen sold off [[Maserati]] to [[De Tomaso]] in May 1975, and the Italian firm was quickly able to exploit the image of the Maserati brand to sell tens of thousands of newly designed [[Maserati Biturbo|Bi-Turbo]] models.
 
The takeover was completed in May 1976, as (Peugeot) (Citroen-SA) purchased a 90% stake of Peugeot P and the companies were combined into a holding company known as [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]].
 
The PSA venture was a financial success from 1976 to 1979. Citroën had two successful new designs in the market at this time (the [[Citroën GS|GS]] and [[Citroën CX|CX]]), a resurgent [[Citroën 2CV]], and the [[Citroën Dyane]] in the wake of the oil crisis, and [[Peugeot]] was typically prudent in its own finances, launching the [[Peugeot 104]] based [[Citroën Visa]] and [[Citroën LNA]]. PSA then purchased the aging assets of [[Chrysler Europe]], which it rebranded as [[Talbot]], leading to losses from 1980 to 1985.
 
PSA gradually diluted Citroën's and Peugeot ambitious attitude to engineering and styling in an effort to [[rebranding|rebrand]] the marque to appeal to a wider market. In the 1980s, Citroën models became increasingly Peugeot-based, following the worldwide motor industry trend called "platform sharing." The 1982 [[Citroën BX|BX]] used the [[hydropneumatic]] suspension system and still had a ''Citroën-esque'' appearance, while being powered by Peugeot-derived engines and using the floorpan later seen on the [[Peugeot 405]]. By the late 1980s, many of the distinctive features of the marque had been removed or diluted&mdash;conventional Peugeot's switchgear replaced Citroën's quirky but ergonomic "Lunule" designs,<ref>{{cite web|title=Citroënët&mdash;Lunule Switchgear|url=http://www.citroenet.org.uk/miscellaneous/prn/satellites.html }}</ref> complete with self-cancelling indicators that Citroën had previously refused to adopt on ergonomic grounds.
 
Citroën expanded into many new geographic markets. In the late 1970s, the firm developed a small car for production in [[Romania]] known as the [[Oltcit]], which it sold in [[Western Europe]] as the [[Citroën Axel]]. That joint venture has ended, but a new one between PSA and [[Toyota]] is now producing cars like the [[Citroën C1]] in the [[Czech Republic]].
 
In [[Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile|China]], Citroën began selling cars in 1984 and currently builds a range of family cars that includes the [[Citroën C3|C3]] and [[Citroën Xsara|Xsara]] and locally designed cars like the [[Citroën Fukang|Fukang]] and [[Citroën Elysée|Elysée]] models. Citroën is a global brand except in North America, where the company has not returned since the SM [[Citroën SM#US exports|was effectively banned in 1974]] for not meeting U.S. [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) bumper regulations.
 
{{multiple image
| align    = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1    = Visa 14tRS.jpg
| width1    = 182
| caption1  = [[Citroën Visa]]
| image2    = BX-PRIMERA-SERIE.jpg
| width2    = 175
| caption2  = [[Citroën BX]]
| image3    = Městská policie Tábor (2).jpg
| width3    = 160
| caption3  = [[Citroën Berlingo]]
| image4    = Citroen Xantia rear 20080228.jpg
| width4    = 210
| caption4  = [[Citroën Xantia]]
}}
 
Production of the [[Citroën 2CV|2CV]] ended in 1990. More recently, Citroën has introduced the [[Citroën C3|C3]] Pluriel, an unusual convertible with strong allusions to the 2CV, both in body style (such as the bonnet) and in its all-round practicality.
 
Worldwide sales of vehicles reduced from {{val|fmt=commas|1460373}} in 2010 to {{val|fmt=commas|1435688}} in 2011, with {{val|fmt=commas|961156}} of these sold in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Report Presentation 2011|url=http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/financial-results|work=PSA Peugeot Citroen|accessdate=27 June 2012}}</ref> Shown below is the Citroen C3 Pluriel introduced in 2003, the C4 in 2004–Present. The C2 was designed and created in 2003-2009. Picture for all these cars below.
 
<!--spacing-->
 
{{multiple image
| align    = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1    = C3 Pluriel.jpg
| width1    = 200
| caption1  = [[Citroën C3|Citroën C3 Pluriel]]
| image2    = CitroenC4.JPG
| width2    = 165
| caption2  = [[Citroën C4]]
| image3    = 2011-03-04 Autosalon Genf 1307.JPG
| width3    = 165
| caption3  = [[Citroën Metropolis]]
| image4    = Citroen Revolte Concept.jpg
| width4    = 165
| caption4  = [[Citroën Revolte]]
| image5    = Citroën Wild Rubis (01).JPG
| with5    = 165
| caption5  = [[Citroën Wild Rubis]]
}}
 
==DS==
Citroën announced in early 2009 the development of a premium sub-brand '''DS''', for '''Different Spirit''' or '''Distinctive Series''' (although the reference to the historical [[Citroën DS]] is evident), to run in parallel to its mainstream cars. This new series of cars started with the [[Citroën DS3]] in early 2010, a small car based on the floor plan of the new C3. The DS3 is customisable with various roof colours that can contrast with the body panels. Following this first model, a [[Citroën DS4|DS4]] was launched in 2010, and the [[Citroën DS5|DS5]] followed in 2011.
 
Their rear badge is a new DS logo rather than the familiar Citroën double chevron, and all will have markedly different styling from their equivalent sister car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/233896/citroen_ds_returns.html |title=Citroen DS returns &#124; Auto Express News &#124; News |publisher=Auto Express |date=6 February 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ds3.citroen.com/ |title=Site officiel de la CITROËN DS3 |publisher=Ds3.citroen.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-17}}</ref> Citroën have produced several dramatic-looking concept sports cars of late with the fully working [[Citroën Survolt]] being badged as a DS, hinting at current sub-brands future intentions.
 
In China, Citroën has "stand alone" DS sale rooms, including vehicle plants built for the production of these vehicles. Citroën plans to produce and sell the [[Citroën DS X7]] in China in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inautonews.com/citroen-confirming-ds-x7-for-china-next-year#.UoGbEOPnbwo |title=Citroen confirms DS X7 for China|publisher=In Auto News|date=11 November 2013 |accessdate=2013-11-11}}</ref>
 
<gallery>
Image:Citroën DS3 THP 150 SportChic front 20100529.jpg|Citroën DS3 Sport Chic
Image:Citroën DS4 HDi 165 SportChic – Frontansicht, 4. Juni 2011, Wülfrath.jpg|Citroën DS4 Sport Chic
Image:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-041.jpg|DS5, the third DS model
</gallery>
 
==Logo==
The origin of the logo may be traced back to a trip made by the 22-year-old André Citroën to [[Łódź]] city, [[Poland]], where he discovered an innovative design for a [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron]]-shaped [[gear]] used in [[Milling (grinding)|milling]]. He bought the patent for its application in steel. Mechanically a gear with helical teeth produces an axial force. By adding a second helical gear in opposition, this force is cancelled. The two chevrons of the logo represent the intermeshing contact of the two.<ref>{{cite web|title=Citroën Logo: Design and History|url=http://www.famouslogos.net/citroen-logo|publisher=FamousLogos.net|accessdate=2011-08-19}}</ref>
 
The presentation of the logo has evolved over time. Before the war, it was rendered in yellow on a blue background. After the war, the chevrons became more subtle herringbones, usually on a white background. With the company searching for a new image during the 1980s, the logo became white on red to give an impression of dynamism, emphasized by publicity slogan.
 
In February 2009 Citroën launched a new brand identity to celebrate its 90th anniversary, replacing the 1985 design. The new logo was designed by Landor Associates<ref>[http://www.communicatemagazine.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=323:pimp-my-ride&catid=44:currentissue&Itemid=113 / Communicate magazine] / Communicate magazine, June 2009</ref> — a 3D metallic variation of the double chevron logo accompanied by a new font for the Citroën name and the new slogan "Créative Technologie". A TV campaign reminiscing over {{val|90|u=years}} of Citroën was commissioned to announce the new identity to the public.<ref>{{cite web|title=90 Years Citroën TV Ad (Youtube Video)|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkpyz8etla0&feature=youtu.be}}</ref> The new look is currently being rolled out to dealers globally and is expected to take three to five years.
<gallery>
File:Citroen logo.svg|1985 – 2009
File:Citroën.svg|2009 – present
</gallery>
 
== Factories ==
* Argentina ([[Buenos Aires]]): Berlingo First
* Argentina ([[Villa Bosch]]): C4, C4 L
* Brazil ([[Porto Real]]): C3, C3 Picasso
* France ([[Mulhouse]]): C4, DS4
* France ([[Poissy]]): C3, DS3
* France ([[Aulnay-sous-Bois|Aulnay]]): C3 (closing 2014)<ref>{{cite web|title=Unions approve closure of PSA’s Aulnay plant in France|url=http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/03/21/auln-m21.html|work=World Socialist Web Site|accessdate=25 June 2013|date=21 March 2013}}</ref>
* France ([[Sochaux]]): DS5
* France ([[Rennes]]): [[Citroën C5|C5]]
* Portugal ([[Mangualde]]): Berlingo First
* Slovakia ([[Trnava]]): C3 Picasso
* Spain ([[Madrid]]): C3
* Spain ([[Vigo PSA Factory|Vigo]]): Berlingo First, Berlingo, C4 Picasso / C4 Grand Picasso, C-Elysee
* Turkey ([[Bursa]]): Nemo
 
Some joint venture models are manufactured in third party or joint venture factories, including:
 
* China ([[Shenzhen]]), PSA-[[Chang'an Automobile Group|Chang'an]] joint venture: DS5
* China ([[Wuhan]]), [[Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile]] joint venture:  C-Elysee, C3 L,  Xsara Picasso, C4 L, C5
* Czech ([[Kolín]]), [[Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech|Toyota/PSA]] joint venture: C1
* France ([[Valenciennes]]) PSA/Fiat joint venture [[Sevel#Sevel Nord|Sevel Nord]]: [[Citroën Jumpy]]/Dispatch
* Italy ([[Val di Sangro]]), PSA/Fiat joint venture [[Sevel#Sevel Sud|Sevel Sud]]: Jumper/Relay
* Japan ([[Kurashiki, Okayama|Mizushima]]). [[Mitsubishi Motors]] plant: C-Zero
* Russia ([[Kaluga]]), PSA/Mitsubishi joint venture : C4, C-Crosser
* Turkey, [[Karsan]] plant: Berlingo
 
== Current Product lineup ==
 
===Citroën===
<gallery>
File:CITROËN C-ZERO, 2012, IFEVI.JPG|[[Citroën C-Zero]] (a rebadged [[Mitsubishi i-MiEV]]).
File:Citroen C1 front 20080417.jpg|[[Citroen C1]]
File:Citroen C3 Exclusive.JPG|[[Citroen C3]] Exclusive
File:Citroën C3 Picasso front 20100411.jpg|[[Citroën C3 Picasso]]
File:Citroën C3 Aircross front - 2012 Montevideo Motor Show.jpg|[[Citroën C3 Aircross]]
File:Citroën C4 HDi 110 Tendance (II) – Frontansicht, 11. April 2011, Düsseldorf.jpg|[[Citroen C4]]
File:Citroen C4 Picasso front-2.jpg|[[Citroen C4 Picasso]]
File:Citroën C4 Aircross 02 China 2012-06-02.JPG|[[Citroën C4 Aircross]]
File:Citroën C5 II front-1.JPG|[[Citroën C5]]
File:Citroën Berlingo II front.JPG|[[Citroën Berlingo]]
File:Citroën Nemo Combi Comfort Plus 1.4 Multispace front 20100711.jpg|[[Citroën Nemo]]
File:Citroën Jumpy in St Trond.jpg|[[Citroën Jumpy]]
File:Citroën Jumper II front.JPG|[[Citroën Jumper]]
File:Citroen C-Elysee 1.6i 2013.jpg|2013 [[Peugeot 301 (2012)#Citro.C3.ABn C-Elys.C3.A9e|Citroën C-Elysee]]
</gallery>
 
=== DS line ===
<gallery>
File:Citroën DS3 front 20100410.jpg|[[Citroën DS3]]
File:Citroën DS4 HDi 165 SportChic – Frontansicht, 4. Juni 2011, Wülfrath.jpg|[[Citroën DS4]]
File:Citroën DS5 HDi 165 SoChic – Frontansicht, 3. März 2012, Düsseldorf.jpg|[[Citroën DS5]]
</gallery>
 
=== Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën ===
<gallery>
File:Front 3 quarter for C4O.jpg|[[Citroën C-Triomphe]] aka Citroën C-Quatre
File:Citroën C Elysée.jpg|[[Peugeot 301 (2012)#Citroën C-Elysée|Citroën C Elysée]]
File:Citroën C2 China 2012-05-06.JPG|[[Citroën C2#Chinese version|Citroën C2]], a rebadged Peugeot 206
</gallery>
 
==Citroën Racing==
{{see also|Citroën World Rally Team}}
Citroën Racing, previously known as Citroën Sport, is the team responsible for Citroën's sporting activities. They are a winning competitor in the [[World Rally Championship]]. After an abortive attempt with
[[File:Citroen-DS3-Racing.JPG|thumb|200x200px]]
[[Group B]] [[Citroën BX#4TC|Citroën BX 4TC]] in [[1986 World Rally Championship season|1986]], the team returned with the Citroën ZX Rally Raid to win the [[Rally Raid]] Manufacturer's Championship in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 with [[Pierre Lartigue]] and [[Ari Vatanen]]. They won the [[Dakar Rally]] in 1991, 1994, 1995, and 1996.
 
From 2001 the team returned to the World Rally Championship, winning the [[List of World Rally Championship Constructors' Champions|Manufacturer's Title]] in [[2003 World Rally Championship season|2003]], [[2004 World Rally Championship season|2004]], [[2005 World Rally Championship season|2005]], [[2008 World Rally Championship season|2008]], [[2009 World Rally Championship season|2009]], [[2010 World Rally Championship season|2010]], [[2011 World Rally Championship season|2011]] and [[2012 World Rally Championship season|2012]]. In 2004, 2005, and [[2006 World Rally Championship season|2006]], French driver [[Sébastien Loeb]] won the [[List of World Rally Championship Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Championship]] driving the [[Citroën Xsara|Citroën Xsara WRC]], in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 with the [[Citroën C4|Citroën C4 WRC]], and in 2011 and 2012 with the [[Citroën DS3|Citroën DS3 WRC]].
 
==Awards==
 
===European Car of the Year awards===
* 1971: [[Citroën GS]]
* 1975: [[Citroën CX]]
* 1990: [[Citroën XM]]
 
Several models were shortlisted including the 1971 [[Citroën SM]], 1988 [[Citroën AX|AX]], 1994 [[Citroën Xantia|Xantia]], 2003 [[Citroën C3|C3]], 2005 [[Citroën C4|C4]] and 2007 [[Citroën C4 Grand Picasso]].
 
===USA Car of the Year award===
* 1972 [[Citroën SM]] [[Motor Trend Car of the Year]]
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Paris|Companies}}
* [[List of Citroën vehicles]]
* [[List of French companies]]
* [[Lane departure warning system]]
 
==References==
 
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}
 
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Broustail|first1=Joël|last2=Greggio|first2=Rodolphe|title=Citroën: Essai sur 80 ans d'antistratégie|trans_title=Citroën: Essay on 80 years of doing its own thing|year=2000|publisher=Vuibert|location=Paris|isbn=2711778185}} {{fr icon}}
*{{cite book|last=Gallard|first=Philippe|title=A l'assaut du monde: L'aventure Peugeot-Citroën|trans_title=Storming the World: The Peugeot-Citroën Adventure|year=2004|publisher=Bourin|location=Paris|isbn=2849410136}} {{fr icon}}
{{refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Commons|Citroën}}
* {{Official website|http://www.citroen.com}}
* [http://service.citroen.com/ Official support website]
* [http://www.citroen.co.uk/ Citroën UK]
* [http://www.citroen.com.au/ Citroën Australia]
 
<!--spacing-->
 
{{Citroën timeline}}
{{Citroën}}
{{PSA Peugeot Citroën}}
{{Automotive industry in France}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Citroen}}
[[Category:Citroën| ]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1919]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of France]]
[[Category:Companies of France]]
[[Category:French brands]]
[[Category:French culture]]
[[Category:Bus manufacturers]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of France]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle companies]]
[[Category:Luxury brands]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]

Latest revision as of 03:09, 13 October 2014

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