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| :''See also [[Maskinongé (disambiguation)|Maskinongé]]''
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| | name = Muskellunge
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| | image = Esox_masquinongyeditcrop.jpg
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| | image_width = 250 px
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| | image_caption = ''Esox masquinongy''
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| | regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]]
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| | classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
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| | superordo = [[Protacanthopterygii]]
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| | ordo = [[Esociformes]]
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| | familia = [[Esocidae]]
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| | genus = ''[[Esox]]''
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| | species = '''''E. masquinongy'''''
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| | binomial = ''Esox masquinongy''
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| | binomial_authority = [[Samuel Latham Mitchill|Mitchill]], 1824
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| }}
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| The '''''muskellunge''''' ''(Esox masquinongy)'', also known as '''muskelunge''', '''muscallonge''', '''milliganong''', or '''maskinonge''' (and often abbreviated "'''muskie'''" or "'''musky'''"), is a [[species]] of large, relatively uncommon [[Fresh water|freshwater]] [[fish]] of [[North America]]. The muskellunge is the largest member of the pike [[family (biology)|family]], [[Esocidae]]. The common name comes from the [[Ojibwa language|Ojibwa]] word ''maashkinoozhe'', meaning "ugly pike", by way of [[French language|French]] ''masque allongé'' (modified from the Ojibwa word by [[folk etymology]]), "elongated face."{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The French common name is ''masquinongé'' or ''maskinongé''.
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| The muskellunge is known by a wide variety of trivial names including [[Ohio]] muskellunge, [[Great Lakes]] muskellunge, barred muskellunge, [[Ohio River]] pike, [[Allegheny River]] pike, jack pike, unspotted muskellunge and the [[Wisconsin]] muskellunge.
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| ==Description==
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| Muskellunge closely resemble other esocids such as the [[northern pike]] and [[American pickerel]] in both appearance and behavior. Like the [[Northern Pike]] and other aggressive pikes, the body plan is typical of [[ambush predator]]s with an elongated body, flat head and dorsal, pelvic and anal [[Fish anatomy#Fins|fins]] set far back on the body. Muskellunge are typically {{convert|28|-|48|in|m}} long and weigh {{convert|5|-|36|lb|kg}},<ref name=Michigan>[http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10364_18958-45684--,00.html] Michigan DNR</ref> though some have reached up to {{convert|6|ft|m}} and almost {{convert|70|lb|kg}}.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase species|genus=Esox|species=masquinongy|year=2011|month=9}}</ref> A fish reported at 88 inches (224 cm) and 110 lbs (50 kg) reportedly caught around 1908 has been identified as a hoax or legend. A catch & release record fish with a length of 62.25 inches (158 cm) was caught in Ottawa River in July 1997. A fish with a weight of 61.25 lbs (27.8 kg) was caught in November 2000 in Georgian Bay, Ontario. The fish are a light silver, brown, or green with dark vertical stripes on the flank, which may tend to break up into spots. In some cases, markings may be absent altogether, especially in fish from [[Turbidity|turbid]] waters. This is in contrast to northern pike which have dark bodies with light markings. A reliable method to distinguish the two similar species is by counting the [[Canal pore|sensory pore]]s on the underside of the [[mandible]]. A muskie will have seven or more per side, while the northern pike never has more than six. The lobes of the caudal (tail) fin in muskellunge come to a sharper point, while those of northern pike are more generally rounded. In addition, unlike pike, muskies have no scales on the lower half of their [[operculum (fish)|opercula]].
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| ==Habitat==
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| Muskellunge are found in [[Oligotrophic lake|oligotrophic]] and [[mesotrophic lake]]s and large [[river]]s from northern [[Michigan]], northern [[Wisconsin]] and northern [[Minnesota]] through the Great Lakes region, north into [[Canada]], throughout most of the [[Saint Lawrence River|St Lawrence River]] drainage and northward throughout the upper [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] valley, although the species also extends as far south as [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]] in the [[Tennessee River]] valley. There is also a small population in the [[Broad River (South Carolina)|Broad River]] in [[South Carolina]]. Several North Georgia reservoirs also have healthy stocked populations of muskie. They are also found in the [[Red River of the North|Red River]] drainage of the [[Hudson Bay]] basin. Muskie were introduced to western [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|St. John River]] in the late 1960s and have now spread to many connecting waterways in northern [[Maine]].<ref>{{cite web|title=MUSKELLUNGE MANAGEMENT PLAN|url=http://www.maine.gov/tools/whatsnew/attach.php?id=442557&an=1|accessdate=11 August 2013}}</ref>
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| They prefer clear waters where they lurk along weed edges, rock outcrops or other structures to rest. A fish forms two distinct home ranges in summer: a shallow range and a deeper one. The shallow range is generally much smaller than the deeper range due to shallow water heating up. A musky will continually patrol the ranges in search of available food in the appropriate conditions of water temperature.
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| ==Diet==
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| Most of their diets consist of fish, but can also include [[crayfish]], [[frog]]s, [[duck]]lings, [[snake]]s, [[muskrat]]s, [[mouse|mice]], other small [[mammal]]s, and small birds. The mouth is large with many long, needle-like teeth. Muskies will attempt to take their prey head-first, sometimes in a single gulp. They will take prey items up to 30% of their total length. In the spring, they tend to prefer smaller bait since their metabolism is slower, while large bait are preferred in fall as preparation for winter.
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| ==Length and weight==
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| [[File:muskellunge weight length graph.jpg|250px | right | thumb |]]
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| As muskellunge grow longer they increase in weight, but the relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between them can be expressed by a [[Power law|power-law equation]]:
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| :<math>W = cL^b\!\,</math>
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| The exponent b is close to 3.0 for all species, and c is a constant that varies among species. For muskellunge, b = 3.325, higher than for many common species, and c = 0.000089 pounds/inch.<ref>R. O. Anderson and R. M. Neumann, Length, Weight, and Associated Structural Indices, in Fisheries Techniques, second edition, B.E. Murphy and D.W. Willis, eds., American Fisheries Society, 1996.</ref>
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| This equation implies that a {{convert|30|in|cm|adj=on}} muskellunge will weigh about {{convert|8|lb|kg}}, while a {{convert|40|in|cm|adj=on}} muskellunge will weigh about {{convert|18|lb|kg}}.
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| ==Behavior==
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| [[File:Muskellunge USFWS.jpg|right|200px]]
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| Muskellunge are sometimes [[gregarious]], forming small schools in distinct territories. They spawn in mid to late spring, somewhat later than northern pike, over shallow, vegetated areas. A rock or sand bottom is preferred for spawning so that the eggs do not sink into the mud and suffocate. The males arrive first and attempt to establish dominance over a territory. Spawning may last from five to ten days and occurs mainly at night. The [[zygote]]s are negatively buoyant and slightly adhesive; they adhere to plants and the bottom of the lake. Soon afterward they are abandoned by the adults. Those [[embryo]]s which are not eaten by fish, insects or crayfish hatch within two weeks. The larvae live on [[Egg (biology)#Fish eggs|yolk]] until the mouth is fully developed, at which time they begin to feed on [[copepod]]s and other [[zooplankton]]. They soon begin to prey upon fish. Juveniles will generally attain a length of {{convert|12|in|cm}} by November of the first year.
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| ==Predators==
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| Adult muskellunge are [[apex predator]]s where they occur naturally. Only humans pose a threat to an adult but juveniles are consumed by other muskies, northern pike, [[Black bass|bass]], and occasionally birds of prey. The musky's low reproductive rate and slow growth render populations highly vulnerable to [[overfishing]]. This has prompted some jurisdictions to institute [[Hatchery#Fish hatcheries|artificial propagation]] programs in an attempt to maintain otherwise unsustainably high rates of angling effort and [[habitat destruction]].
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| ==Angling==
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| {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2012}}
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| [[Angling|Anglers]] seek large muskies as trophies or for sport. The fish attain impressive swimming speeds but are not particularly maneuverable. The highest speed runs are usually fairly short, but they can be quite intense. The muskie can also do headshaking in an attempt to rid itself of the hook(s). Muskies are known for their strength and for their tendency to leap from the water in stunning acrobatic displays. A challenging fish to catch, the muskie has been called "the fish of ten thousand casts." Anglers tend to use smaller lures in spring or during cold front conditions and larger lures in fall or the heat of summer. The average lure is {{convert|7.9|-|12|in|cm}} long, but longer lures of {{convert|14|-|26|in|cm}} are not uncommon in the musky angler's arsenal. Many times, live bait is used in the form of "musky minnows" or 8-12 in long fish strung on treble hooks. Anglers in many areas are strongly encouraged to practice [[catch and release]] when fishing for muskellunge due to their low population. In places where muskie are a non-native species, such as in Maine, anglers are encouraged not to release the fish back into the water because of their negative impact on the populations of trout and other smaller fish species.<ref>{{cite web|title=Illegal Fish Introductions in Maine|url=http://www.eregulations.com/maine/fishing/illegal-fish-introductions/|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref> One strategy for securing the fish is called the [[Figure Eight (musky)|Figure Eight]].
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| ==Subspecies and hybrids==
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| Though interbreeding with other pike species can complicate the classification of some individuals, [[Zoology|zoologist]]s usually recognize from zero to three [[subspecies]] of muskellunge.<ref>[http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/greatlakesfish/becker.html Becker's text]</ref>
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| * The Great Lakes (spotted) muskellunge (''Esox masquinongy masquinongy'') is the most common variety in the Great Lakes basin and surrounding area. The spots on the body form oblique rows.
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| * The Chautauqua muskellunge (''E. m. ohioensis'') is known from the Ohio River system, [[Chautauqua Lake]], [[Lake Ontario]], and the St Lawrence River.
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| * The clear or barred muskellunge (''E. m. immaculatus'') is most common in the inland lakes of Wisconsin, Minnesota, northwestern Ontario and southeastern [[Manitoba]].
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| The [[tiger muskellunge]] (''E. masquinongy x lucius'' or ''E. lucius x masquinongy'') is a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] of the musky and northern pike. Hybrids are sterile although females sometimes unsuccessfully engage in spawning motions. Some hybrids are artificially produced and planted for anglers to catch. Tiger muskies grow faster than pure muskies, but do not attain the ultimate size of their pure cousins as the tiger muskie does not live as long. The body is often quite silvery and largely or entirely without spots but with indistinct longitudinal bands.
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| {{Wiktionary}}
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| {{wikispecies|Esox masquinongy}}
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| {{commons|Esox masquinongy}}
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| * {{ITIS |id=162144 |taxon=''Esox masquinongy'' |accessdate=4 October 2004}}
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| * [http://www.muskiesinc.org/ MuskiesInc]
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| * [http://www.muskiescanada.ca/ MuskiesCanada]
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| [[Category:Esox]]
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| [[Category:Symbols of Wisconsin]]
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| [[Category:Fauna of Canada]]
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| [[Category:Fauna of the United States]]
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| [[Category:Fish of the United States]]
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| [[Category:Fish of the Great Lakes]]
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| [[Category:Megafauna of North America]]
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| [[Category:Animals described in 1758]]
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| [[Category:Fish of North America]]
| |
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