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| {{Expand German|Treibhauspotenzial|date=January 2012}}
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| '''Global-warming potential''' (GWP) is a relative measure of how much heat a [[greenhouse gas]] traps in the atmosphere. It compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the [[gas]] in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of [[carbon dioxide]]. A GWP is calculated over a specific time interval, commonly 20, 100 or 500 years. GWP is expressed as a factor of carbon dioxide (whose GWP is standardized to 1). For example, the 20 year GWP of [[methane]] is 72, which means that if the same mass of methane and carbon dioxide were introduced into the atmosphere, that methane will trap 72 times more heat than the carbon dioxide over the next 20 years.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/tssts-2-5.html |contribution=Global Warming Potentials |title=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 |year=2007 |accessdate=2012-05-24 }}</ref>
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| The substances subject to restrictions under the [[Kyoto protocol]] either are rapidly increasing their concentrations in [[Earth's atmosphere]] or have a large GWP.
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| The GWP depends on the following factors:
| | As you become olɗeг, it's mοre signifіϲant than ever to deal wіth tɦe body. An ageing entire body loses its resilience, muscle tone, аnd bone strength and density. There is simply one thing tο overcome tɦis: health and fitness. Getting into gοod shape combats growing olɗer and helps us alѡays ҡeep ߋur durability. Belοw ɑre a feա tips to get fit rіght noԝ. If you are searching tօ ɡet additional іn shape, locate a buddy tɦat can mаke thе dedication to ɡеt in shape աith you. |
| * the absorption of [[infrared radiation]] by a given species
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| * the spectral location of its absorbing wavelengths
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| * the [[atmospheric lifetime]] of the species
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| Thus, a high GWP correlates with a large infrared absorption and a long atmospheric lifetime. The dependence of GWP on the wavelength of absorption is more complicated. Even if a gas absorbs radiation efficiently at a certain wavelength, this may not affect its GWP much if the atmosphere already absorbs most radiation at that wavelength. A gas has the most effect if it absorbs in a "window" of wavelengths where the atmosphere is fairly transparent. The dependence of GWP as a function of wavelength has been found empirically and published as a graph.<ref>[http://www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/north/ITS%20GWP%20Data.xls Matthew Elrod, "Greenhouse Warming Potential Model."] Based on [[Journal of Chemical Education]], Vol 76, pp. 1702–1705, December 1999</ref>
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| Because the GWP of a greenhouse gas depends directly on its infrared spectrum, the use of [[infrared spectroscopy]] to study greenhouse gases is centrally important in the effort to understand the impact of human activities on global [[climate change]].
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| == Calculating the global-warming potential ==
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| Just as [[radiative forcing]] provides a simplified means of comparing the various factors that are believed to influence the climate system to one another, global-warming potentials (GWPs) are one type of simplified index based upon radiative properties that can be used to estimate the potential future impacts of emissions of different gases upon the climate system in a relative sense. GWP is based on a number of factors, including the radiative efficiency (infrared-absorbing ability) of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide, as well as the decay rate of each gas (the amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years) relative to that of carbon dioxide.<ref>{{cite web
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| |url=http://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.cfm?id=G
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| |title=Glossary: Global warming potential (GWP)
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| |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration
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| |accessdate=2011-04-26
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| |quote=An index used to compare the relative radiative forcing of different gases without directly calculating the changes in atmospheric concentrations. GWPs are calculated as the ratio of the radiative forcing that would result from the emission of one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to that from the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide over a fixed period of time, such as 100 years. }}</ref>
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| The '''radiative forcing capacity''' (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space. It can be expressed by the formula:
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| :<math>RF = \sum_{n=1}^{100} Abs_i * F_i / (path length * density)</math> | | Тo assist yօu continue to be determined ɑlong wіth yоur exercise plan, ϲonsider exercising աith a buddy. If yoս ɦave any queries rеgarding wherever ɑnd how tߋ usе [https://www.facebook.com/fitnessfreakshirts mens gym attire], you can get in touch աith us at the web-site. The assistance that you will get from ѡorking out by using a buddy oг a small groսping of close friends can ǥo a lоng way to retaining yoս curious and committed. Starting սp a walking grouƿ of people or signing սp for a health club togetheг are great wayѕ tօ gеt fit wіth good friends. Attempt tߋ attain morе birdies along witҺ your golfing putt. Τo accomplish this, ϲonsider striving 17 in . |
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| where the subscript ''i'' represents an interval of 10 [[inverse centimeter]]s. Abs<sub>i</sub> represents the integrated infrared absorbance of the sample in that interval, and F<sub>i</sub> represents the RF for that interval.{{Verify source|date=September 2008}}
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| The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) provides the generally accepted values for GWP, which changed slightly between 1996 and 2001. An exact definition of how GWP is calculated is to be found in the IPCC's [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/247.htm 2001 Third Assessment Report]. The GWP is defined as the ratio of the time-integrated radiative forcing from the instantaneous release of 1 kg of a trace substance relative to that of 1 kg of a reference gas:
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| :<math>GWP \left(x\right) = \frac{\int_0^{TH} a_x \cdot \left[x(t)\right] dt} {\int_0^{TH} a_r \cdot \left[r(t)\right] dt}</math>
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| where TH is the time horizon over which the calculation is considered; a<sub>x</sub> is the [[radiative efficiency]] due to a unit increase in atmospheric abundance of the substance (i.e., Wm<sup>−2</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup>) and [x(t)] is the time-dependent decay in abundance of the substance following an instantaneous release of it at time t=0. The denominator contains the corresponding quantities for the reference gas (i.e. CO<sub>2</sub>). The radiative efficiencies a<sub>x</sub> and a<sub>r</sub> are not necessarily constant over time. While the absorption of infrared radiation by many greenhouse gases varies linearly with their abundance, a few important ones display non-linear behaviour for current and likely future abundances (e.g., CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O). For those gases, the relative radiative forcing will depend upon abundance and hence upon the future scenario adopted.
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| Since all GWP calculations are a comparison to CO<sub>2</sub> which is non-linear, all GWP values are affected. Assuming otherwise as is done above will lead to lower GWPs for other gases than a more detailed approach would. Clarifying this, while increasing CO2 has less and less effect on radiative absorption as ppm concentrations rise, more powerful greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide have different thermal absorption frequencys to co2 that are not filled up (saturated) as much as co2, so rising pmms of these gases are far more significant.
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| === Use in Kyoto Protocol ===
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| Under the [[Kyoto Protocol]], the Conference of the Parties decided (decision 2/CP.3) that the values of GWP calculated for the [[IPCC Second Assessment Report]] are to be used for converting the various greenhouse gas emissions into comparable [[Co2e|CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents]] when computing overall sources and sinks.<ref>{{cite book
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| |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop3/07a01.pdf
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| |contribution=Methodological issues related to the Kyoto Protocol
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| |title=Report of the Conference of the Parties on its third session, held at Kyoto from 1 to 11 December 1997 Addendum Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its third session
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| |date=25 March 1998 |accessdate=17 January 2011
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| |publisher=[[UNFCCC]]
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| |author=Conference of the Parties }}</ref>
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| == Importance of time horizon ==
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| Note that a substance's GWP depends on the timespan over which the potential is calculated. A gas which is quickly removed from the atmosphere may initially have a large effect but for longer time periods as it has been removed becomes less important. Thus methane has a potential of 25 over 100 years but 72 over 20 years; conversely [[sulfur hexafluoride]] has a GWP of 22,800 over 100 years but 16,300 over 20 years (IPCC TAR). The GWP value depends on how the gas concentration decays over time in the atmosphere. This is often not precisely known and hence the values should not be considered exact. For this reason when quoting a GWP it is important to give a reference to the calculation.
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| The GWP for a mixture of gases can not be determined from the GWP of the constituent gases by any form of simple linear addition.
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| Commonly, a time horizon of 100 years is used by regulators (e.g., the [[California Air Resources Board]]).
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| == Values ==
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| [[Carbon dioxide]] has a GWP of exactly 1 (since it is the baseline unit to which all other greenhouse gases are compared).
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! rowspan="2" |'''GWP values and lifetimes from 2013 IPCC AR5 p1071 <br> (with climate-carbon feedbacks) [http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5_WGI-12Doc2b_FinalDraft_All.pdf]'''
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| !rowspan="2"|'''Lifetime (years)'''
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| !colspan="2"|GWP time horizon
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| |-
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| | <center>20 years
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| | <center>100 years
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| |-
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| | [[Methane]]
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| | 12.4
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| | 86
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| | 34
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| |-
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| | [[HFC-134a]] ([[hydrofluorocarbon]])
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| | 13.4
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| | 3790
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| | 1550
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| |-
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| | [[CFC-11]] ([[chlorofluorocarbon]])
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| | 45.0
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| | 7020
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| | 5350
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| |-
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| | [[Nitrous oxide]]
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| | 121.0
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| | 268
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| | 298
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| |-
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| | [[Carbon tetrafluoride]] (CF{{sub|4}})
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| | 50000
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| | 4950
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| | 7350
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! rowspan="2" |'''GWP values and lifetimes from 2007 IPCC AR4 p212 [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf] <br>(2001 IPCC TAR [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/248.htm] in parentheses)'''
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| !rowspan="2"|'''Lifetime (years)'''
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| !colspan="3"|GWP time horizon
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| |-
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| | <center>20 years
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| | <center>100 years
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| | <center>500 years
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| |-
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| | [[Methane]]
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| | 12 (12)
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| | 72 (62)
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| | 25 (23)
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| | 7.6 (7)
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| |-
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| | [[Nitrous oxide]]
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| | 114 (114)
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| | 289 (275)
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| | 298 (296)
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| | 153 (156)
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| |-
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| | [[HFC-23]] ([[hydrofluorocarbon]])
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| | 270 (260)
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| | 12,000 (9400)
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| | 14,800 (12,000)
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| | 12,200 (10,000)
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| |-
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| | [[HFC-134a]] ([[hydrofluorocarbon]])
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| | 14 (13.8)
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| | 3,830 (3,300)
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| | 1,430 (1,300)
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| | 435 (400)
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| |-
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| | [[Sulfur hexafluoride]]
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| | 3200 (3,200)
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| | 16,300 (15,100)
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| | 22,800 (22,200)
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| | 32,600 (32,400)
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| |}
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| Although [[water vapor|water vapour]] has a significant influence with regard to absorbing infrared radiation (which is the green house effect; see [[greenhouse gas]]), its GWP is not calculated. Its concentration in the atmosphere mainly depends on air temperature. There is no possibility to directly influence atmospheric water vapour concentration.
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| The values given in the table assume the same mass of compound is released. This must not be confused with chemical reactions in which masses change from reactants to products. For instance, burning [[methane]] to [[carbon dioxide]] would indeed reduce the global warming impact, but by a smaller factor than the one given in the table because the mass of [[methane]] burning is lesser than the mass of [[carbon dioxide]] released (ratio 1:2.75).<ref>This is so, because of the reaction formula: CH<sub>4</sub> + 2O<sub>2</sub> → CO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O. As mentioned in the article, the oxygen and water is not considered for GWP purposes, and one molecule of methane (molar mass = 16.04 g mol<sup>-1</sup>) will yield one molecule of carbon dioxide (molar mass = 44.01 g mol<sup>-1</sup>. This give a mass ratio of 2.74. (44.01/16.04≈2.74).</ref> If you started with 1 tonne of methane which has a GWP of 25, after combustion you have 2.75 tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>, each tonne of which has a GWP of 1. The effect of this burning is to reduce the Global warming effect of the gas released in the ratio 25:2.75 or by about 9. Similarly, for each tonne of methane burned to CO<sub>2</sub>, the release of tonne CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent is reduced by 25 - 2.75 = 22.25.
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| The global warming potential of [[Perfluorotributylamine]] (PFTBA) over a 100 year time horizon has been estimated to be approxiately 7100.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hong|first=Angela C.|coauthors=Cora J. Young, Michael D. Hurley, Timothy J. Wallington, Scott A. Mabury|title=Perfluorotributylamine: A novel long-lived greenhouse gas|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|date=28 November 2013|volume=40|issue=22|pages=6010–6015|doi=10.1002/2013GL058010|accessdate=13 December 2013}}</ref> It has been used by the electrical industry since the mid-20th century for electronic testing and as heat transfer agents.<ref>http://www.ibtimes.com/new-greenhouse-gas-discovered-pftba-has-higher-global-warming-impact-co2-1503600</ref> PFTBA has the highest '''radiative efficiency''' (relative effectiveness of greenhouse gases to restrict long-wave radiation from escaping back into space<ref>http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Radiative+efficiency</ref>) of any molecule detected in the atmosphere to date.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/dec/10/new-greenhouse-gas-powerful-chemical-perfluorotributylamine</ref> The researchers found an average of 0.18 parts per trillion of PFTBA in the Toronto air samples, whereas carbon dioxide exists around 400 parts per million.<ref>http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/12/11/new_greenhouse_gas_discovered_by_u_of_t_chemists.html</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| {{portal|Global warming}}
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| * [[Carbon dioxide equivalent]]
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| * [[Emission factor]]
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| * [[Emission standard]]
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| * [[Radiative forcing]]
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| * [[Total equivalent warming impact]]
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| == References ==
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| <references/>
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| == External links ==
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| * 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) by [http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html Working Group 1] (WG1) and Chapter 2 of that report ([http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing]) which contains GWP information.
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| * [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/247.htm 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) page on Global-Warming Potentials] and [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/248.htm Direct GWP].
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| * [http://www.epa.gov/nonco2/econ-inv/table.html List of Global Warming Potentials and Atmospheric Lifetimes] from the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. EPA]]
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| * [http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=142 An overview of the role of H<sub>2</sub>O as a greenhouse gas] from [[RealClimate]]
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| * [http://www.darkoptimism.org/2008/09/03/the-climate-science-translation-guide/ GWP and the different meanings of CO<sub>2</sub>e explained]
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| {{Global warming}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Global Warming Potential}}
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| [[Category:Greenhouse gas emissions]]
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| [[Category:Climate forcing]]
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| [[Category:Infrared spectroscopy]]
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As you become olɗeг, it's mοre signifіϲant than ever to deal wіth tɦe body. An ageing entire body loses its resilience, muscle tone, аnd bone strength and density. There is simply one thing tο overcome tɦis: health and fitness. Getting into gοod shape combats growing olɗer and helps us alѡays ҡeep ߋur durability. Belοw ɑre a feա tips to get fit rіght noԝ. If you are searching tօ ɡet additional іn shape, locate a buddy tɦat can mаke thе dedication to ɡеt in shape աith you.
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Strength training іs а ցreat way to be in shape. In thе event yoս haven't picked սp dumbbells prior tо, you can start oսt witɦ some thing light-weight, fօr instance a օne paгticular pound dumbbell. Ԝith ɑll the dumbbell, do a pair of 10 raises ߋr reps. Ԝhen yоu cɑn lift up tҺe dumbbell effortlessly, tɦen you ϲertainly oսght to movе up to аnd including mօre heavy body weight till yοu choose one that gіves sufficient amount of resistance ԝithout gettіng overweight.
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