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30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a zirconium-oxide based ceramic, in which the particular crystal structure of zirconium oxide is made stable at room temperature by an addition of yttrium oxide. These oxides are commonly called "zirconia" (Zr O₂) and "yttria" (Y₂O₃), hence the name.

Stabilization

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Pure zirconium dioxide undergoes a phase transformations from monoclinic (stable at the room temperature) to tetragonal (at about 1000 °C) and then to cubic (at about 2370 °C), according to the scheme:

monoclinic (1173 °C) $\leftrightarrow$ tetragonal (2370 °C) $\leftrightarrow$ cubic (2690 °C) $\leftrightarrow$ melt

Obtaining stable sintered zirconia ceramic products is difficult because of the large volume change accompanying the transition from tetragonal to monoclinic (about 9%). Stabilization of the cubic polymorph of zirconia over wider range of temperatures is accomplished by substitution of some of the Zr⁴⁺ ions (ionic radius of 0.82 Å, too small for ideal lattice of fluorite characteristic for the tetragonal zirconia) in the crystal lattice with slightly larger ions, e.g., those of Y³⁺ (ionic radius of 0.96 Å). The resulting doped zirconia materials are termed stabilized zirconias.^[1]

Materials related to YSZ include calcia-, magnesia-, ceria- or alumina-stabilized zirconias, or partially stabilized zirconias (PSZ). Hafnia stabilized Zirconia is also knownPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park..

Some of the abbreviations used in conjunction with stabilized zirconias are as follow:

Partly stabilized zirconia ZrO₂:
- PSZ - Partially Stabilized Zirconia
- TZP -Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal
- 4YSZ: with 4 mol-% Y₂O₃ partially Stabilized ZrO₂, Yttria Stabilized Zirconia
Fully stabilized zirconias ZrO₂:
- FSZ - Fully Stabilized Zirconia
- CSZ - Cubic Stabilized Zirconia
- 8YSZ - with 8 mol-% Y₂O₃ Fully Stabilized ZrO₂

Thermal expansion coefficient

The thermal expansion coefficients depends on the modification of zirconia as follows:

Monoclinic: 7 · 10⁻⁶/K^[2]
Tetragonal: 12 · 10⁻⁶/K^[2]
Y₂O₃ stabilized: 10.5 · 10⁻⁶/K^[2]

Effect of stabilization of ionic conductivity

The addition of yttria to pure zirconia replaces some of the Zr⁴⁺ ions in the zirconia lattice with Y³⁺ ions. This produces oxygen vacancies, as three O^2- ions replace four O^2- ions. It also permits yttrium stabilized zirconia to conduct O^2- ions (and thus conduct an electrical current), provided there is sufficient vacancy site mobility, a property that increases with temperature. This ability to conduct O^2- ions makes yttria-stabilized zirconia well suited to use in solid oxide fuel cells, although it requires that they operate at high enough temperatures.

The ionic conductivity of the stabilized zirconias increases with increasing dopant concentration (linearly for low dopant concentrations), then saturates, and then starts to decrease. The maximum ionic conductivity is obtained at Y₂O₃ concentration of about 8% (1000 °C).^[1]

Applications

YSZ has a number of applications:

For its hardness and chemical inertness (e.g., tooth crowns).
As a refractory (e.g., in jet engines).
As a thermal barrier coating in gas turbines
As an electroceramic due to its ion-conducting properties (e.g., to determine oxygen content in exhaust gases, to measure pH in high-temperature water, in fuel cells).
Used in the production of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). YSZ is used as the solid electrolyte, which enables oxygen ion conduction while blocking electronic conduction. In order to achieve sufficient ion conduction, an SOFC with a YSZ electrolyte must be operated at high temperatures (800 °C-1000 °C). While it is advantageous that YSZ retains mechanical robustness at those temperatures, overall the high temperature necessary is a disadvantage of current SOFCs, and is one of the major barriers to successful commercialization. The high density of YSZ is also necessary in order to physically separate the gaseous fuel from oxygen, or else the electrochemical system would produce no electrical power.^[3]^[4]
For its hardness and optical properties in monocrystal form (see "cubic zirconia"), it is used as jewelry.
As a material for non-metallic knife blades, produced by Boker and Kyocera companies.
In water-based pastes for do-it-yourself ceramics and cements. These contain microscopic YSZ milled fibers or sub-micrometer particles, often with potassium silicate and zirconium acetate binders (at mildly acidic pH). The cementation occurs on removal of water. The resulting ceramic material is suitable for very high temperature applications.
YSZ doped with rare-earth materials can act as a thermographic phosphor and a luminescent material.^[5]
Historically used for glowing rods in Nernst lamps.
As a high precision alignment sleeve for optical fiber connector ferrules.^[6]

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

de:Zirconium(IV)-oxid#Stabilisierung

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 H. Yanagida, K. Koumoto, M. Miyayama, "The Chemistry of Ceramics", John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN 0 471 95627 9.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matweb: CeramTec 848 Zirconia (ZrO₂) & Zirconium Oxide, Zirconia, ZrO₂
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ http://www.diamond-fo.com/en/products_catalogue_details.asp?section=2&group=e2000&source=Assemblies&family=10101

[Yan-1] 1.0 ^1.1 H. Yanagida, K. Koumoto, M. Miyayama, "The Chemistry of Ceramics", John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN 0 471 95627 9.

[matweb-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Matweb: CeramTec 848 Zirconia (ZrO₂) & Zirconium Oxide, Zirconia, ZrO₂

[3] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[4] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[5] 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[6] ttp://www.diamond-fo.com/en/products_catalogue_details.asp?section=2&group=e2000&source=Assemblies&family=10101

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

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+{{use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}
+'''Yttria-stabilized zirconia''' (YSZ) is a [[zirconium dioxide|zirconium-oxide]] based ceramic, in which the particular crystal structure of zirconium oxide is made stable at room temperature by an addition of [[yttrium oxide]]. These oxides are commonly called "zirconia" ([[zirconium|Zr]][[oxide|O]]<sub>2</sub>) and "yttria" ([[yttrium|Y]]<sub>2</sub>[[oxide|O]]<sub>3</sub>), hence the name.
+== Stabilization ==
+{{See also|Zirconium_dioxide#Engineering_properties}}
+[[File:YSZ.jpg|thumb|right]]
+Pure zirconium dioxide undergoes a phase transformations from monoclinic (stable at the room temperature) to tetragonal (at about 1000 °C) and then to cubic (at about 2370 °C), according to the scheme:
+monoclinic (1173&nbsp;°C) <math>\leftrightarrow</math> tetragonal (2370&nbsp;°C) <math>\leftrightarrow</math> cubic (2690&nbsp;°C) <math>\leftrightarrow</math> melt
+Obtaining stable sintered zirconia ceramic products is difficult because of the large volume change accompanying the transition from tetragonal to monoclinic (about 9%). Stabilization of the cubic polymorph of zirconia over wider range of temperatures is accomplished by substitution of some of the Zr<sup>4+</sup> ions (ionic radius of 0.82 Å, too small for ideal lattice of [[fluorite]] characteristic for the tetragonal zirconia) in the crystal lattice with slightly larger ions, e.g., those of Y<sup>3+</sup> (ionic radius of 0.96  Å). The resulting doped zirconia materials are termed ''stabilized zirconias''.<ref name="Yan">H. Yanagida, K. Koumoto, M. Miyayama, "The Chemistry of Ceramics", John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN 0 471 95627 9.</ref>
+Materials related to YSZ include [[calcia]]-, [[magnesium oxide|magnesia]]-, [[ceria]]- or [[alumina]]-stabilized zirconias, or partially stabilized zirconias (PSZ). [[Hafnium(IV) oxide|Hafnia]] stabilized Zirconia is also known{{Citation needed|reason=Hf has nearly same size, electronegativity, and same electron count as Zr, such a surprising statement deserves a reference|date=September 2013}}.
+Some of the abbreviations used in conjunction with stabilized zirconias are as follow:
+* Partly stabilized zirconia ZrO<sub>2</sub>:
+** PSZ - ''Partially Stabilized Zirconia''
+** TZP -''Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal''
+** 4YSZ: with 4&nbsp;mol-% Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> partially Stabilized ZrO<sub>2</sub>, ''Yttria Stabilized Zirconia''
+* Fully stabilized zirconias ZrO<sub>2</sub>:
+** FSZ - ''Fully Stabilized Zirconia''
+** CSZ - ''Cubic Stabilized Zirconia''
+** 8YSZ - with 8&nbsp;mol-% Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Fully Stabilized ZrO<sub>2</sub>
+== Thermal expansion coefficient ==
+The [[thermal expansion coefficient]]s depends on the modification of zirconia as follows:
+* Monoclinic: 7&nbsp;·&nbsp;10<sup>−6</sup>/K<ref name="matweb">Matweb: [http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=05e29689151440d3904052baa788ae22 CeramTec 848 Zirconia (ZrO<sub>2</sub>)] & [http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?MatGUID=0742ddaddf80467fb6532e025c694e89 Zirconium Oxide, Zirconia, ZrO<sub>2</sub>]</ref>
+* Tetragonal: 12&nbsp;·&nbsp;10<sup>−6</sup>/K<ref name="matweb"/>
+* Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> stabilized: 10.5&nbsp;·&nbsp;10<sup>−6</sup>/K<ref name="matweb"/>
+== Effect of stabilization of ionic conductivity ==
+The addition of yttria to pure zirconia replaces some of the Zr<sup>4+</sup> ions in the zirconia lattice with Y<sup>3+</sup> ions. This produces oxygen vacancies, as three O<sup>2-</sup> ions replace four O<sup>2-</sup> ions. It also permits yttrium stabilized zirconia to conduct O<sup>2-</sup> ions (and thus conduct an electrical current), provided there is sufficient vacancy site mobility, a property that increases with temperature. This ability to conduct O<sup>2-</sup> ions makes yttria-stabilized zirconia well suited to use in solid oxide fuel cells, although it requires that they operate at high enough temperatures.
+The ionic conductivity of the stabilized zirconias increases with increasing dopant concentration (linearly for low dopant concentrations), then saturates, and then starts to decrease. The maximum ionic conductivity is obtained at Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> concentration of about 8% (1000 °C).<ref name="Yan"/>
+==Applications==
+[[File:Metallfreie Brücke Zirkoniumdioxid 2012 PD 1.JPG|thumb|right|Metal-free dental bridge]]
+YSZ has a number of applications:
+*For its hardness and chemical inertness (e.g., [[Crown (dentistry)|tooth crowns]]).
+*As a [[refractory]] (e.g., in jet engines).
+*As a [[thermal barrier coating]] in [[gas turbines]]
+*As an [[electroceramics|electroceramic]] due to its ion-conducting properties (e.g., to [[Oxygen sensor|determine oxygen content]] in exhaust gases, to measure pH in high-temperature water, in fuel cells).
+*Used in the production of a [[solid oxide fuel cell]] (SOFC). YSZ is used as the solid [[electrolyte]], which enables oxygen ion conduction while blocking electronic conduction. In order to achieve sufficient ion conduction, an SOFC with a YSZ electrolyte must be operated at high temperatures (800 °C-1000 °C). While it is advantageous that YSZ retains mechanical robustness at those temperatures, overall the high temperature necessary is a disadvantage of current SOFCs, and is one of the major barriers to successful commercialization. The high density of YSZ is also necessary in order to physically separate the gaseous fuel from oxygen, or else the electrochemical system would produce no electrical power.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Minh |first1=N.Q. |year=1993 |title=Ceramic Fuel-Cells |journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=563–588  | doi = 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1993.tb03645.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Guire |first1=Eileen |year=2003 |title=Solid Oxide Fuel Cells |publisher=CSA |url=http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/fuecel/overview.php}}</ref>
+*For its hardness and optical properties in monocrystal form (see "[[cubic zirconia]]"), it is used as jewelry.
+*As a material for [[ceramic knife|non-metallic knife]] blades, produced by Boker and Kyocera companies.
+*In water-based pastes for ''do-it-yourself'' ceramics and cements. These contain microscopic YSZ milled fibers or sub-micrometer particles, often with potassium silicate and zirconium acetate binders (at mildly acidic pH). The cementation occurs on removal of water. The resulting ceramic material is suitable for very high temperature applications.
+*YSZ doped with rare-earth materials can act as a [[Phosphor thermometry|thermographic phosphor]] and a luminescent material.<ref>{{cite book|author=American Ceramic Society|title=Progress in Thermal Barrier Coatings|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dqCNlgDsu0EC&pg=PA139|accessdate=23 October 2011|date=29 May 2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-470-40838-4|pages=139–}}</ref>
+*Historically used for glowing rods in [[Nernst lamp]]s.
+*As a high precision alignment sleeve for optical fiber connector ferrules.<ref>http://www.diamond-fo.com/en/products_catalogue_details.asp?section=2&group=e2000&source=Assemblies&family=10101</ref>
+==See also==
+*[[Cubic zirconia]]
+*[[Sintering]]
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+*{{cite book| last = Green| first = D.J.| coauthors = Hannink, R.; Swain, M.V. | year = 1989| title = Transformation Toughening of Ceramics|location = Boca Raton|publisher = CRC Press|isbn = 0-8493-6594-5}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia}}
+[[Category:Zirconium compounds]]
+[[Category:Refractory materials]]
+[[Category:Electrochemistry]]
+[[de:Zirconium(IV)-oxid#Stabilisierung]]

Natural convection: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 01:28, 31 January 2014

Contents

Stabilization

Thermal expansion coefficient

Effect of stabilization of ionic conductivity

Applications

See also

References

Further reading

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Natural convection: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 01:28, 31 January 2014

Stabilization

Thermal expansion coefficient

Effect of stabilization of ionic conductivity

Applications

See also

References

Further reading

Navigation menu

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