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In [[mathematical logic]] and [[computer science]] the symbol <math>\vdash</math> has taken the name '''turnstile''' because of its resemblance to a typical [[turnstile]] if viewed from above. It is also referred to as '''tee''' and is often read as "yields", "proves", "satisfies" or "entails". The symbol was first used by [[Gottlob Frege]] in his 1879 book on logic, ''[[Begriffsschrift]]''.<ref>[[Gottlob Frege]], Begriffsschrift: Eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens. Halle, 1879.</ref>
 
In [[TeX]], the turnstile symbol <math>\vdash</math> is obtained from the command  <tt>\vdash</tt>. In [[Unicode]], the turnstile symbol (<big>{{unicode|⊢}}</big>) is called '''right tack''' and is at code point U+22A2.<ref>[http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2200.pdf Unicode standard]</ref> On a [[typewriter]], a turnstile can be composed from a [[vertical bar]] (|) and a [[dash]] (–). In [[LaTeX]] there is a turnstile package which issues this sign in many ways, and is capable of putting labels below or above it, in the correct places.<ref>http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/turnstile</ref>
 
== Interpretations  ==
The turnstile represents a [[binary relation]]. It has several different [[interpretation (logic)|interpretations]] in different contexts:
* In [[metalogic]], the study of [[formal language]]s; the turnstile represents [[Logical consequence|syntactic consequence]] (or "derivability"). This is to say, that it shows that one string can be [[formal proof|derived]] from another in a single step, according to the [[rule of inference|transformation rules]] (i.e. the [[syntax (logic)|syntax]]) of some given [[formal system]].<ref>http://dingo.sbs.arizona.edu/~hammond/ling178-sp06/mathCh6.pdf</ref> As such, the expression
:<math>P \vdash Q</math>
:means that <math>Q</math> is derivable from <math>P</math> in the system.
:Consistent with its use for derivability, a "<math>\vdash</math>" followed by an expression without anything preceding it denotes a [[theorem]], which is to say that the expression can be derived from the rules using an [[empty set]] of [[axiom]]s. As such, the expression
:<math>\vdash Q</math>
:means that <math>Q</math> is a theorem in the system.
*In [[proof theory]], the turnstile is used to denote "provability". For example, if <math>T</math> is a [[Theory (mathematical logic)|formal theory]] and <math>S</math> is a particular sentence in the language of the theory then
:<math>T \vdash S</math>
:means that <math>S</math> is [[formal proof|provable]] from <math>T</math>.<ref>[[A. S. Troelstra]] and [[H. Schwichtenberg]], ''Basic Proof Theory'', second edition, [[Cambridge University Press]], 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-77911-1.</ref> This usage is demonstrated in the article on [[propositional calculus]].
* In the [[typed lambda calculus]], the turnstile is used to separate typing assumptions from the typing judgment.<ref>http://www.mscs.dal.ca/~selinger/papers/lambdanotes.pdf</ref><ref>David A. Schmidt, The Structure of Typed Programming Languages, [[MIT Press]], 1994, ISBN 0-262-19349-3</ref>
* In [[category theory]], a reversed turnstile ([[⊣]]), as in <math>F \dashv G</math>, is used to indicate that the [[functor]] <math>F</math> is [[adjoint functors|left adjoint]] to the functor <math>G</math>.
* In [[APL_(programming_language)|APL]] the symbol is called "right tack" and represents the ambivalent right identity function where both ''X⊢Y'' and ''⊢Y'' are ''Y''. The reversed symbol "⊣" is called "left tack" and represents the analogous left identity where ''X⊣Y'' is ''X'' and ''⊣Y'' is ''Y''. <ref>http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLDictionary.htm</ref><ref>[[Kenneth E. Iverson]]. A Dictionary of APL. 1987</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[Double turnstile]]
*[[Sequent]]
*[[Sequent calculus]]
*[[List of logic symbols]]
*[[List of mathematical symbols]]
 
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
 
{{logic}}
 
[[Category:Mathematical symbols]]
[[Category:Mathematical logic]]
[[Category:Logic symbols]]
[[Category:Deductive reasoning]]
[[Category:Proof theory]]
[[Category:Logical consequence]]

Revision as of 06:05, 13 June 2013

Template:Distinguish In mathematical logic and computer science the symbol has taken the name turnstile because of its resemblance to a typical turnstile if viewed from above. It is also referred to as tee and is often read as "yields", "proves", "satisfies" or "entails". The symbol was first used by Gottlob Frege in his 1879 book on logic, Begriffsschrift.[1]

In TeX, the turnstile symbol is obtained from the command \vdash. In Unicode, the turnstile symbol (PROPERTY builders did not have the simplest year, what with the cooling measures imposed in January and the loan curbs in June, but some still managed to do effectively while others made their first foray abroad.

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) is called right tack and is at code point U+22A2.[2] On a typewriter, a turnstile can be composed from a vertical bar (|) and a dash (–). In LaTeX there is a turnstile package which issues this sign in many ways, and is capable of putting labels below or above it, in the correct places.[3]

Interpretations

The turnstile represents a binary relation. It has several different interpretations in different contexts:

PQ
means that Q is derivable from P in the system.
Consistent with its use for derivability, a "" followed by an expression without anything preceding it denotes a theorem, which is to say that the expression can be derived from the rules using an empty set of axioms. As such, the expression
Q
means that Q is a theorem in the system.
  • In proof theory, the turnstile is used to denote "provability". For example, if T is a formal theory and S is a particular sentence in the language of the theory then
TS
means that S is provable from T.[5] This usage is demonstrated in the article on propositional calculus.
  • In the typed lambda calculus, the turnstile is used to separate typing assumptions from the typing judgment.[6][7]
  • In category theory, a reversed turnstile (), as in FG, is used to indicate that the functor F is left adjoint to the functor G.
  • In APL the symbol is called "right tack" and represents the ambivalent right identity function where both X⊢Y and ⊢Y are Y. The reversed symbol "⊣" is called "left tack" and represents the analogous left identity where X⊣Y is X and ⊣Y is Y. [8][9]

See also

Notes

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Template:Logic

  1. Gottlob Frege, Begriffsschrift: Eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens. Halle, 1879.
  2. Unicode standard
  3. http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/turnstile
  4. http://dingo.sbs.arizona.edu/~hammond/ling178-sp06/mathCh6.pdf
  5. A. S. Troelstra and H. Schwichtenberg, Basic Proof Theory, second edition, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-77911-1.
  6. http://www.mscs.dal.ca/~selinger/papers/lambdanotes.pdf
  7. David A. Schmidt, The Structure of Typed Programming Languages, MIT Press, 1994, ISBN 0-262-19349-3
  8. http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/APLDictionary.htm
  9. Kenneth E. Iverson. A Dictionary of APL. 1987