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In [[mathematics]], an '''elementary matrix''' is a [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] which differs from the [[identity matrix]] by one single elementary row operation. The elementary matrices generate the [[general linear group]] of [[invertible matrix|invertible matrices]].  Left multiplication (pre-multiplication) by an elementary matrix represents '''elementary row operations''', while right multiplication (post-multiplication) represents '''elementary column operations'''. The acronym "ERO" is commonly used for "elementary row operations".
 
Elementary row operations are used in [[Gaussian elimination]] to reduce a matrix to [[row echelon form]].  They are also used in [[Gauss-Jordan elimination]] to further reduce the matrix to [[reduced row echelon form]].
 
==Operations==
There are three types of elementary matrices, which correspond to three types of row operations (respectively, column operations):
 
;Row switching: A row within the matrix can be switched with another row.
: <math>R_i \leftrightarrow R_j</math>
 
;Row multiplication: Each element in a row can be multiplied by a non-zero constant.
: <math>kR_i \rightarrow R_i,\ \mbox{where } k \neq 0</math>
 
;Row addition: A row can be replaced by the sum of that row and a multiple of another row.
: <math>R_i + kR_j \rightarrow R_i, \mbox{where } i \neq j </math>
 
If ''E'' is an elementary matrix, as described below, to apply the elementary row operation to a matrix ''A'', one multiplies the elementary matrix on the left, ''E⋅A''. The elementary matrix for any row operation is obtained by executing the operation on the [[identity matrix]].
 
===Row-switching transformations===
The first type of row operation on a matrix ''A'' switches all matrix elements on row ''i'' with their counterparts on row ''j''. The corresponding elementary matrix is obtained by swapping row ''i'' and row ''j'' of the [[identity matrix]].
 
:<math>
T_{i,j} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & & & & & & & \\ & \ddots & & & & & & \\ & & 0 & & 1 & & \\ & & & \ddots & & & & \\ & & 1 & & 0 & & \\ & & & & & & \ddots & \\ & & & & & & & 1\end{bmatrix}\quad </math>
:So ''T<sub>ij</sub>⋅A'' is the matrix produced by exchanging row ''i'' and row ''j'' of ''A''.
 
====Properties====
:*The inverse of this matrix is itself: ''T<sub>ij</sub><sup>&minus;1</sup>=T<sub>ij</sub>''.
:*Since the [[determinant]] of the identity matrix is unity, det[''T''<sub>''ij''</sub>] = &minus;1.  It follows that for any square matrix ''A'' (of the correct size), we have det[''T''<sub>''ij''</sub>''A''] = &minus;det[''A''].
 
===Row-multiplying transformations===
The next type of row operation on a matrix ''A'' multiplies all elements on row ''i'' by ''m'' where ''m'' is a non-zero [[scalar (mathematics)|scalar]] (usually a real number). The corresponding elementary matrix is a diagonal matrix, with diagonal entries 1 everywhere except in the ''i''th position, where it is ''m''.
 
:<math>
T_i(m) = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & & & & & & \\ & \ddots & & & & & \\ & & 1 & & & & \\ & & & m & & & \\ & & & & 1 & & \\ & & & & & \ddots & \\ & & & & & & 1\end{bmatrix}\quad </math>
:So ''T<sub>i</sub>(m)⋅A'' is the matrix produced from ''A'' by multiplying row ''i'' by ''m''.
 
====Properties====
:*The inverse of this matrix is: ''T<sub>i</sub>''(''m'')<sup>&minus;1</sup> = ''T<sub>i</sub>''(1/''m'').
:*The matrix and its inverse are [[diagonal matrix|diagonal matrices]].
:*det[''T''<sub>''i''</sub>(m)] = ''m''. Therefore for a square matrix ''A'' (of the correct size), we have det[''T''<sub>''i''</sub>(''m'')''A''] = ''m'' det[''A''].
 
===Row-addition transformations===
The final type of row operation on a matrix ''A'' adds row ''j'' multiplied by a scalar ''m'' to row ''i''. The corresponding elementary matrix is the identity matrix but with an ''m'' in the (''i,j'') position.
:<math>
T_{i,j}(m) = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & & & & & & & \\ & \ddots & & & & & & \\ & & 1 & & & & & \\ & & & \ddots & & & & \\ & & m & & 1 & & \\ & & & & & & \ddots & \\ & & & & & & & 1\end{bmatrix}
</math>
:So ''T<sub>i,j</sub>(m)⋅A'' is the matrix produced from ''A'' by adding ''m'' times row ''j'' to row ''i''.
 
====Properties====
:*These transformations are a kind of [[shear mapping]], also known as a ''transvections''.
:*''T<sub>ij</sub>''(''m'')<sup>&minus;1</sup> = ''T<sub>ij</sub>''(&minus;''m'') (inverse matrix).
:*The matrix and its inverse are [[triangular matrix|triangular matrices]].
:*det[''T<sub>ij</sub>''(''m'')] = 1. Therefore, for a square matrix ''A'' (of the correct size) we have det[''T''<sub>''ij''</sub>(''m'')''A''] = det[''A''].
:*Row-addition transforms satisfy the [[Steinberg relations]].
 
==See also==
*[[Gaussian elimination]]
*[[Linear algebra]]
*[[System of linear equations]]
*[[Matrix (mathematics)]]
*[[LU decomposition]]
*[[Frobenius matrix]]
 
==References==
{{See also|Linear algebra#Further reading}}
* {{Citation
| last = Axler
| first = Sheldon Jay
| date = 1997
| title = Linear Algebra Done Right
| publisher = Springer-Verlag
| edition = 2nd
| isbn = 0-387-98259-0
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Lay
| first = David C.
| date = August 22, 2005
| title = Linear Algebra and Its Applications
| publisher = Addison Wesley
| edition = 3rd
| isbn = 978-0-321-28713-7
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Meyer
| first = Carl D.
| date = February 15, 2001
| title = Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra
| publisher = Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM)
| isbn = 978-0-89871-454-8
| url = http://www.matrixanalysis.com/DownloadChapters.html
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Poole
| first = David
| date = 2006
| title = Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction
| publisher = Brooks/Cole
| edition = 2nd
| isbn = 0-534-99845-3
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Anton
| first = Howard
| date = 2005
| title = Elementary Linear Algebra (Applications Version)
| publisher = Wiley International
| edition = 9th
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Leon
| first = Steven J.
| date = 2006
| title = Linear Algebra With Applications
| publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall
| edition = 7th
}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Elementary Matrix}}
[[Category:Linear algebra]]

Revision as of 18:25, 4 April 2013

In mathematics, an elementary matrix is a matrix which differs from the identity matrix by one single elementary row operation. The elementary matrices generate the general linear group of invertible matrices. Left multiplication (pre-multiplication) by an elementary matrix represents elementary row operations, while right multiplication (post-multiplication) represents elementary column operations. The acronym "ERO" is commonly used for "elementary row operations".

Elementary row operations are used in Gaussian elimination to reduce a matrix to row echelon form. They are also used in Gauss-Jordan elimination to further reduce the matrix to reduced row echelon form.

Operations

There are three types of elementary matrices, which correspond to three types of row operations (respectively, column operations):

Row switching
A row within the matrix can be switched with another row.
Row multiplication
Each element in a row can be multiplied by a non-zero constant.
Row addition
A row can be replaced by the sum of that row and a multiple of another row.

If E is an elementary matrix, as described below, to apply the elementary row operation to a matrix A, one multiplies the elementary matrix on the left, E⋅A. The elementary matrix for any row operation is obtained by executing the operation on the identity matrix.

Row-switching transformations

The first type of row operation on a matrix A switches all matrix elements on row i with their counterparts on row j. The corresponding elementary matrix is obtained by swapping row i and row j of the identity matrix.

So Tij⋅A is the matrix produced by exchanging row i and row j of A.

Properties

  • The inverse of this matrix is itself: Tij−1=Tij.
  • Since the determinant of the identity matrix is unity, det[Tij] = −1. It follows that for any square matrix A (of the correct size), we have det[TijA] = −det[A].

Row-multiplying transformations

The next type of row operation on a matrix A multiplies all elements on row i by m where m is a non-zero scalar (usually a real number). The corresponding elementary matrix is a diagonal matrix, with diagonal entries 1 everywhere except in the ith position, where it is m.

So Ti(m)⋅A is the matrix produced from A by multiplying row i by m.

Properties

  • The inverse of this matrix is: Ti(m)−1 = Ti(1/m).
  • The matrix and its inverse are diagonal matrices.
  • det[Ti(m)] = m. Therefore for a square matrix A (of the correct size), we have det[Ti(m)A] = m det[A].

Row-addition transformations

The final type of row operation on a matrix A adds row j multiplied by a scalar m to row i. The corresponding elementary matrix is the identity matrix but with an m in the (i,j) position.

So Ti,j(m)⋅A is the matrix produced from A by adding m times row j to row i.

Properties

  • These transformations are a kind of shear mapping, also known as a transvections.
  • Tij(m)−1 = Tij(−m) (inverse matrix).
  • The matrix and its inverse are triangular matrices.
  • det[Tij(m)] = 1. Therefore, for a square matrix A (of the correct size) we have det[Tij(m)A] = det[A].
  • Row-addition transforms satisfy the Steinberg relations.

See also

References

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    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010