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{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}} | |||
{{Infobox state | |||
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | |||
| name = Kerala | |||
| native_name = കേരളം | |||
| native_name_lang = Malayalam | |||
| type = [[States of India|State]] | |||
| nickname = God's Own Country | |||
| image_skyline = House Boat DSW.jpg | |||
| image_alt = | |||
| image_caption = A Kerala houseboat near [[Alappuzha]] | |||
<!-- Commented out: | image_shield = Seal of Kerala.svg --> | |||
| shield_alt = | |||
| image_map = India Kerala locator map.svg | |||
| map_alt = | |||
| map_caption = Location of Kerala in [[India]] | |||
| image_map1 = Kerala locator map.svg | |||
| map_caption1 = Map of Kerala | |||
| latd = 8.5074 | |||
| longd = 76.972 | |||
| coor_pinpoint = Trivandrum | |||
| coordinates_type = region:IN-KL_type:adm1st | |||
| coordinates_display = inline,title | |||
| coordinates_footnotes = | |||
| coordinates_region = IN-KL | |||
| subdivision_type = Country | |||
| subdivision_name = [[India]] | |||
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of India|Region]] | |||
| subdivision_name1 = [[South India]] | |||
| established_title = Established | |||
| established_date = 1 November 1956 | |||
| parts_type = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]] | |||
| parts_style = para | |||
| p1 = [[Districts of Kerala|14]] | |||
| seat_type = Capital | |||
| seat = [[Thiruvananthapuram]] | |||
| seat1_type = Largest city | |||
| seat1 = [[Thiruvananthapuram]] | |||
| seat2_type = Other major cities | |||
| seat2 = Kochi, Kozhikode, Kollam, Thrissur, and Kannur | |||
| government_footnotes = | |||
| governing_body = [[Government of Kerala]] | |||
| leader_title = [[Governors of Kerala|Governor]] | |||
| leader_name = [[Nikhil Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web|last=News |first=Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article1495450.ece |title=Nikhil Kumar appointed Kerala Governor |publisher=The New Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> | |||
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]] | |||
| leader_name1 = [[Oommen Chandy]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]]) | |||
| leader_title2 = [[Legislature of Kerala|Legislature]] | |||
| leader_name2 = [[Unicameral]] (141{{ref|leg|*}} seats) | |||
| leader_title3 = [[14th Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituency]] | |||
| leader_name3 = 20 | |||
| leader_title4 = [[High Courts of India|High Court]] | |||
| leader_name4 = [[Kerala High Court]] | |||
<!-- | |||
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | |||
| area_footnotes = | |||
| area_total_km2 = 38863 | |||
| area_note = | |||
| area_rank = 21st | |||
| elevation_footnotes = | |||
| elevation_m = | |||
| population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Census of India], 2011. Census Data Online, Population.</ref> | |||
| population_total = 33387677 | |||
| population_as_of = 2011 | |||
| population_rank = 12th | |||
| population_density_km2 = auto | |||
| population_note = | |||
| population_demonym = Keralite, [[Malayali]] | |||
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | |||
| utc_offset1 = +05:30 | |||
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]] | |||
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] | |||
| blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.790<ref name="IDHR 2011">{{cite web |title=India Human Development Report 2011: Towards Social Inclusion |url=http://www.pratirodh.com/pdf/human_development_report2011.pdf |publisher=Institute of Applied Manpower Research, [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], [[Government of India]] |accessdate=17 October 2012}}</ref> (<span style="color:#090">high</span>) | |||
| blank1_name_sec1 = HDI rank | |||
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1st (2011) | |||
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] | |||
| blank_info_sec2 = 95.5% | |||
| blank1_name_sec2 = Official languages | |||
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]] | |||
| website = [http://kerala.gov.in/ kerala.gov.in] | |||
| footnotes = {{note|leg|*}} 140 elected, 1 nominated | |||
}} | |||
'''Kerala''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|r|ə|l|ə}}, regionally referred to as '''Keralam''' (കേരളം), is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in the [[South India|south-west]] region of [[India]] on the [[Malabar coast]]. It was formed on 1 November 1956 as per the [[States Reorganisation Act]] by combining various [[Malayalam]]-speaking regions. Spread over {{convert|38863|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} it is bordered by [[Karnataka]] to the north and north east, [[Tamil Nadu]] to the east and south, and the [[Lakshadweep Sea]] to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 census, Kerala is [[List of states of India by population|the twelfth largest state by population]] and is divided into 14 [[Districts of India|districts]]. [[Malayalam]] (മലയാളം) is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. The state capital is [[Thiruvananthapuram]], other major cities include [[Kochi]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Thrissur]], and [[Kollam]]. | |||
The region was a prominent spice exporter from 3000 BCE to 3rd century. The [[Chera Dynasty]] was the first powerful kingdom based in Kerala, though it frequently struggled against attacks from the neighbouring [[Chola]]s and [[Pandya]]s. During the Chera period Kerala remained an international spice trading center. Later, in the 15th century, the lucrative spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, and eventually paved the way for the European colonisation of the whole of India. After independence, [[Travancore]] and [[Cochin]] joined the Republic of India and [[Travancore-Cochin]] was given the status of a state. Later, the state was formed in 1956 by merging the [[Malabar district]], Travancore-Cochin (excluding four southern [[taluk]]s), and the taluk of [[Kasargod]], [[South Kanara]]. | |||
Kerala is the state with the lowest positive population growth rate in India (3.44%) and has a density of 819 people per km<sup>2</sup>. The state has the highest [[Human Development Index|Human Development Index (HDI)]] (0.790) in the country according to the [[Human Development Report|Human Development Report 2011]].<ref name="IDHR 2011" /> It also has the highest [[literacy rate]] 95.5, the highest [[life expectancy]] (Almost 77 years) and the highest [[sex ratio]] (as defined by number of women per 1000 men: 1,084 women per 1000 men) among all Indian states. Kerala has the lowest homicide rate among Indian states, for 2011 it was 1.1 per 100,000.<ref>http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%203.1.pdf</ref> A survey in 2005 by [[Transparency International]] ranked it as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala has witnessed significant emigration of its people, especially to the [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] during the [[Kerala Gulf diaspora#The Gulf Boom|Gulf Boom]] during the 1970s and early 1980s, and its economy depends significantly on [[remittances]] from a large [[Malayali]] expatriate community. [[Hinduism]] is practised by more than half of the population, followed by [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]]. The culture of the state traces its roots from 3rd century CE. It is a synthesis of [[Aryan]] and [[Ancient Dravidian culture|Dravidian]] cultures, developed over centuries under influences from other parts of India and abroad. | |||
Production of pepper and natural rubber contributes to a significant portion of the total national output. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew and spices are important. The state's coastline extends for {{convert|590|km|mi}}, and around 1.1 million people of the state are dependent on the fishery industry which contributes 3% of the state's income. The state's {{convert|145704|km|mi}} of roads, constitute 4.2% of all Indian roadways. There are three existing and two proposed international airports. Waterways are also used as a means of transportation. The state has the [[Indian states ranking by media exposure|highest media exposure in India]] with newspapers publishing in nine different languages; mainly English and Malayalam. Kerala is an important tourist destination, with [[Kerala Backwaters|backwaters]], [[beaches]], [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic tourism]], and [[tropical]] greenery among its major attractions. | |||
Kerala got selected as state of states in 2013 based on the criteria of GDP Governance, health, education etc. Kerala’s 10% rise in GDP is 3% more than the national GDP. Rise in capital expenditure is 30% against national average of 5%. 35% rise in two-wheelers owners against national average of 15%. Teacher pupil ratio jumped from 2:100 to 4:100.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralacm.gov.in/index.php/news2catleist/2443-23-12-2013-india-today |title=India Today On Cm |publisher=Keralacm.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2014-01-11}}</ref> | |||
==Etymology== | |||
A 3rd-century BCE rock inscription by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Asoka the Great]] refers to the local ruler as ''Keralaputra'' (Sanskrit for "son of Kerala"; or "son of Chera[s]", this is contradictory to a popular theory that etymology derives "kerala" from "kera", or coconut tree in Malayalam).<ref>{{cite book|author=A. Sreedhara Menon|title=Political History of Modern Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC&pg=PA13|accessdate=1 August 2012|year=1987|publisher=D C Books|isbn=978-81-264-2156-5|pages=13–}}</ref> | |||
Two thousand years ago, one of three states in the region was called ''[[Chera Dynasty|Cheralam]]'' in [[Tamil language|Classical Tamil]]: ''Chera'' and ''Kera'' are variants of the same word.<ref name="Sainz1972">{{cite book|author=Nicasio Silverio Sainz|title=Cuba y la Casa de Austria|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AOEBAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=6 January 2013|year=1972|publisher=Ediciones Universal|page=120}}</ref> The Graeco-Roman trade map ''[[Periplus Maris Erythraei]]'' refers to this Keralaputra as ''Celobotra''.<ref name="Caldwell1998">{{cite book|author=Robert Caldwell|title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5PPCYBApSnIC&pg=PA92|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=1 December 1998|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0117-8|page=92}}</ref> Ralston Marr derives "Kerala" from the word "Cheral" that refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings.<ref>{{cite book | author=John Ralston Marr | year=1985|title=The Eight Anthologies|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|page=263}}</ref> In turn the word "Cheral" is derived from the proto-Tamil-malayalam word for "lake". Another theory suggests the name is derived from the Arabic "Khair Allah" {{lang-ar|خير الله}}.<ref name=Singh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Anees Jung ; illustrations by Prem|title=Night of the new moon : encounters with Muslim women in India|year=1993|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=0140234055|page=100}}</ref> | |||
===Ancient religious texts=== | |||
[[File:Parshuramsaraswats.jpg|thumb|[[Parashurama|Parasurama]], surrounded by settlers, commanding [[Varuna]] to part the seas and reveal Kerala.]] | |||
According to Hindu mythology, the land of Kerala was recovered from the sea by [[Parasurama]], an [[Daśāvatāra|avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]; hence Kerala is also called ''Parasurama Kshetram'' ("The Land of Parasurama"). Parasurama was an axe-wielding warrior sage. He threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend this new area of land extended from [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] to [[Kanyakumari]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Aiya VN |title=The Travancore State Manual|publisher=Travancore Government Press |pages=210–212 |year=1906 |accessdate=12 November 2007 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=RdzaPW-kEvQC }}</ref> Consensus among more scientific geographers agrees that a substantial portion of this area was indeed under the sea in ancient times.<ref name="Menon2007">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA20|accessdate=27 July 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=20–21}}</ref> The legend later expanded, and found literary expression in the 17th or 18th century with ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', which traces the origin of aspects of early Kerala society, such as land tenure and administration, to the story of Parasurama.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. T. Narayanan|title=Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kHtbkuXruzwC&pg=PA17|accessdate=28 July 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-135-9|pages=16–18}}</ref> In medieval times Kuttuvan might have emulated Parasurama tradition of throwing his spear into the sea to symbolize his lordship of the sea.<ref>P. 204 ''Ancient Indian History'' By Madhavan Arjunan Pillai</ref> Another much earlier [[Puranic]] character associated with Kerala is [[Mahabali]], an [[Asura]] and a prototypical king of justice, who ruled the earth from Kerala. He won the war against the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], driving them into exile. The Devas pleaded before Lord ''[[Vishnu]]'', who took his fifth incarnation as ''[[Vamana]]'' and pushed Mahabali down to [[Patala]] (the netherworld) to placate the Devas. There is a belief that, once a year during the [[Onam]] festival, Mahabali returns to Kerala.<ref name="Rinehart2004">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA146|accessdate=28 July 2012|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8|page=146}}</ref> | |||
The [[Matsya Purana]], which is among the oldest of the 18 [[Puranas]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldberg|first=Ellen|title=The Lord who is Half Woman: Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xUhlxBozntoC&pg=PA20|year=2002|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5325-4|page=20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kemmerer|first=Lisa|title=Animals and World Religions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iFEL2yjkbAAC&pg=PA78|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-991255-1|page=78}}</ref> makes the [[Malaya Mountains]] of Kerala (and [[Tamil Nadu]]) the setting for the story of Lord [[Matsya]], the first [[Dashavatara|incarnation]] of Lord [[Vishnu]], and King [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], the first man and the king of the region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA250|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=250}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ragozin|first=Zenaide A.|title=Vedic India As Embodied Principally in the Rig-veda|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T16d-eRG5VkC&pg=PA341|year=2005|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4179-4463-7|page=341|accessdate=2013-03-21}}</ref> The earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala by name is the [[Aitareya Aranyaka]] of the [[Rigveda]].<ref name="lit">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2818&Itemid=2263 |title=Literacy – official website of Govt. of Kerala |accessdate=3 October 2011}}([[Indian states ranking by literacy rate|1st]]) The breakup shows 94.2 for males and 87.86 for females.''</ref> It is also mentioned in both the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]], the two great Hindu epics.<ref name="Menon3"/> | |||
==History== | |||
{{Main|History of Kerala}} | |||
===Pre-history=== | |||
{{Main|Pre-history of Kerala}} | |||
[[File:MarayoorDolmen.JPG|thumb|A [[dolmen]] erected by Neolithic people in [[Marayur]]]] | |||
Prehistorical archaeological findings include [[dolmen]]s of the [[Neolithic]] era in the [[Marayur]] area in Idukki district. They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from ''muni'' ([[hermit]] or [[Index of religious honorifics and titles|sage]]) and ''ara'' (dolmen).<ref name="Unlocking the secrets of history">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/06/stories/2004120604900300.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Unlocking the secrets of history | date=6 December 2004}}</ref> Rock engravings in the [[Edakkal Caves]] (in [[Wayanad]]) are thought to date from the early to late Neolithic eras around 6000 BCE.<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gxIpYtnyzu4C&pg=PA2184|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=1 July 2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|page=2184}}</ref><ref name="kerala.gov.in">[http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3792:travel-and-tourism&catid=271:about-kerala&Itemid=2267 Tourism information on districts –Wayanad], official website of the Govt. of Kerala</ref> Archaeological studies have identified many [[Mesolithic]], Neolithic and [[Megalithic]] sites in Kerala.<ref name="AroraSingh116">{{cite book|author1=Udai Prakash Arora|author2=A. K. Singh|title=Currents in Indian History, Art, and Archaeology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZFROamyZS7IC&pg=PA122|accessdate=6 October 2012|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-86565-44-5|page=116}}</ref> The studies point to the indigenous development of the ancient Kerala society and its culture beginning from the [[Paleolithic]] age, and its continuity through Mesolithic, [[Neolithic]] and Megalithic ages.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite book|author1=Udai Prakash Arora|author2=A. K. Singh|title=Currents in Indian History, Art, and Archaeology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZFROamyZS7IC&pg=PA122|accessdate=6 October 2012|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-86565-44-5|pages=118, 123}}</ref> However, foreign cultural contacts have assisted this cultural formation.<ref name="AroraSingh1999">{{cite book|author1=Udai Prakash Arora|author2=A. K. Singh|title=Currents in Indian History, Art, and Archaeology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZFROamyZS7IC&pg=PA122|accessdate=6 October 2012|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-86565-44-5|page=123}}</ref> The studies suggest possible relationship with [[Indus Valley Civilization]] during the late [[Bronze Age]] and early [[Iron Age]].<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/article26324.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Symbols akin to Indus valley culture discovered in Kerala | date=29 September 2009}}</ref> | |||
===Ancient period=== | |||
Kerala was a major spice exporter from as early as 3000 BCE, according to [[Sumer|Sumerian records]].<ref>[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC ''Striving for sustainability, environmental stress and democratic initiatives in Kerala''], p. 79; ISBN 81-8069-294-9, Srikumar Chattopadhyay, Richard W. Franke; Year: 2006.</ref> Its fame as the land of spices attracted ancient [[Babylonians]], [[Assyrians]] and [[Egyptians]] to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. [[Arabs]] and [[Phoenicians]] were also successful in establishing their prominence in the Kerala trade during this early period.<ref name="Menon57">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA57|accessdate=10 October 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=57–58}}</ref> The word ''Kerala'' is first recorded (as ''Keralaputra'') in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription (Rock Edict 2) left by the [[Maurya empire|Maurya emperor]] [[Asoka]] (274–237 BCE).<ref name="Kerala 2011">"Kerala." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 December 2011.</ref> The ''Land of Keralaputra'' was one of the four independent kingdoms in southern India during Asoka's time, the others being [[Chola Empire|Chola]], [[Pandya Empire|Pandya]], and [[Satiyaputras|Satiyaputra]].<ref name="SmithJackson2008">{{cite book|author1=Vincent A. Smith|author2=A. V. Williams Jackson|title=History of India, in Nine Volumes: Vol. II – From the Sixth Century BCE to the Mohammedan Conquest, Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bP7DzXQBoM4C&pg=PA166|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=30 November 2008|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|isbn=978-1-60520-492-5|pages=166–}}</ref> Scholars hold that Keralaputra is an alternate name of the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], the first powerful dynasty based on Kerala.<ref name="The Cambridge Shorter History of India">{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA193|accessdate=10 October 2012|publisher=CUP Archive|page=193|id=GGKEY:2W0QHXZ7K40}}</ref><ref name="Dwivedi1994">{{cite book|author=Bhanwar Lal Dwivedi|title=Evolution of Education Thought in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=idERT6Tg4MMC&pg=PA164|accessdate=10 October 2012|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-059-8|pages=164–}}</ref> These territories once shared a common language and culture, within an area known as [[Tamilakam|Tamiḻakam]].<ref>{{Cite book | |||
| last=Kanakasabhai | first=V. | |||
| title=The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago | |||
| url=http://books.google.com/?id=VuvshP5_hg8C&printsec=frontcover | |||
| year=1997 | |||
| publisher=Asian Educational Services | |||
| isbn=978-81-206-0150-5 | |||
| accessdate=16 June 2009}}</ref> While the Cheras ruled the major part of modern Kerala, its southern tip was in the kingdom of Pandyas,<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA385|accessdate=10 October 2012|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|page=385}}</ref> which had a trading port sometimes identified in ancient Western sources as ''[[Nelcynda]]'' (or ''Neacyndi'').<ref name="Books.google.co.in">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=rQipbjusDyQC&pg=PA301&lpg=PA301&dq=nelcynda |title=History of ancient geography – Google Books |author=James Oliver Thomson|publisher=Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1948|date= |accessdate=30 July 2009|isbn=978-0-8196-0143-8|year=1948}}. See also [http://www.orientalthane.com/archaeology/news_2008_01_30_3.htm]</ref> At later times the region fell under the control of the Pandyas, Cheras, and Cholas. [[Ay kingdom|Ays]] and [[Ezhimala kingdom|Mushikas]] were two other remarkable dynasties of ancient Kerala, whose kingdoms lay to the south and north of Cheras respectively.<ref name="Shashi1996">{{cite book|author=S. S. Shashi|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lwswAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=10 October 2012|year=1996|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-7041-859-7|page=1207}}</ref><ref name="Ramunny1993">{{cite book|author=Murkot Ramunny|title=Ezhimala: The Abode of the Naval Academy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Hue54bWk6IC&pg=PA3|accessdate=10 October 2012|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-052-9|page=3}}</ref> | |||
In the last centuries BCE the coast became famous among the Greeks and Romans for its spices, especially [[black pepper]]. The Cheras had trading links with [[Ancient China|China]], [[Western Asia|West Asia]], [[Egypt]], [[Greece]], and the [[Roman Empire]]. In the foreign-trade circles the region was identified by the name ''Male'' or ''Malabar''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1961/JSS_054_1c_Minattur_MalayaWhatsInAName.pdf | title=Malaya: What's in the name | publisher=siamese-heritage.org | accessdate=7 August 2012 | author=Joseph Minattur | page=1}}</ref> [[Muziris]], Berkarai, and Nelcynda were among the principal ports at that time.<ref name="Kusuman">{{cite book |author=K. K. Kusuman |title=A History of Trade & Commerce in Travancore |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-7099-026-0 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=qbNuyHswr1cC |pages=1–2 |accessdate= }}</ref> The value of Rome's annual trade with India as a whole was estimated at no less than 50,000,000 [[sesterces]];<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> contemporary [[Sangam literature]] describes Roman ships coming to [[Muziris]] in Kerala, laden with gold to exchange for pepper. One of the earliest western traders to use the monsoon winds to reach Kerala may have been [[Eudoxus of Cyzicus]], around 118 or 166 BCE, under the patronage of [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII]], a king of the [[Hellenistic civilisation|Hellenistic]] [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] in Egypt. Various Roman establishments in the port cities of the region, such as a temple of ''[[Augustus]]'' and barracks for garrisoned Roman soldiers, are marked in the [[Tabula Peutingeriana]]: the only surviving map of the Roman ''[[cursus publicus]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA246|accessdate=7 August 2012|date=1 December 2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08478-4|pages=246–}}</ref><ref name="Iyengar_2001">{{cite book |author=Iyengar PTS |year=2001 |title=History Of The Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D. |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-0145-9 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ERq-OCn2cloC |accessdate=29 December 2008 }}</ref> | |||
Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book |author=Iyengar PTS |year=2001 |title=History Of The Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D. |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=81-206-0145-9 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ERq-OCn2cloC |pages=192–195 |accessdate=29 December 2008 }}</ref> Jewish connection with Kerala started as early as 573 BCE.<ref>De Beth Hillel, David (1832). ''Travels'' ([[Madras]] publication).</ref><ref>Lord, James Henry (1977). ''The Jews in India and the Far East''; Greenwood Press Reprint; ISBN</ref> Arabs also had trade links with Kerala, possibly started before the 4th century BCE, as [[Herodotus]] (484–413 BCE) noted that goods brought by Arabs from Kerala were sold to the Jews at Eden.<ref name="Kusuman"/> They intermarried with local people, and from this mixture the large [[Muslim Mappila]] community of Kerala are descended.<ref name="Dialogue">{{cite book |author=Rolland E. Miller |title=Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Perspectives and Encounters |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-208-1158-4 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=6eHgNyNimoAC |page=50 |accessdate= }}</ref> In the 4th century, some Christians also immigrated from [[Persia]] and joined the early [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] community who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Geoffrey Wainwright |title=The Oxford History Of Christian Worship |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-513886-3 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=h5VQUdZhx1gC |page=666 |accessdate= }}</ref> ''Mappila'' was an honorific title that had been assigned to respected visitors from abroad; and Jewish, Syrian Christian, and Muslim immigration might account for later names of the respective communities: [[Juda Mappila]]s, [[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasrani Mappila]]s, and [[Mappila|Muslim Mappila]]s.<ref name="BMalieckal">* Bindu Malieckal (2005) Muslims, Matriliny, and A Midsummer Night's Dream: European Encounters with the Mappilas of Malabar, India; The Muslim World Volume 95 Issue 2</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Milton J, Skeat WW, Pollard AW, Brown L |title=The Indian Christians of St Thomas |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=31 August 1982 |isbn=0-521-21258-8 |page=171 }}</ref> According to the legends of these communities, the earliest [[Saint Thomas Christian Churches|Christian churches]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Susan Bayly |title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-89103-5 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC |page=40 |accessdate= }}</ref> [[Cheraman Juma Masjid|mosque]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7656-0104-9 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123 |accessdate= }}</ref> and [[Paradesi Synagogue|synagogue]] (1568 CE)<ref>{{cite book |author=Nathan Katz |title=Who Are the Jews of India? |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-520-21323-4 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZWX6pF2PTJwC |page=245 |accessdate= }}</ref> in India were built in Kerala. The combined number of Muslims, Christians, and Jews was relatively small at this early stage. They co-existed harmoniously with each other and with local Hindu society, aided by the commercial benefit from such association.<ref name="Dialogue"/> | |||
===Early medieval period=== | |||
[[File:3rd Tiruvalla Copper Plate.jpg|thumb|[[Tharisapalli plates]]: testify that during the Kulasekhara period merchant guilds and trade corporations played a very significant role in the economy and social life of the times.]] | |||
Much of history of the region from the 6th to the 8th century is unknown.<ref name="Kerala 2011"/> A [[Later Chera Dynasty|Second Chera Kingdom]] ( c. 800–1102), also known as [[Kulasekhara|Kulasekhara dynasty of Mahodayapuram]], was established by [[Kulashekhara Alwar|Kulasekhara Varman]], which at its zenith ruled over a territory comprising the whole of modern Kerala and a smaller part of modern Tamil Nadu. During the early part of ''Kulasekara period'', the southern region from [[Nagerkovil]] to [[Thiruvalla]] was ruled by [[Ays (Kerala)|Ay kings]], who lost their power in the 10th century and thus the region became a part of the ''Kulasekara empire''.<ref name="Balachand">{{cite book|author=K. Balachandran Nayar|title=In quest of Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EXIeAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 August 2012|year=1974|publisher=Accent Publications|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA166|accessdate=8 August 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|page=97}}</ref> During Kulasekhara rule, Kerala witnessed a flourishing period of art, literature, trade and the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti cult]] of Hinduism.<ref name="Sreedhar123">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA166|accessdate=8 August 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=123–131}}</ref> A Keralite identity, distinct from the [[Tamil people|Tamils]], became linguistically separate during this period.<ref>Malayalam, R. E. Asher, T. C. Kumari, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02242-8, 1997</ref> For the local administration, the empire was divided into provinces under the rule of [[Naduvazhi]]s, with each province comprising a number of ''Desams'' under the control of chieftains, called as ''Desavazhis''.<ref name="Sreedhar123"/> | |||
The inhibitions, caused by a series of Chera-Chola wars in the 11th century, resulted in the decline of foreign trade in Kerala ports. Buddhism and Jainism disappeared from the land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.cc/keralahistory/index34.htm |title=Kerala - Gateway To Paradise ( Kerala History, Kerala Society, Kerala Culture |publisher=Kerala.cc |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> The social system became fractured with internal divisions on the lines of [[Caste system in kerala|caste]].<ref>{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA166|accessdate=9 August 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|page=138}}</ref> Finally, the Kulasekhara dynasty was subjugated in 1102 by the combined attack of ''Later Pandyas'' and [[Later Cholas]].<ref name="Balachand"/> However, in the 14th century, Ravi Varma Kulashekhara (1299–1314) of the southern [[Venad|Venad kingdom]] was able to establish a short-lived supremacy over southern India. After his death, in the absence of a strong central power, the state was fractured into about thirty small warring principalities; most powerful of them were the kingdom of [[Samuthiri]] in the north, [[Venad]] in the south and Kochi in the middle.<ref>{{cite book|author=Educational Britannica Educational|title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xPUvqtdfjyAC&pg=PA311|accessdate=15 September 2012|date=15 August 2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-202-4|page=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Territories and States of India |url= http://www.questia.com/read/108994726 |publisher= Europa {{Subscription required|via=[[Questia]]}}|accessdate=14 April 2012|year=2002 |pages=144–146}}</ref> | |||
===Colonial era=== | |||
[[File:Caminho maritimo para a India.png|thumb|This figure illustrates the path of Vasco da Gama heading for the first time to India (black line)]] | |||
The monopoly of maritime spice trade in the Indian Ocean stayed with Arabs during the [[High Middle Ages|high]] and [[Late Middle Ages|late]] medieval periods. However, the dominance of Middle East traders got challenged in the European [[Age of Discovery]] during which the spice trade, particularly in [[black pepper]], became an influential activity for European traders.<ref>{{cite book | last = Corn | first = Charles | coauthors = Glasserman, Debbie | title = The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade | publisher = Kodansha America |date=March 1999 | isbn = 1-56836-249-8}}</ref> Around the 15th century, the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] began to dominate the eastern shipping trade in general, and the spice-trade in particular, culminating in [[Vasco Da Gama]]'s arrival in [[Kappad]] [[Kozhikode]] in 1498.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Ravindran PN |title=Black Pepper: Piper Nigrum |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=VaGCgSLrdr4C |page=3 |isbn=978-90-5702-453-5 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Curtin PD |title=Cross-Cultural Trade in World History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-521-26931-8 |page=144}}</ref><ref name="Mundadan_1984">{{Cite book |author=Mundadan AM |year=1984 |title=Volume I: From the Beginning up to the Sixteenth Century (up to 1542) |series=History of Christianity in India |publisher=Theological Publications |others=Church History Association of India |location=Bangalore }}</ref> The [[Zamorin]] of Calicut permitted the new visitors to trade with his subjects. The Portuguese trade in Calicut prospered with the establishment of a factory and fort in his territory. However, Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his jurisdiction provoked Zamorin and finally led to conflicts between them. The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between Zamorin and king of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]]; they allied with Kochi and when [[Francisco de Almeida]] was appointed as the Viceroy of Portuguese India in 1505, his headquarters was at Kochi. During his reign, the Portuguese managed to dominate relations with Kochi and established a few fortresses in Malabar coast.<ref name="Mehta2005">{{cite book|author=J. L. Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA324|accessdate=9 August 2012|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|pages=324–327}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Portuguese suffered severe setbacks from the attacks of Zamorin forces; especially from naval attacks under the leadership of admirals of Calicut known as [[Kunjali Marakkar]]s, which compelled them to seek a treaty. In 1571, Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the [[Vettathunad#Battles at Chaliyam Fort|battle at Chaliyam fort]].<ref>{{cite book|author=K. K. N. Kurup|title=India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA51|accessdate=9 August 2012|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-083-3|pages=37–38}}</ref> | |||
[[File:De Lannoy Surrender.JPG|right|thumb|[[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] commander [[Eustachius De Lannoy|De Lannoy]] surrenders to [[Marthanda Varma]] at the [[Battle of Colachel]]. Depiction at [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]]]] | |||
[[File:Palakkad Fort.JPG|thumb|left|[[Tipu Sultan]]'s fort at Palakkad; view from outside the northern wall.]] | |||
The weakened Portuguese were ousted by the [[Dutch East India Company]], who took advantage of continuing conflicts between [[Saamoothiri|Kozhikode]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]] to gain control of the trade.<ref name="South Asia 2006">{{cite book|title=South Asia 2006|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YG8bAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 December 2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=289}}</ref> The Dutch in turn were weakened by constant battles with [[Marthanda Varma]] of the [[Travancore Royal Family]], and were defeated at the [[Battle of Colachel]] in 1741.<ref name=autogenerated23>{{cite book|author=Murkot Ramunny|title=Ezhimala: The Abode of the Naval Academy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7Hue54bWk6IC&pg=PA57|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-052-9|pages=57–}}</ref> An agreement, known as "Treaty of Mavelikkara", was signed by the Dutch and Travancore in 1753, according to which the Dutch were compelled to detach from all political involvements in the region.<ref name="Singh2010">{{cite book|author=Anjana Singh|title=Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750–1830: The Social Condition of a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LFy4pWUlnfwC&pg=PA22|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=30 April 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-16816-9|pages=22–52}}</ref><ref name="Iyer1995">{{cite book|author=S. Krishna Iyer|title=Travancore Dutch relations, 1729–1741|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rUtuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1995|publisher=CBH Publications|isbn=978-81-85381-42-8|page=49}}</ref><ref name="Lannoy1997">{{cite book|author=Mark de Lannoy|title=The Kulasekhara Perumals of Travancore: history and state formation in Travancore from 1671 to 1758|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pKjZAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1997|publisher=Leiden University|isbn=978-90-73782-92-1|page=190}}</ref> In the meantime, Marthanda Varma annexed many smaller northern kingdoms through military conquests, resulting in the rise of Travancore to a position of preeminence in Kerala.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. Sreedhara Menon|title=Political History of Modern Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wnAjqjhc1VcC&pg=PA140|accessdate=10 August 2012|year=1987|publisher=D C Books|isbn=978-81-264-2156-5|page=140}}</ref> | |||
In 1766, [[Hyder Ali]], the ruler of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] [[Mysorean invasion of Kerala#Invasion by Hyder Ali|invaded northern Kerala]].<ref name="Rai">{{cite book|author=Raghunath Rai|title=History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z4-8Z0gqBkoC&pg=PA14|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=FK Publications|isbn=978-81-87139-69-0|pages=14–}}</ref> His son and successor, [[Tipu Sultan]], [[Mysorean invasion of Kerala#Invasions by Tipu Sultan|launched campaigns]] against the expanding [[British East India Company]], resulting in two of the four [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]].<ref name="MuseumDallapiccola2010">{{cite book|author1=British Museum|author2=Anna Libera Dallapiccola|title=South Indian Paintings: A Catalogue of the British Museum Collection|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FIzWapiacQcC&pg=PA12|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=22 June 2010|publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-0-7141-2424-7|pages=12–}}</ref><ref name="ThorpeEdgar">{{cite book|author1=Edgar Thorpe, Showick Thorpe|author2=Thorpe Edgar|title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=RA1-PA99|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-5830-4|page=99}}</ref> Tipu ultimately ceded [[Malabar District]] and [[South Kanara]] to the Company in the 1790s; both were annexed to [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British India]] in 1792.<ref name="The Edinburgh Gazetteer: Or, Geographical Dictionary: Containing a Description of the Various Countries, Kingdoms, States, Cities, Towns, Mountains, &c. of the World; an Account of the Government, Customs, and Religion of the Inhabitants; the Boundaries and Natural Productions of Each Country, &c. &c. Forming a Complete Body of Geography, Physical, Political, Statistical, and Commercial with Addenda, Containing the Present State of the New Governments in South America...">{{cite book|title=The Edinburgh Gazetteer|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xRIyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA63|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1827|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green|pages=63–}}</ref><ref name="Kumar1965">{{cite book|author=Dharma Kumar|title=Land and Caste in South India: Agricultural Labor in the Madras Presidency During the Nineteenth Century|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=psw5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA87|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1965|publisher=CUP Archive|pages=87–|id=GGKEY:T72DPF9AZDK}}</ref><ref name="Ittaman2003">{{cite book|author=K.P. Ittaman|title=History of Mughal Architecture Volume Ii|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZQ5lFywZAqYC&pg=PA30|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 June 2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-034-1|pages=30–}}</ref> The Company forged tributary alliances with Kochi in 1791 and Travancore in 1795.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Superintendent of Government Printing |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India (Provincial Series): Madras |publisher=Government of India |location=Calcutta |year=1908 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=xXglUxeS_WkC |page=22 }}</ref> Thus, by the end of 18th century, the whole of Kerala fell under the control of the British, either administered directly or under [[suzerainty]].<ref name="RajTharakan1981">{{cite book|author1=Kakkadan Nandanath Raj|author2=Michael Tharakan|author3=Rural Employment Policy Research Programme|title=Agrarian reform in Kerala and its impact on the rural economy: a preliminary assessment|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JF6FAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1981|publisher=International Labour Office|pages=2–3}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Madras Prov 1859.gif|thumb|A nineteenth-century map of [[Madras Presidency]] in [[British India]]. After independence, Kerala was formed by merging [[Malabar District|Malabar]], [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], [[Travancore]] and the [[South Kanara]] district]] | |||
There were major revolts in Kerala during its transition to democracy in the 20th century; most notable among them are the 1921 [[Malabar Rebellion]] and the 1946 [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising]] in Travancore.<ref>{{cite web |year=2002 |title=Emergence of Nationalism: Punnapra-Vayalar revolt |publisher=Department of Public Relations (Government of Kerala) |accessdate=14 January 2006 |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/keralam/vayalar.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050223090751/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/keralam/vayalar.htm |archivedate=23 February 2005 }}</ref> In the ''Malabar Rebellion'', Mappila Muslims of Malabar rioted against Hindu [[zamindars]] and the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qureshi |first=MN|title=Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924 |year=1999 |pages=445–447|isbn=90-04-10538-7 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden [u.a.] |oclc=231706684}}</ref> Some social struggles against caste inequalities also erupted in the early decades of 20th century, leading to the 1936 [[Temple Entry Proclamation]] that opened Hindu temples in Travancore to all castes;<ref name="Smith1976">{{cite book|author=Bardwell L. Smith|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=07Y3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42|accessdate=31 July 2012|year=1976|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1|pages=35–42}}</ref> | |||
===Post colonial period=== | |||
After [[British India]] was [[Partition of India|partitioned]] in 1947 into India and [[Pakistan]], [[Travancore]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] joined the [[Union of India]] and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form [[Travancore-Cochin]].<ref name="Sabharwal2007">{{cite book|author=Gopa Sabharwal|title=India Since 1947: The Independent Years|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LKySGJAGVEQC&pg=PA23|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-310274-8|pages=23–}}</ref> On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the [[States Reorganisation Act]] merging the Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin (excluding four southern [[tehsil|taluks]], which were merged with Tamil Nadu), and the taluk of [[Kasaragod Town|Kasargod]], [[South Kanara]].<ref name="Tmh">{{cite book|author=Tmh|title=General Knowledge Digest 2010|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RyLmXWTKHXgC&pg=SA3-PA106|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-069939-7|pages=3–}}</ref><ref name="SinghKarafin2009">{{cite book|author1=Sarina Singh|author2=Amy Karafin|author3=Anirban Mahapatra|title=South India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC|accessdate=6 January 2013|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-155-6}}</ref> In 1957, elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly were held, and a reformist, [[Communist]]-led government came to power, under [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]].<ref name="SinghKarafin2009"/> It was one of the first Communist government (In 1945, [[San Marino]], a sovereign state in Italy, elected the first<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=50 years of development|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/50-years-of-development/article1655056.ece?ref=archive|accessdate=30 August 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 April 2007|author=K.G. Kumar}}</ref><ref name="Desai2006">{{cite book|author=Manali Desai|title=State Formation and Radical Democracy in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=60m9znJQmmkC&pg=PA142|accessdate=31 August 2013|date=27 November 2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-96774-4|page=142}}</ref>), which was democratically elected in the world.<ref name="ChitkaraŚarmā1997">{{cite book|author1=Madan Gopal Chitkara|author2=Baṃśī Rāma Śarmā|title=Indian Republic: Issues and Perspective|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7YrmNURVoroC&pg=PA134|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 1997|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-836-1|pages=134–}}</ref> | |||
==Geography== | |||
{{Main|Geography of Kerala}} | |||
[[File:Anamudi.jpg|thumb|upright|Anamudi from [[Eravikulam National Park]]]] | |||
[[File:Kettuvellam vembanad lake.JPG|thumb|left|[[Vembanad]], the largest lake in Kerala]] | |||
The state is wedged between the [[Lakshadweep Sea]] and the [[Western Ghats]]. Lying between north latitudes 8°18' and 12°48' and east longitudes 74°52' and 77°22',<ref>{{cite web|title=PHYSICAL AND ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF WOOD OF SOME LESS-KNOWN TREE SPECIES OF KERALA|url=http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR096.pdf|work=KERALA FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE|publisher=Government of Kerala|accessdate=18 November 2012|format=PDF}}</ref> Kerala experiences the humid [[equatorial climate|equatorial tropic climate]]. The state has a coast of {{convert|590|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.fisheries.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=44 Marine Fisheries] Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Kerala</ref> and the width of the state varies between 11 and 121 km (22–75 miles).<ref name="Nair1994">{{cite book|author=V. Balakrishnan Nair|title=Social Development and Demographic Changes in South India: Focus on Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sTS4OO9lcdgC&pg=PA15|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-50-1|page=15}}</ref> Geographically, Kerala can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands; rugged and cool mountainous terrain, the central mid-lands; rolling hills, and the western lowlands; coastal plains.<ref name="ChattopadhyayFranke2006">{{cite book|author1=Srikumar Chattopadhyay|author2=Srikumar Chattopadhyay And Richard W. Franke|title=Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC&pg=PA110|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-294-9|page=110}}</ref> The state is located at the extreme southern tip of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and lies near the centre of the [[Indian Plate|Indian]] [[tectonic plate]]; hence, it is subject to comparatively low [[earthquake|seismic]] and volcanic activity.<ref>{{Cite map |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |year=2002 |title=Map Showing Multi Hazard Zones in Kerala |url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/Multihazard/Maps/Multihazard/kerala.jpg |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061108004906/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/Multihazard/Maps/Multihazard/kerala.jpg |archivedate=8 November 2006 |accessdate=12 January 2006 }}</ref> [[Pre-Cambrian]] and [[Pleistocene]] geological formations compose the bulk of Kerala's terrain.<ref name="Geological Survey Water-supply Paper">{{cite book|title=Geological Survey Water-supply Paper|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0qUYAQAAIAAJ&pg=SL4-PA6|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1961|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=4}}</ref><ref name="SharmaKumari2008">{{cite book|author1=Pradeep Sharma|author2=Y. Dharnai Kumari|author3=Tirunagaram Lakshmamma|title=Status Of Women And Family Planning|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2b6Ok2EcnBIC&pg=PA217|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8356-326-0|page=217}}</ref> A catastrophic flood in Kerala in 1341 CE drastically modified its terrain and consequently affected its history; it also created a natural harbor for spice transport.<ref name="LimitedKitchen2010">{{cite book|author1=Murdoch Books Pty Limited|author2=Murdoch Books Test Kitchen|title=India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d_cHBuYD3CQC&pg=PA100|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 July 2010|publisher=Murdoch Books|isbn=978-1-74196-438-7|page=100}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Coconut trees and paddy field 02.JPG|thumb|Coconut palms can be found all over Kerala]] | |||
The eastern region of Kerala consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' [[rain shadow]].<ref name=ChattopadhyayFranke2006 /> Forty-one of Kerala's west-flowing rivers,<ref name="Sadasivan2003">{{cite book|author=S. N. Sadasivan|title=River Disputes in India: Kerala Rivers Under Siege|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hhrRboi5kOcC&pg=PA223|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-913-3|page=223}}</ref> and three of its east-flowing ones originate in this region.<ref name="Darpan2006">{{cite book|author=Pratiyogita Darpan|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QegDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT72|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=September 2006|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|page=72}}</ref><ref name="India2008">{{cite book|author=Motilal (UK) Books of India|title=Tourist Guide Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZYfRBcLdTNYC&pg=PA11|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 February 2008|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-7478-164-2|page=11}}</ref> The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near [[Palakkad]]; hence also known Pal''ghat'', where the [[Palakkad Gap]] breaks through to provide access to the rest of India.<ref name="Gupta2006">{{cite book|author=Om Gupta|title=Encyclopaedia Of India Pakistan & Bangladesh|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VY1nTMBQ9vQC&pg=PA1827|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 April 2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-389-2|page=1827}}</ref> The Western Ghats rise on average to 1,500 m (4920 ft) above sea level,<ref name="Biju2006">{{cite book|author=M.R. Biju|title=Sustainable Dimensions Of Tourism Management|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AkAdvTbg0dEC&pg=PA63|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-129-8|page=63}}</ref> while the highest peaks reach around 2,500 m (8200 ft).<ref name="Hussain">{{cite book|author=Hussain|title=Geography Of India For Civil Ser Exam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wUzKCZxvNQoC&pg=SA2-PA9|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-066772-3|page=2}}</ref> [[Anamudi]], the highest peak in south India, is at an elevation of 2,695 metres (8,842 ft).<ref name="Bhargava2006">{{cite book|author=S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC&pg=PA262|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-370-8|page=262}}</ref> The elevations of the eastern portions of the [[Nilgiri Hills]] and [[Palni Hills]] range from 250 and 1,000 m (820 and 3300 ft).<ref name=autogenerated18>{{cite book|author=Om Gupta|title=Encyclopaedia Of India Pakistan & Bangladesh|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VY1nTMBQ9vQC&pg=PA1832|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 April 2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-389-2|page=1832}}</ref><ref name="Islam">{{cite book|author=R. P. Singh, Zubairul Islam|title=Environmental Studies|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gaQptMlw3X8C&pg=PA172|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-774-6|page=172}}</ref> | |||
Kerala's western coastal belt is relatively flat to the eastern region,<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite book|author1=Srikumar Chattopadhyay|author2=Srikumar Chattopadhyay And Richard W. Franke|title=Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC&pg=PA33|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-294-9|page=33}}</ref> and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected [[brackish]] [[canal]]s, lakes, [[estuary|estuaries]],<ref name="Moss2010">{{cite book|author=Danny Moss|title=Public Relations Cases: International Perspectives|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=s0-CJ3djEdEC&pg=PA41|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-77336-2|page=41}}</ref> and rivers known as the [[Kerala Backwaters]].<ref name="Thorpe2012">{{cite book|author=Edgar Thorpe|title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2012|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1cruroSVFoUC&pg=RA3-PA38|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2012|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-6734-4|page=3}}</ref> The state's largest lake [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad]], dominates the Backwaters; it lies between [[Alappuzha]] and Kochi and is more than {{convert|200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="Husain">{{cite book|author=Majid Husain|title=Understanding: Geographical: Map Entries: for Civil Services Examinations: Second Edition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_9VGKfQ-sQsC&pg=RA9-PT18|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-070288-2|page=9}}</ref> Around 8% of India's waterways are found in Kerala.<ref name="IWAI_2005">{{Cite journal | |||
| author=Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI—Ministry of Shipping) | |||
| year=2005 | |||
| title=Introduction to Inland Water Transport | |||
| journal=IWAI (Ministry of Shipping) | |||
| url=http://iwai.nic.in/Introduction.html | |||
| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20050204175110/http://iwai.nic.in/Introduction.html | |||
| archivedate=4 February 2005 | |||
| accessdate=19 January 2006 }}</ref> Kerala's [[List of rivers in Kerala|forty-four rivers]] include the [[Periyar River|Periyar]]; 244 km, [[Bharathapuzha]]; 209 km, [[Pamba River|Pamba]]; 176 km, [[Chaliyar River|Chaliyar]]; 169 km, [[Kadalundipuzha River|Kadalundipuzha]]; 130 km, [[Chalakudy River|Chalakudipuzha]]; 130 km, [[Valapattanam River|Valapattanam]]; 129 km and the [[Achankovil River]]; 128 km. The average length of the rivers is 64 km. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by [[monsoon]] rain.<ref name=riverreport>{{cite book|last=India.|first=Planning Commission|title=Kerala Development Report|year=2008|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=9788171885947|page=224|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=8171885942}}</ref> As Kerala's rivers are small and lacking in [[river delta|delta]], they are more prone to environmental effects. The rivers face problems such as sand mining and pollution.<ref name="Padmalal">Padmalal D, Maya K, Sreebha S & Sreeja R, 2007, Environmental effects of river sand mining: a case from the river catchments of [[Vembanad lake]], Southwest coast of India, Environmental Geology 54(4), 879–889. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/r6x802r243782121/ springerlink.com]. Retrieved 17 July 2009.</ref> The state experiences several natural hazards like [[landslide]]s, [[floods]], [[lightning]] and [[droughts]]; the state was also affected by the [[2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami]].<ref name="Jha2010">{{cite book|author=M.K. Jha|title=Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters: Vulnerability, Preparedness and Mitigation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fICXQSPJwx8C&pg=PA81|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=24 November 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-2497-8|page=81}}</ref> | |||
{{-}} | |||
{{Wide image|Periyar River from Dam DSW.jpg|799px|Periyar River}} | |||
===Climate=== | |||
[[File:Monsoon Alappuzha June 20 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Monsoon|Southwest Monsoon]] Clouds over [[Alappuzha]] ]] | |||
With around 120–140 rainy days per year,<ref name="Chacko_2002">{{Cite journal |author=Chacko T |coauthors=Renuka G |year=2002 |title=Temperature mapping, thermal diffusivity and subsoil heat flux at [[Kariavattom]], Kerala |journal=Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) |ref=harv }}</ref>{{rp|80}} Kerala has a wet and maritime tropical climate influenced by the seasonal heavy rains of the [[Southwest monsoon|southwest summer monsoon]] and northeast winter monsoon.<ref name="Devrep">{{Cite book |author=Planning Commission, India |title=Kerala Development Report |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7188-594-7 |page=223 |accessdate=}}</ref> Around 65% of the rainfall occurs from June to August corresponding to the southwest monsoon, and the rest from September to December corresponding to northeast monsoon.<ref name="Devrep"/> Southwest monsoon; The moisture-laden winds, on reaching the southernmost point of the [[Indian Peninsula]], because of its topography, become divided into two parts: the "Arabian Sea Branch" and the "Bay of Bengal Branch".<ref name="Jain">{{cite book|author=RK Jain|title=Geography 10|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7hOybWJeZN0C&pg=PA110|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Ratna Sagar|isbn=978-81-8332-081-8|page=110}}</ref> The "Arabian Sea Branch" of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the [[Western Ghats]] in Kerala,<ref name="Together with Social Science Term II">{{cite book|title=Together with Social Science Term II|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oOA1nsSU8JYC&pg=PA112|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Rachna Sagar|isbn=978-81-8137-399-1|page=112}}</ref> thus making the area the first state in [[India]] to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon.<ref name=autogenerated19>{{cite book|author1=Edgar Thorpe, Showick Thorpe|author2=Thorpe Edgar|title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=SL7-PA168|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-5830-4|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Aggarwal">{{cite book|author=by Dr. N.N. Kher & Jaideep Aggarwal|title=A Text Book of Social Sciences|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jV6k0FvIC4sC&pg=RA5-PA16|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Pitambar Publishing|isbn=978-81-209-1466-7|page=5}}</ref> Northeast monsoon: The distribution of pressure patterns is reversed during this season and the cold winds from North India pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and precipitate it in the east coast of peninsular India.<ref name=autogenerated8>{{cite book|author1=Sarina Singh|author2=Amy Karafin|author3=Anirban Mahapatra|title=South India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC&pg=PA15|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-155-6|page=15}}</ref><ref name="Reddy">{{cite book|author=S.V. Jeevananda Reddy|title=Climate Change: Myths and Realities|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y_GMTXRtxJ8C&pg=PA71|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Jeevananda Reddy|page=71|id=GGKEY:WDFHBL1XHK3}}</ref> In Kerala, the influence of the northeast monsoon is seen in southern districts only.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Rao |title=Agricultural Meteorology |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Kd-3lt-yAtAC&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=PHI Learning |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-203-3338-3 |pages=173–174 |accessdate= }}</ref> Kerala's rainfall averages 3,107 mm (122 in) annually. Some of Kerala's drier lowland regions average only 1,250 mm (49 in); the mountains of eastern [[Idukki district]] receive more than 5,000 mm (197 in) of [[Precipitation (meteorology)#Orographic precipitation|orographic precipitation]]: the highest in the state. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. During summer, the state is prone to gale force winds, storm surges, [[cyclone]]-related torrential downpours, occasional droughts, and rises in sea level.<ref name="Brenkert_Malone_2003">{{Cite journal |author=Brenkert A |coauthors=Malone E |year=2003 |title=Vulnerability and resilience of India and Indian states to climate change: a first-order approximation |journal=Joint Global Change Research Institute |ref=harv }}</ref>{{rp|26, 46, 52}} The mean daily temperatures range from 19.8 °C to 36.7 °C.<ref name="autogenerated14">{{cite web | |||
| url = http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/tenth/Annexure%203.pdf | title = Opportunities in participatory planning | publisher=[[Department of Town and Country Planning, Kerala]] | page= 14 | accessdate =2013-03-21 }}</ref> Mean annual temperatures range from 25.0–27.5 °C in the coastal lowlands to 20.0–22.5 °C in the eastern highlands.<ref name="Brenkert_Malone_2003"/>{{rp|65}} | |||
{{Weather box|location = Kerala | |||
|metric first = Yes | |||
|single line = Yes | |||
|Jan high C = 28.0 | |||
|Feb high C = 30 | |||
|Mar high C = 31 | |||
|Apr high C = 32 | |||
|May high C = 34 | |||
|Jun high C = 34 | |||
|Jul high C = 30 | |||
|Aug high C = 29 | |||
|Sep high C = 29 | |||
|Oct high C = 30 | |||
|Nov high C = 30 | |||
|Dec high C = 31 | |||
|year high C = 34 | |||
|Jan low C = 22 | |||
|Feb low C = 23 | |||
|Mar low C = 24 | |||
|Apr low C = 25 | |||
|May low C = 25 | |||
|Jun low C = 24 | |||
|Jul low C = 23 | |||
|Aug low C = 23 | |||
|Sep low C = 23 | |||
|Oct low C = 23 | |||
|Nov low C = 23 | |||
|Dec low C = 22 | |||
|year low C = 22 | |||
|source 1 =<ref name="autogenerated14"/> | |||
|date=May 2012}} | |||
==Flora and fauna== | |||
{{Infobox region symbols | |||
| region = Kerala <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/symbols.htm |title=Kerala Symbols |date= |publisher=Public Relations Dept, Kerala}}</ref> | |||
| region_type =State | |||
| animal = [[File:Guruvayoor Kesavan Statue.jpg|50px]] [[Indian elephant]] | |||
| bird = [[File:Great hornbill 614.jpg|40px]] [[Buceros bicornis|Great Hornbill]] | |||
| flower = [[File:Konnamaram.JPG|40px]] [[Cassia fistula|Golden Shower Tree Flower]] | |||
| tree = [[File:Coconut tree climbing DSCN0345.jpg|40px]] [[Coconut tree]] | |||
}} | |||
[[File:Haliastur indus -Kerala, India-8.jpg|thumb|left|[[Brahminy Kite]], commonly known as Krishnapparunthu in the local language of Kerala]] | |||
[[File:Common Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus by Kadavoor.JPG|thumb|left|A [[Papilio demoleus|Common Lime Butterfly]] (''Papilio demoleus'') in [[Kadavoor]]]] | |||
{{Main|Flora and fauna of Kerala}} | |||
Most of the biodiversity is concentrated and protected in the [[Western Ghats]]. Out of the 4,000 [[flowering plant]] species 900 species are [[Herbalism|medicinal plants]]; 1,272 of which are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to Kerala and 159 threatened.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004">{{Cite journal |author=Sreedharan TP |year=2004 |title=Biological Diversity of Kerala: A survey of Kalliasseri panchayat, Kannur district |journal=Centre for Development Studies |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/62.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=28 December 2008 |ref=harv }}{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref>{{rp|11}} Its 9,400 km<sup>2</sup> of forests include tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations—3,470 km<sup>2</sup>), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations—4,100 km<sup>2</sup> and 100 km<sup>2</sup>, respectively), and montane subtropical and [[temperate]] (''shola'') forests (highest elevations—100 km<sup>2</sup>). Altogether, 24% of Kerala is forested.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004"/>{{rp|12}} Two of the world's [[Ramsar Convention]] listed [[wetland]]s—[[Sasthamkotta Lake|Lake Sasthamkotta]] and the [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad-Kol wetlands]]—are in Kerala, as well as 1455.4 km<sup>2</sup> of the vast [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]. Subjected to extensive clearing for cultivation in the 20th century,<ref name="Jayarajan_2004">{{Cite journal |author=Jayarajan M |year=2004 |title=Sacred Groves of North Malabar |journal=Centre for Development Studies |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/92.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=28 December 2008 |ref=harv }}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} much of the remaining forest cover is now protected from [[clearfelling]].<ref name="Evans2008">{{cite book|author=Julian Evans|title=The Forests Handbook, Applying Forest Science for Sustainable Management|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ol_CCkYQNKIC&pg=PA235|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=13 June 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-75683-6|pages=235–}}</ref> Eastern Kerala's windward mountains shelter [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist forests]] and [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry forests]], which are common in the Western Ghats.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite book|author=R. P. Singh, Zubairul Islam|title=Environmental Studies|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gaQptMlw3X8C&pg=PA172|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-774-6|pages=172–}}</ref><ref name="Geer2008">{{cite book|author=Alexandra Anna Enrica van der Geer|title=Animals in Stone: Indian Mammals Sculptured Through Time|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oQ3quxh9gsgC&pg=PA7|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-16819-0|pages=7–}}</ref> | |||
Kerala's fauna are notable for their diversity and high rates of endemism: it includes 102 species of [[mammal]]s (56 of which are endemic), [[List of birds of Kerala|476 species of birds]], 202 species of freshwater fishes, 169 species of [[reptile]]s (139 of them endemic), and 89 species of [[amphibian]]s (86 endemic).<ref name="Prasada">{{cite book|author=Prasada|title=Climate Change And Agriculture Over India, 1/e|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E4c2KjyCRGEC&pg=PA51|accessdate=19 November 2012|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-3941-5|pages=51–}}</ref> These are threatened by extensive habitat destruction, including soil erosion, landslides, [[Soil salinity|salinisation]], and resource extraction. In the forests, ''sonokeling'', ''[[Dalbergia]] latifolia'', ''anjili'', ''mullumurikku'', ''[[Erythrina]]'', and ''[[Cinnamomum aromaticum|Cassia]]'' number among the more than 1,000 species of trees in Kerala. Other plants include [[bamboo]], wild black pepper, wild [[cardamom]], the [[calamus (palm genus)|calamus]] [[rattan]] palm, and aromatic [[vetiver]] grass, ''[[Vetiver|Vetiveria zizanioides]]''.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004"/>{{rp|12}} [[Indian Elephant]], [[Bengal Tiger]], [[Indian Leopard]], [[Nilgiri Tahr]], [[Common Palm Civet]], and [[Grizzled Giant Squirrel]] are also found in the forests.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004"/>{{rp|12, 174–175}} Reptiles include the [[King Cobra]], [[Viperidae|viper]], [[Pythonidae|python]], and [[Mugger Crocodile]]. Kerala's birds include legion—[[Malabar Trogon]], the [[Great Hornbill]], [[Kerala Laughingthrush]], [[Darter]], [[Southern Hill Myna]] and several emblematic species. In lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as ''kadu''; [[catfish|stinging catfish]] and ''Choottachi''; Orange chromide—''Etroplus maculatus'' are found.<ref name="Sreedharan_2004"/>{{rp|163–165}} | |||
{{clear}} | |||
==Subdivisions== | |||
{{Main|Districts of Kerala|Corporations, municipalities and taluks of Kerala}} | |||
[[File:Kerala density map1.PNG|thumb|left|Population density map of Kerala]] | |||
The state's 14 districts are distributed among Kerala's six regions: [[North Malabar]] (far-north Kerala), South Malabar (northern KerTravancore (southern Kerala) and Southern Travancore (far-south Kerala). The districts which serve as the administrative regions for taxation purposes, are further subdivided into 75 [[tehsil|taluks]]; these have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records. [[Taluks of Kerala]] are further divided into 1453 revenue villages.<ref name="Profile"/> | |||
Consequent to the 73rd and 74th Amendment to the Constitution of India, the Local self-government Institutions are to function as the third tier of Government and it constitutes 14 District Panchayats, 152 Block Panchayats, 978 Grama Panchayats, 60 Municipalities, 5 Corporations and 1 Township.<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Self Governance in Kerala |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=2273 |publisher=Government of Kerala |accessdate= }}</ref> | |||
[[Mahé, India|Mahé]], a part of the Indian union territory of [[Puducherry]],<ref>{{GR|India}}</ref> though 647 km away from it,<ref name="ShiraAssociates.2012">{{cite book|author1=Dezan Shira|author2=Associates.|title=Doing Business in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9YjXW41yMwQC&pg=PT313|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=30 April 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-27618-7|pages=313–}}</ref> is a coastal exclave surrounded by Kerala on all of its landward approaches.<ref name="Menon2002">{{cite book|author=D Banerjea, N. R. Madhava Menon|title=Criminal Justice India Series, Vol. 20|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Axfuc5A8mxMC&pg=PA9|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2002|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-871-3|pages=9–}}</ref> | |||
In India, self-governance of the major cities rests with [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal corporations]]; there are five such bodies governing [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Kollam]] and [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project |url=http://www.ksudp.org |publisher= Local Self Government Department |accessdate= }}</ref> [[Kochi metropolitan area]] is the largest [[urban agglomeration]] in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|title=CITY INFORMATION|url=http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=32&linkid=32|work=Cochin International Airport|publisher=Government of Kerala|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> According to a survey by economics research firm, Indicus Analytics, Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode, Kochi, Thrissur and Kannur found place in the 10 best cities in India to spend life; the survey used parameters such as health, education, environment, safety, public facilities and entertainment to rank the cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cities best to earn a living are not the best to live: Survey|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-26/news/27682663_1_cities-entertainment-indicus-analytics |accessdate= | work=The Times Of India |date=26 November 2007}}</ref> | |||
==Government and administration== | |||
{{Main|Government of Kerala }} | |||
[[File:Niyamasabha Mandiram.JPG|thumb|Kerala State Legislative Assembly or the Niyamasabha]] | |||
[[File:High Court of Kerala Building.jpg|thumb|A working day view of Kerala High Court in [[Kochi]]]] | |||
[[File:KHCAA Golden Jubilee Chamber Complex DSW.jpg|thumb|upright|[[KHCAA Golden Jubilee Chamber Complex]]]] | |||
Kerala hosts two major political alliances: the [[United Democratic Front (India)]] (UDF); led by the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)]] (LDF); led by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)). At present, the UDF is the ruling coalition in government; [[Oommen Chandy]] of the Indian National Congress is the Chief Minister while [[V.S. Achuthanandan]] of the LDF is the [[Leader of Opposition]]. Strikes, protests and marches are ubiquitous in Kerala because of the comparatively strong presence of labour unions.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Protest against frequent strikes |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu |date=5 July 2005 |accessdate=26 November 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/05/stories/2005070513110300.htm |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>Trade Associations in Kerala: Their functioning and implications, S. Muralidharan, Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, 2004</ref> According to the [[Constitution of India]], Kerala has a [[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]] for its governance; [[universal suffrage]] is granted to state residents.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/govt_2.htm | title=Kerala Government - Legislature | publisher=Government of kerala | accessdate=November 19, 2012}}</ref> The government structure is organised into the three branches: | |||
#Legislature: The [[unicameralism|unicameral]] legislature, the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]], comprises elected members and special office bearers; the Speaker and Deputy Speaker elected by the members from among themselves. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker and in the Speaker's absence, by the Deputy Speaker. The state has 140 assembly constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Kerala Legislature|url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3776&Itemid=3022|publisher=Government of Kerala|accessdate=17 November 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CF88hkac|archivedate=17 November 2012}}</ref> The state elects 20 and nine members for representation in the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm |title=Our Parliament |publisher=Parliamentofindia.nic.in |date= |accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref> | |||
#Executive: The [[Governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]] is the constitutional head of state, and is appointed by the [[President of India]].<ref name="govern">{{cite web|url=http://www.rajbhavan.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44&Itemid=2 |title=Responsibilities of Governor, Kerala Rajbhavan}}</ref> Shri [[Nikhil Kumar]] is the Governor of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/govt_2.htm |title=Legislative Assembly of Kerala: Official Website |publisher=niyamasabha.org |date= |accessdate=30 July 2009}}</ref> The [[executive (government)|executive authority]] is headed by the [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], who is the ''de facto'' head of state and is vested with extensive executive powers; the head of the party attaining majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed to the post by the Governor.<ref name=govern /> The Council of Ministers, has its members appointed by the Governor, taking the advice of the Chief Minister.<ref name=govern /> Auxiliary authorities known as ''[[panchayat]]s'', for which [[Local Body Election in Kerala|local body elections]] are regularly held, govern local affairs.<ref name="Chaudhary2009">{{cite book|author=Shyam Nandan Chaudhary|title=Tribal Development Since Independence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KBX1EJVhjGEC&pg=PA235|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-622-0|page=235}}</ref> | |||
#Judiciary: The [[judiciary]] consists of the [[Kerala High Court]] and a system of lower courts.<ref name="Tōmas2008">{{cite book|author=Ke. T̲t̲i Tōmas|title=Honeybees Of Solomon|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ThWzLmgs5xcC&pg=PA121|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-0966-3|page=121}}</ref> The High Court, located at Kochi,<ref name="Congress(U.S.)2010">{{cite book|author1=U S Congress|author2=Congress (U.S.)|title=Congressional Record, V. 153, Pt. 1, January 4, 2007 to January 17, 2007|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M3bLOwbeOZYC&pg=PA1198|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=28 October 2010|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-086824-5|page=1198}}</ref> has a Chief Justice along with 23 permanent and seven additional ''[[pro tempore]]'' justices as of 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=High Court of Kerala Profile|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/profile.html|publisher=High Court of Kerala|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> The high court also hears cases from the Union Territory of [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="Banerjea2002">{{cite book|author=D. Banerjea|title=Criminal Justice India Series, Vol. 21|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L6NWL-a14mkC&pg=PA80|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2002|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-872-0|page=80}}</ref><ref name="SharmaB.k.2007">{{cite book|author1=Sharma|author2=Sharma B.k.|title=Intro. to the Constitution of India, 4/e|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC&pg=PA261|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 August 2007|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-3246-1|page=261}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Assembly11.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Building in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]]] | |||
The local self-government bodies; Panchayat, Municipalities and Corporations existed in Kerala since 1959, however, the major initiative to decentralise the governance was started in 1993, conforming to the constitutional amendments of central government in this direction.<ref name="Capdeck">{{cite web | url=http://sdccapdeck.in/publications/Decentralisation.pdf | title=An Introduction to local self governments in Kerala | publisher=SDC CAPDECK | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | author=Mariamma Sanu George | pages=17–20}}</ref> With the enactment of [[Kerala Panchayati Raj Act]] and [[Kerala Municipality Act]] in the year 1994, the state implemented various reforms in the local self-governance.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kilaonline.org/site_docu/pub200904a.pdf | title=Kerala - A Case Study of Classical Democratic Decentralisation | publisher=Kerala Institute of Local Administration | date=April 2009 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | author=S M Vijayanand | page=12}}</ref> Kerala Panchayati Raj Act envisages a 3-tier system of local-government with [[Gram panchayat]], [[Block panchayat]] and [[District Councils of India|District Panchayat]] forming a hierarchy.<ref name="TandonMohanty2006">{{cite book|author1=Rajesh Tandon|author2=Ranjita Mohanty|title=Participatory Citizenship: Identity, Exclusion, Inclusion|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oPByu7CWoUEC&pg=PA199|accessdate=17 November 2012|date=29 March 2006|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-3467-7|page=199}}</ref> The acts ensure clear demarcation of power among these institutions.<ref name="Capdeck"/> However, Kerala Municipality Act envisages a single-tier system for urban areas, with the institution of municipality designed at par with Gram panchayat of the former system. Substantial administrative, legal and financial powers are delegated to these bodies to ensure efficient decentralisation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kilaonline.org/site_docu/pub200904a.pdf |title=Kerala - A Case Study of Classical Democratic Decentralisation | publisher=Kerala Institute of Local Administration |date=April 2009 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | author=S M Vijayanand | page=13}}</ref> As per the present norms, the state government devolves about 40 per cent of the state plan outlay to the local government.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_panchayat/index.htm | title=Department of Panchayat, Kerala | publisher=Government of Kerala | accessdate=November 17, 2012}}</ref> | |||
{{clear}} | |||
==Economy== | |||
{{Main|Economy of Kerala}} | |||
{{See also|Category:Industries based in Kerala}} | |||
[[File:Kerala 15.jpg|thumb|right|Rural women processing coir threads]] | |||
After independence, the state was managed as a [[democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] [[welfare economy]]. From the 90s, [[neoliberalism|liberalisation]] of the [[mixed economy]] allowed onerous [[Licence Raj]] restrictions against capitalism and [[foreign direct investment]] to be lightened, leading to economic expansion and increase in employment. In the fiscal years 2007–2008, the nominal [[gross domestic product|gross state domestic product]] (GSDP) was {{INRConvert|162414.79|c}}. GSDP growth; 9.2% in 2004–2005 and 7.4% in 2003–2004 had been high compared to average of 2.3% annually in the 80s and between 5.1%<ref name="Mohindra_2003">{{Cite journal |author=Mohindra KS |year=2003 |title=A report on women Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in Kerala state, India: a public health perspective |journal=Université de Montréal Department de medicine social et prévention |ref=harv }}</ref>{{rp|8}} and 5.99%<ref name="indiaarchive">{{cite web | url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=53 | title=Economy - Kerala - States and Union Territories - Know India: National Portal of India | publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] | accessdate=6 December 2013}}</ref> in the 90s.<ref name="Mohindra_2003"/>{{rp|8}} The state recorded 8.93% growth in enterprises from 1998 to 2005, higher than the nation's rate of 4.80%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ebookbrowse.com/economic-census-prov-results-2005-pdf-d328816385|title=Pages |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=30 July 2009}}</ref> [[Human Development Index]] rating is the highest in India; 0.790.<ref name="Varma_2005">{{Cite news |author=Varma MS |title=Nap on HDI scores may land Kerala in an equilibrium trap |work=The Financial Express |date=4 April 2005 |accessdate=12 November 2007 |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/print.php?content_id=86925 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080617134031/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/print.php?content_id=86925 |archivedate=17 June 2008 }}</ref> This apparently paradoxical "Kerala phenomenon" or "[[Kerala model|Kerala model of development]]" of very high human development and not much high economic development resulted due to a stronger service sector.<ref name="Brenkert_Malone_2003"/>{{rp|48}}<ref name="Tharamangalam_2005">{{Cite journal |author=Tharamangalam J |year=2005 |title=The Perils of Social Development without Economic Growth: The Development Debacle of Kerala, India |journal=Political Economy for Environmental Planners |url=http://www.infra.kth.se/courses/1H1142/Kerala_Paper_4.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=28 December 2008 |ref=harv }}</ref>{{rp|1}} | |||
Kerala's economy depends on [[Kerala Gulf diaspora|emigrants working in foreign countries]], mainly in the [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]] countries such as [[United Arab Emirates]] or [[Saudi Arabia]]), and [[remittance]]s annually contribute more than a fifth of GSDP.<ref name="rem1">{{cite web|url=http://ideas.repec.org/p/ind/cdswpp/328.html|title=Kerala's Gulf connection: Emigration, remittances and their macroeconomic impact 1972–2000|year=2002|author=K.P. Kannan, K.S. Hari}}</ref> As of 2008, the Gulf countries altogether had a Keralite population of more than 2.5 million, who send home annually a sum of {{USD}}6.81 billion, which is more than 15.13% of [[Remittance#Top recipient countries|remittance to India in 2008]]; the highest among [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/19/stories/2008081954710500.htm|title=GCC residency cap may force lakhs to return|first=Biju|last=Govind|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> Of the $71 billion in remittances sent to India in 2012, Kerala still received the highest among the states: $11.3 billion, which is nearly 16%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/remittances--kerala-drives-dollar-flows-to-india-053414379.html |title=Remittances: Kerala drives dollar flows to India |publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=5 November 2013 |accessdate=8 November 2013}}</ref> | |||
According to a study commissioned by the [[Kerala State Planning Board]], the state should look for other reliable sources instead of relying on remittances to finance its expenditure.<ref name="DeccanKerala">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131104/news-current-affairs/article/high-time-kerala-looked-beyond-remittance-income-says-study |title=High time Kerala looked beyond remittance income, says study |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=4 November 2013 |accessdate=8 November 2013}}</ref> | |||
Tertiary sector, comprising transport, storage, communications, tourism, banking and insurance, real estate and other services, contributed 63.22% of the state GDP in 2011-2012. Agriculture and allied sectors contributed 15.73% while manufacturing, construction and utilities contributed only 21.05% of the GDP.<ref>http://www.spb.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/er12/Chapter1/chapter01.html#Demography</ref><ref>http://www.spb.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/er12/Chapter1/Appendix/Appendix1.9.pdf</ref> Nearly half of Kerala's people are dependent on agriculture alone for income.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msmedithrissur.gov.in/secure/admin/writereaddata/Documents/SSFile163011818139.pdf |title=State Profile of Kerala 2010-11 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> Around 600 varieties<ref name="Sreedharan_2004"/>{{rp|5}} of rice which are Kerala's most important [[staple food]] and cereal crop<ref name="Balachandran_2004">{{Cite journal |author=Balachandran PG |year=2004 |title=Constraints on Diffusion and Adoption of Agro-mechanical Technology in Rice Cultivation in Kerala |journal=Centre for Development Studies |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/59.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=28 December 2008 |ref=harv }}</ref>{{rp|5}} are harvested from 3105.21 km<sup>2</sup>; a decline from 5883.4 km<sup>2</sup> in 1990<ref name="Balachandran_2004"/>{{rp|5}}. While, 688,859 [[tonne]] paddy are produced per annum.<ref name = "GOK_2005c"/> Other key crops include coconut; 899,198 ha, tea, coffee; 23% of Indian production,<ref name="Joy_2004">{{Cite journal |author=Joy CV |year=2004 |title=Small Coffee Growers of Sulthan Bathery, Wayanad |journal=Centre for Development Studies |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/83.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=28 December 2008 |ref=harv }}</ref>{{rp|13}} or 57,000 tonnes<ref name="Joy_2004"/>{{rp|6–7}}), rubber, cashews, and [[spices]]—including pepper, [[cardamom]], vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Around 1.050 million fishermen haul an annual catch of 668,000 tonnes as of 1999–2000 estimate; 222 fishing villages are strung along the 590 km coast. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland. Kerala's coastal belt of [[Karunagappally]] is known for high background radiation from [[thorium]]-containing [[monazite]] sand. In some coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 [[Gray (unit)#Effect on the body|mGy]]/yr and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Nair RR, Rajan B, Akiba S, Jayalekshmi P, Nair MK, Gangadharan P, Koga T, Morishima H, Nakamura S, Sugahara T. |title=Background radiation and cancer incidence in Kerala, India-Karanagappally cohort study. |publisher=Health Physics |date=January 2009|pmid=19066487}}</ref> | |||
Traditional industries manufacturing items; [[coir]], [[handloom]]s, and [[handicraft]]s employ around one million people.<ref name="iaprd">{{cite web | url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/traditional_main.htm | title=Official Website of Informationa and Public Relations Department of Kerala | accessdate=6 December 2013}}</ref> As per the 2006-07 census by [[SIDBI]] there are 1,468,104 [[Small and medium enterprises#India|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] in Kerala employing 3,031,272 people.<ref name="SIDBI Report 2010">{{cite book | title=SIDBI Report on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Sector, 2010 | publisher=Small Industries Development Bank of India | year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=A Study on the Position of Small and Medium Enterprises in Kerala vis a vis the National Scenario | author=N. Rajeevan | journal=International Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics and Management |date=March 2012 | volume=2 | issue=3}}</ref> The [[KSIDC]] has promoted more than 650 medium and large manufacturing firms in Kerala generating employment for 72,500 people.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ksidc.org/about-functions.php | title=Functions, KSIDC, Thiruvananthapuram | publisher=Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation | accessdate=6 December 2013}}</ref> A small mining sector of 0.3% of GSDP involves extraction of [[ilmenite]], [[kaolin]], [[bauxite]], [[silica]], [[quartz]], [[rutile]], [[zircon]], and [[sillimanite]].<ref name="GOK_2005c">{{Cite journal | |||
| author=Government of Kerala | |||
| year=2005c | |||
| title=Kerala at a Glance | |||
| journal=Government of Kerala | |||
| url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/ | |||
| accessdate=22 January 2006 }}</ref> [[Home gardens]] and animal husbandry also provide work for many people. Other major sectors are [[tourism in Kerala|tourism]], manufacturing, and [[business process outsourcing]]. As of March 2002, Kerala's banking sector comprised 3341 local branches; each branch served 10,000 persons, lower than the national average of 16,000; the state has the third-highest bank penetration among Indian states.<ref name="RBI_2002">{{cite web |url=http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/35585.pdf |title=State/Union Territory-Wise Number of Branches of Scheduled Commercial Banks and Average Population Per Bank Branch |date=March 2002 |work=Reserve Bank of India |accessdate=28 December 2008 |format=PDF}}</ref> On 1 October 2011, Kerala became the first state in the country to have at least one banking facility in every village.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-01/kochi/30232748_1_financial-inclusion-slbc-credit | work=The Times Of India | title=Now, you can bank on every village in Kerala | date=1 October 2011}}</ref> Unemployment in 2007 was estimated at 9.4%;<ref>{{Cite news |author=Kumar KG |title=Jobless no more? |publisher= Business Line |date=8 October 2007 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/article1671367.ece |quote=A study by K.C. Zacharia and S. Irudaya Rajan, two economists at the Centre for Development Studies (CDS), unemployment in Kerala has dropped from 19.1[%] in 2003 to 9.4[%] in 2007. |accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref> [[underemployment]], low employability of youths, and a 13.5% female [[labour force|participation rate]] are chronic issues,<ref name="Nair_2004">{{Cite book |author=Nair NG |editor=Nair PRG, Shaji H |title=Measurement of Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment |series=Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development |publisher=Centre for Development Studies |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=81-87621-75-3 |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/72.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=31 December 2008 }}</ref>{{rp|5, 13}} as is the practice of [[Nokku kooli]], 'wages for looking on'.<ref name="Outlook-2008">{{cite news | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?237419 | title=Men (Not) At Work | publisher=[[Outlook (magazine)]] | date=12 May 2008 }}</ref> By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively.<ref name="princeton6">{{Cite journal |author=Deaton A |date=22 August 2003 |title=Regional poverty estimates for India, 1999–2000 |page=6 |accessdate=12 November 2007 |format=PDF |url=http://www.princeton.edu/rpds/papers/pdfs/deaton_regionalpovertyindia.pdf |ref=harv}}</ref> | |||
Technopark, Trivandrum is the largest IT employer in Kerala and employs 35,000 people. It was the first technology park in India<ref>{{cite web|title=Official site of Kerala IT|url=http://www.keralait.org/search_result.php?project_id=2|publisher=Department of IT, Govt. of Kerala|accessdate=22 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Technopark aims to be among top 5 IT investment locations|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-27/news/27611626_1_technopark-phase-iii-kundara|accessdate=22 October 2013|newspaper=Economic Times|date=27 July 2010}}</ref> and with the inauguration of the Thejaswini complex on 22 February 2007, Technopark became the largest IT Park in India.<ref>{{cite news|last=PI|first=Rajeev|title=God’s own country to house largest IT park|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gods-own-country-to-house-largest-it-park/24662/|accessdate=22 October 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=3 March 2007}}</ref> Software giants like Infosys, Oracle, TCS, Capgemini, HCL, USTGlobal, Nest, Suntec, IBS etc. have offices here.<ref>{{cite web|title=ABOUT US|url=http://www.technopark.org/about-us|publisher=technopark.org|accessdate=22 October 2013}}</ref> Trivandrum is also the IT Hub of Kerala and hold around 80% of the software exports.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Interview with K.G Girish Babu, CEO – Technopark, in|journal=Passline Business Magazine|date=September 2012}}</ref> Another IT Park, Technocity is also in the making . The [[Grand Kerala Shopping Festival]] (GKSF) claimed to be Asia's largest shopping festival was started in the year 2007.<ref name="GKSF begins">{{cite news|title=Shopping festival begins|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/shopping-festival-begins/article1959420.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=2 December 2007|accessdate=2013-01-24}}</ref> Since then it has become an annual shopping event being conducted in the December–January period. | |||
The state's budget of 2012–2013 is {{INR}}481.42 billion.<ref name="Budget">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/docs/budget/2012-13/1.pdf |title=Budget at a Glance |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=3 October 2011}}</ref> The state government's tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) amounted to {{INR}}217.22 billion in 2010–2011; up from {{INR}}176.25 billion in 2009–2010. Its [[non-tax revenue]]s (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Kerala reached {{INR}}19,308 million in 2010–2011.<ref name="Budget"/> However, Kerala's high ratio of taxation to GSDP has not alleviated chronic budget deficits and unsustainable levels of government debt, which have impacted social services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fincomindia.nic.in/pubsugg/memo_ker.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080626195846/http://fincomindia.nic.in/pubsugg/memo_ker.pdf |archivedate=2008-06-26 |title=Memoranda from States: Kerala |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> A record total of 223 [[hartal]]s were observed in 2006, resulting in a revenue loss of over {{INR}}2000 [[crore]] ({{INR}}20 billion).<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jul/06kerala.htm Kerala: Hartals Own Country?] 6 July 2008</ref> | |||
===Agriculture=== | |||
[[File:Paddy fields in Kerala, India.JPG|thumb|A typical paddy field in Kerala]] | |||
Agriculture in Kerala has passed through many phases. The major change occurred in the 1970s, when production of rice reduced due to increased availability of rice supply all over India and decreased availability of labour supply.<ref name="Sinha2003">{{cite book|author=B.R. Sinha|title=Encyclopaedia Of Professional Education (10 Vol.)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mdjGoXN3y1AC&pg=PA205|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-410-6|pages=204–205}}</ref> Consequently, investment in rice production decreased and a major portion of the land shifted to the cultivation of perennial tree crops and seasonal crops.<ref name="Remesh2010">{{cite book|author=Babu P. Remesh|title=Dynamics of Rural Labour: A Study of Small Holding Rubber Tappers in Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uOyNsKXSa0gC&pg=PA52|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2010|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-660-2|pages=52–}}</ref><ref name="Commission2008">{{cite book|author=Government of India Planning Commission|title=Kerala Development Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC&pg=PA66|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-594-7|pages=66–}}</ref> Profitability of crops is reducing due to shortage of farm labour, the high price of land and the uneconomic size of operational holdings.<ref name=autogenerated27>{{Cite book |author=Planning Commission, India |title=Kerala Development Report |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7188-594-7 |page=66 |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
Kerala produces 97% of the national output of [[black pepper]]<ref name="Limca Book of Records">{{cite book|title=Limca Book of Records|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y-JtAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2001|publisher=Bisleri Beverages Limited|page=97}}</ref> and accounts for 85% of the area under [[natural rubber]] in the country.<ref name=autogenerated17>{{cite book|title=South Asia 2006|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YG8bAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 December 2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=291}}</ref><ref name="Economic Affairs">{{cite book|title=Economic Affairs|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=StHsAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1998|publisher=H. Roy|page=47}}</ref> [[Coconut]], [[tea]], [[coffee]], [[cashew]], and [[spices]]—including [[cardamom]], [[vanilla]], [[cinnamon]], and [[nutmeg]]—comprise a critical agricultural sector.<ref name=autogenerated28>{{cite book|author1=Srikumar Chattopadhyay|author2=Srikumar Chattopadhyay And Richard W. Franke|title=Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC&pg=PA74|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-294-9|page=74}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite book|author=James Newton|title=Jay Rai's Kitchen - Keralan Cuisine|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5zDWhOU-I04C&pg=PT3|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Springwood emedia|isbn=978-1-4761-2308-0|pages=3–}}</ref><ref name="B.L.MarkoseMarkose2007">{{cite book|author1=Rajan, S. & B.L.Markose|author2=Baby Lissy Markose|title=Propagation of Horticultural Crops: Vol.06. Horticulture Science Series|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=19zgbxw-YhYC&pg=PA212|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-48-6|pages=212–}}</ref><ref name="Pradhan2009">{{cite book|author=Pradhan|title=Retailing Management 3E|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8y7Zb_D-_oYC&pg=PA256|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2009|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-015256-4|pages=256–}}</ref><ref name="PradeepkumarPradeep2008">{{cite book|author1=T. Pradeepkumar|author2=Kumar, Pradeep|title=Management of Horticultural Crops: Vol.11 Horticulture Science Series: In 2 Parts|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VHmokNZXbHUC&pg=PA509|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-49-3|pages=509–}}</ref><ref name="OsellaOsella2000">{{cite book|author1=Filippo Osella|author2=Caroline Osella|title=Social Mobility In Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rMRw0gTZSJwC&pg=PA235|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=20 December 2000|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-0-7453-1693-2|pages=235–}}</ref> The key agricultural staple is rice, with varieties grown in extensive paddy fields.<ref name="VarshneyRzóska1976">{{cite book|author1=C.K. Varshney|author2=J. Rzóska|title=Aquatic Weeds in South East Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lW3fHiDjHNcC&pg=PA100|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=30 June 1976|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-6193-556-8|pages=100–}}</ref> [[Home gardens]] comprise a significant portion of the agricultural sector.<ref name="Dobbie2006">{{cite book|author=Aline Dobbie|title=India the Elephants Blessing|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ckpEd4emnCkC&pg=PA123|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 October 2006|publisher=Melrose Press|isbn=978-1-905226-85-6|pages=123–}}</ref> Related [[animal husbandry]] is also important, and is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women, the marginalised, and the landless.<ref name=autogenerated25>{{cite book|author=Government of India Planning Commission|title=Kerala Development Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC&pg=PA420|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-594-7|pages=420–}}</ref><ref name="Sarma2003">{{cite book|author=Nripendra N Sarma|title=Consumer Cooperatives and Rural Marketing|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wsT5ICijFUsC&pg=PA19|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-876-1|pages=19–}}</ref> The state government promotes these activity via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as the [[Sunandini]].<ref name="SriRoy">{{cite book|author1=Hemant Roy Sri|author2=Shri Hemant Roy|title=Comprehensive Mcqs In Biology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JSRkZXyTqZsC&pg=PA696|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=Golden Bells|isbn=978-81-7968-056-8|pages=696–}}</ref><ref name="NivsarkarVij2000">{{cite book|author1=A. E. Nivsarkar|author2=P. K. Vij|author3=M. S. Tantia|coauthors=Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Directorate of Information and Publications on Agriculture|title=Animal genetic resources of India: cattle and buffalo|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=og5JAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2000|publisher=Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research}}</ref><ref name="Pandey2005">{{cite book|author=Aditya Pandey|title=South Asia: Polity, Literacy and Conflict Resolution. Literacy and development in South Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eCy4da--cccC&pg=PA173|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2005|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-305-2|pages=173–}}</ref> | |||
Though the contribution of agricultural sector to the state economy was on the decline in 2012-13, under the strength of the allied livestock sector, it has picked up from 7.03% (2011–12) to 7.2%. In the current fiscal(2013–14), the contribution has been estimated at a high of 7.75%. The total growth of farm sector has recorded a 4.39% increase in 2012-13, over a paltry 1.3% growth in the previous fiscal.The primary sector comprising agriculture has only a share of 9.34% in the sectoral distribution of Gross State Domestic Product at Constant Price, whereas the secondary and tertiary sectors has contributed 23.94% and 66.72% respectively. | |||
[[File:Godsowncountrywatery01.jpg|thumb|center|800px|A scenic landscape, with water filled [[paddy fields]].]] | |||
===Fisheries=== | |||
[[File:Fischer backwaters.JPG|thumb|A fisherman in rural Kerala]] | |||
With 590 km of coastal belt,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala: Natural Resources|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=70|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=18 November 2012}}{{dead link|date=March 2013}}</ref> 400,000 hectares of inland water resources<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala: April 2012|url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Kerala_060710.pdf|publisher=Indian Brand Equity Fund|accessdate=18 November 2012|format=PDF}}</ref> and about 220,000 active fishermen,<ref name="Commission1961">{{cite book|author=India. Planning Commission|title=Third five year plan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5_G5AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1961|publisher=Manager of Publications|page=359}}</ref> Kerala is one of the leading producers of fish in India.<ref name=autogenerated13>{{cite book|author=Government of India Planning Commission|title=Kerala Development Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC&pg=PA51|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-594-7|page=51}}</ref> According to 2003–04 reports, about 1.1 million people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries. The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 608,000 tons in 2003–04.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Planning Commission, India |title=Kerala Development Report|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7188-594-7 |page=51|accessdate=}}</ref> This contributes to about 3% of the total economy of the state. In 2006, about 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from the state.<ref name="Handbook"/> During the southwest monsoon, a suspended mud bank would be developed along the shore, which in turn leads to calm ocean water and hence peak output from the fishery industry. This phenomenon is locally called ''[[chakara]]''.<ref name="Gulati1984">{{cite book|author=Leela Gulati|title=Fisherwomen on the Kerala Coast: Demographic and Socio-Economic Impact of a Fisheries Development Project|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2he8t3PyLIMC&pg=PA103|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1984|publisher=International Labour Organization|isbn=978-92-2-103626-5|page=103}}</ref><ref name="Journal of Kerala Studies">{{cite book|title=Journal of Kerala Studies|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EgSSAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1987|publisher=University of Kerala.|page=201}}</ref> The fish landings consist of a large variety: [[Pelagic fish|pelagic species]]; 59%, [[Demersal fish|demersal species]]; 23%, [[crustacean]]s and [[Mollusca|molluscs]].<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book | title=Handbook of Marine Fisheries Conservation and Management | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=R. Quentin Grafton, Ray Hilborn, Dale Squires | year=2009 | pages=10–12 | isbn=978-0-19-537028-7}}</ref> | |||
==Transport== | |||
===Roads=== | |||
{{Main|Roads in Kerala}} | |||
[[File:KSRTC Bus station guruvayur.JPG|thumb|[[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] is the major agency providing long-haul public bus service in South Kerala.]] | |||
Kerala has {{convert|145704|km|mi}} of roads; it accounts for 4.2% of India's total. This translates to about {{convert|4.62|km|mi|2}} of road per thousand population, compared to an average of {{convert|2.59|km|mi|2}} in the country. Roads in Kerala include 1,524 km of national highway; it is 2.6% of the nation's total, 4341.6 km of state highway and 18900 km of district roads.<ref>[http://www.keralapwd.net/pwd/public/about.jsp keralapwd.net]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref> Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through two [[List of National Highways in India|national highways]]: [[National Highway 47 (India)|NH 47]] and [[National Highway 17 (India)|NH 17]], and the eastern side is accessible through various state highways.<ref name="PWD">{{cite web|title=National Highways in Kerala|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=NH%20in%20Kerala&pageId=301|work=Kerala PWD|publisher=Government of Kerala|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> There is also a [[Hill Highway (Kerala)|hill highway]] proposed, to make easy access to eastern hills.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hill Highway|url=http://keralapwd.gov.in/intranet/compRepository/mediagallery/PublicGO/hill_highway_GO.pdf|publisher=Government of Kerala|accessdate=18 November 2012|format=PDF|language= Malayalam}}</ref> [[National Highway 17]] with the longest stretch of 421 km connects [[Edapally]] to [[Panvel]]; it starts from [[Kochi]] and passes through [[Kozhikode]], [[Kannur]] and [[Kasaragod]] before entering [[Karnataka]].<ref name=PWD /> | |||
The [[Department of Public Works (Kerala)|Department of Public Works]] is responsible for maintaining and expanding the [[List of State Highways in Kerala|state highways system]] and major district roads.<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=About%20Us&pageId=256&link=About%20PWD|work=Kerala PWD|publisher=Government of Kerala|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> The Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP), which includes the [[GIS]]-based Road Information and Management Project (RIMS), is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways in Kerala; it also oversees a few major district roads.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Kumar VS |title=Kerala State transport project second phase to be launched next month |work=The Hindu |location=India [[Business Line]] |date=20 January 2006 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20121010200621/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/01/20/stories/2006012002272100.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Kumar VS |title=Institutional Strengthening Action Plan (ISAP) |work=Public Works Department |publisher=Government of Kerala |year=2003 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/pwd/public/isap.jsp |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080512054304/http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/pwd/public/isap.jsp |archivedate=12 May 2008 }}</ref> Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 10–11% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Road density is nearly four times the national average, reflecting the state's high population density. Kerala's annual total of road accidents is among the nation's highest. The accidents are mainly the result of the narrow roads and irresponsible driving.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Kumar KG |title=Accidentally notorious |work=The Hindu |location=India [[Business Line]] |date=22 September 2003 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/09/22/stories/2003092201111300.htm }}</ref> National Highways in Kerala are the narrowest compared to other parts of the country and will remain so for unforeseeable future, as Kerala state government has requested and got special approval(exemption) for narrow national highways in the state compared to other parts of the country. In Kerala, highways will be 45-meters wide, where as in other states National Highways are minimum 4 lane, 60-meters wide, grade separated highways as well as 6/8 lane access-controlled expressways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kerala-parties-finally-toe-nhai-line-of-45m-wide-highways/661729/ |title=Kerala parties finally toe NHAI line of 45-m wide highways |publisher=Indian Express |date=2010-08-18 |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-13-super-highways/20110705.htm |title=Check out India's 13 super expressways - Rediff.com Business |publisher=Rediff.com |date=2011-07-05 |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> NHAI has threatened the kerala state government that it will give high priority to other states in highway development as political commitment to the better highways has been lacking from the government,<ref>{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-against-development-of-five-nhs/article4555024.ece |title=Kerala against development of five NHs |publisher=The Hindu |date=2013-03-28 |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> although State had the highest road accident rate in the country, with most fatal accidents taking place along the State’s NHs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/states-troubled-highways-a-shocking-revelation-for-centre/article4865464.ece |title=State’s troubled highways a shocking revelation for Centre |publisher=The Hindu |date=2013-06-30 |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> | |||
===Railways=== | |||
[[File:Tvmcentral.jpg|thumb|The main Portico of the ''[[Trivandrum Central]]'' Railway Station]] | |||
The [[Indian Railways]]' [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] line runs through the state connecting most of the major towns and cities except those in the highland districts of [[Idukki district|Idukki]] and [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction|url=http://khsrcl.com/downloads/ch-1.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> The railway network in the state is controlled by two out of six divisions of [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]; [[Thiruvananthapuram Railway division]] and [[Palakkad Railway Division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Zonal Dream Of Railway Kerala|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/features/the-zonal-dream-of-railway-kerala|work=yentha.com|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> [[Thiruvananthapuram Central]] (TVC) is the busiest railway station in the state. Kerala's major railway stations are [[Kannur]] (CAN), [[Kozhikode]] (CLT), [[Tirur]] (TIR), [[Shornur Junction]] (SRR), [[Palakkad Junction]] (PGT), [[Thrissur Railway Station]] (TCR), [[Aluva]] (AWY), [[Ernakulam Town|Ernakulam Town (North)]] (ERN), [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction (South)]] (ERS), [[Alappuzha]] (ALLP), [[Kottayam]] (KTYM), [[Tiruvalla]] (TRVL), [[Chengannur]] (CNGR), [[Kayamkulam|Kayamkulam Junction]] (KYJ), [[Kollam Railway Station|Kollam Junction]] (QLN) and [[Thiruvananthapuram Central]] (TVC). | |||
Major railway transport between [[Beypore]]–[[Tirur]] began on 12 March 1861, from [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section]] in 1902, from [[Shenkottai]]–[[Punalur]] on 26 November 1904, from [[Nilambur]]-[[Shoranur]] in 1927, from [[Punalur]]–[[Thiruvananthapuram]]on 4 November 1931, from [[Ernakulam]]–[[Kottayam]] in 1956, from [[Kottayam]]–[[Kollam]] in 1958, from [[Thiruvananthapuram]]–Kanyakumari in 1979 and from [[Thrissur-Guruvayur Section]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=RailKerala|url=http://www.trainweb.org/railkerala/articles/history.htm|work=Trainweb|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> | |||
<!--[[File:Trivandrum International Airport|frameless|Trivandrum International Airport]]--> | |||
===Airports=== | |||
[[File:The Backwaters of Kerala.JPG|thumb|left|State Water Transport Department is the main agency providing inland water transport facilities.]] | |||
Kerala has three international airports; [[Trivandrum International Airport]], [[Cochin International Airport]] and [[Calicut International Airport]]. Two international airports were proposed, at [[Kannur]] and [[Pathanamthitta]] as of 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cabinet clearance for Kannur airport |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=18 January 2008 |accessdate=24 February 2009 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/18/stories/2008011855360100.htm }}</ref> Officials say that the [[Kannur International Airport]] will be completed in December 2015 and will make Kerala the only state in the country to have four international airports.<ref name="Kannur airport">{{cite web|title=Nod for Kannur airport|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nod-for-kannur-airport/article4932187.ece|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=5 August 2013|author=J. Balaji|date=20 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Kannur airport 2">{{cite web|title=Kerala: Kannur airport will be ready in 2015, says Minister|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kerala-kannur-airport-will-be-ready-in-2015-says-minister/406335-62-126.html|publisher=Ibnlive|accessdate=5 August 2013|date=13 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Cochin International Airport]] is the largest and busiest in the state, and was the first Indian airport to be incorporated as a [[public limited company]]; it was funded by nearly 10,000 [[non-resident Indians]] from 30 countries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The three airports in Kerala can be in business without affecting each other |publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] |date=6 December 1999 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/1999/dec/06inter.htm }}</ref> | |||
===Inland water transport=== | |||
[[File:Junkar Service Cochin.JPG|thumb|Junkar Service Fort Cochin]] | |||
As Kerala has numerous [[Kerala backwaters|backwaters]], waterways are used for commercial [[inland navigation]]. The transportation is mainly done with country craft and passenger vessels.<ref name=Commission2008 /> There are 67 navigable rivers in the state. The total length of the inland waterways in the state is 1687 km.<ref name=autogenerated10>{{cite book|author=Government of India Planning Commission|title=Kerala Development Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC&pg=PA207|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-594-7|page=207}}</ref> The main constraints to the expansion of inland navigation are lack of depth in the waterway caused by silting, lack of maintenance of navigation system and bank protection, accelerated growth of the [[water hyacinth]], lack of modern inland craft terminals, and lack of a cargo handling system.<ref name=Commission2008 /> A 205 km canal, [[National Waterway 3 (India)|National Waterway 3]], runs between Kottapuram and Kollam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iwai.gov.in/waterwaysnw3.html |title=Inland Waterways Authority of India website |publisher=Iwai.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> | |||
==Demographics== | |||
{{Main|Demographics of Kerala}} | |||
{{See also| List of most populous urban agglomerations in Kerala|Ethnic groups in Kerala|}} | |||
{{India census population | |||
|title = Population trend | |||
|region = | |||
|1951= 13549000 | |||
|1961= 16904000 | |||
|1971= 21347000 | |||
|1981= 25454000 | |||
|1991= 29099000 | |||
|2001= 31841000 | |||
|2011= 33388000 | |||
|footnote = Source: 2001 & 2011 Censuses of India<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web |title=Population of India (1951–2001) |work=Census of India |year=2007 |publisher=Indian Ministry of Finance |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=28 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Tharakan_Navaneetham_1999">{{Cite journal |author=Tharakan PKM|coauthors=Navaneetham K|date=June 1999 |title=Population Projection and Policy Implications for Education: A Discussion with Reference to Kerala|journal=Centre for Development Studies|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN010702.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=28 December 2008|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="2011Pop">{{cite web |title=Population at a glance |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/kerala/5-fig-ker-9.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
Kerala is home to 2.76% of India's population; at 859 persons per km<sup>2</sup>, its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the rest of India, which is at a population density of 370 persons per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Census 2011">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter3.pdf/ ]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref> Trivandrum is the largest and most populous city in Kerala. In the state, the rate of population growth is India's lowest, and the decadal growth of 4.9% in 2011 is less than one third of the all-India average of 17.64%.<ref name="Census 2011" /> Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 by adding 15.6 million people to reach 29.1 million residents in 1991; the population stood at 33.3 million by 2011.<ref name="Census 2011" /> Kerala's coastal regions are the most densely settled, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} Around 31.8 million Keralites are predominantly of [[Malayali]] descent.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} State's 321,000 indigenous tribal ''[[Adivasi]]s'', 1.10% of the population, are concentrated in the east.<ref name="Kalathil_2004">{{Cite book |author=Kalathil MJ |year=2004 |editor=Nair PRG, Shaji H |title=Withering Valli: Alienation, Degradation, and Enslavement of Tribal Women in Attappady |series=Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development |publisher=Centre for Development Studies |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=81-87621-69-9 |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/66.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=29 December 2008 }}</ref>{{rp|10–12}} [[Malayalam]], one of the classical languages in India, is Kerala's [[official language]],<ref name="Benedikter2009">{{cite book|author=Thomas Benedikter|title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA90|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2009|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-10231-7|page=90}}</ref> however [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is also widely understood.<ref name=autogenerated26>{{cite book|author=S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC&pg=PA16|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-370-8|pages=16–}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated20>{{cite book|author=Government of India Planning Commission|title=Kerala Development Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC&pg=PA401|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-594-7|pages=401–}}</ref><ref name="Pollock2003">{{cite book|author=Sheldon Ivan Pollock|title=Literary Culture in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA442|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|pages=442–}}</ref> [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Mahl language|Mahl]] and various ''Adivasi'' (tribal) languages are also spoken.<ref name=autogenerated20 /><ref name="Saradesāya2000">{{cite book|author=Manohararāya Saradesāya|title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA298|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|pages=298–}}</ref><ref name="KachruKachru2008">{{cite book|author1=Braj B. Kachru|author2=Yamuna Kachru|author3=S. N. Sridhar|title=Language in South Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA40|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=27 March 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78141-1|pages=40–}}</ref><ref name="Cardona2003">{{cite book|author=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=C9MPCd6mO6sC&pg=PA803|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7|pages=803–}}</ref> | |||
As of early 2013, there are close to 2.5 million (7.5% of state population) migrant workers from other states of India in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/migrant-worker-population-in-kerala-touches-25-m/article4421810.ece |title=Migrant worker population in Kerala touches 2.5 m | Business Line |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=2013-02-16 |accessdate=2013-09-25}}</ref> | |||
{{Pie chart | |||
| thumb = right | |||
| caption = Languages of Kerala in 2001<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | title = Commissioner Linguistic Minorities (originally from Indian Census, 2001) | archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm | archivedate = 8 October 2007 }}</ref> | |||
| other = | |||
| label1 = Malayalam | |||
| value1 = 96.74 | |||
| color1 = Orange | |||
| label2 = Tamil | |||
| value2 = 1.87 | |||
| color2 = Blue | |||
| label3 = Others | |||
| value3 = 1.39 | |||
| color3 = Brown | |||
}} | |||
===Religion=== | |||
{{Main|Religion in Kerala}} | |||
In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little [[sectarianism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Heller P |title=Social capital as a product of class mobilization and state intervention: Industrial workers in Kerala, India |publisher=[[University of California]] |pages=49–50 |date=4 May 2003 |accessdate=25 February 2007 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2999683.stm |ref=harv }}</ref> According to 2001 [[Census of India]] figures, 56.2% of Kerala's residents are [[Hindus]], 24.7% are [[Muslims]], 19% are [[Christians]], and the remaining 0.1% follows other religions.<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |title=Population by religious communities – Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|accessdate=12 April 2009}}</ref> The major Hindu castes are [[Dalit]], [[Ezhava]],[[Thiyya]], [[Nadars]], [[Nair]] and [[Nambudiri]]. The rest of the Hindu castes, including those in the list of [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC), are minority communities. [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]] arrived in Kerala through Arab traders.<ref name="autogenerated2000">Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; David de Beth Hillel, 1832; Lord, James Henry 1977.</ref> [[Muslims of Kerala]], generally referred to as [[Mappila|Moplahs]], mostly follow the [[Shafi'i]] [[Madh'hab]] under [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name="Divakaruni2011">{{cite book|author=Chitra Divakaruni|title=The Palace of Illusions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=W0wLgfQyvFAC|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=16 February 2011|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-47865-6}}</ref> The major Muslim organisations are [[Sunnis of Kerala|Sunni]], [[Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen|Mujahid]] and [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind|Jama'at-e-Islami]].<ref name="Mohammed2007">{{cite book|author=Prof. U. Mohammed|title=Educational Empowerment of Kerala Muslims: A Socio-historical Perspective|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PCBdogPnnqsC&pg=PA146|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-3-3|pages=146–}}</ref> [[Christianity]] is believed to have reached the shores of Kerala in 52 AD with the arrival of [[Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas]], one of the [[Twelve Apostles]] of Jesus Christ.<ref name="T.K. Joseph 1955 27">{{Cite book | title = Six St. Thomases Of South India | author=T.K. Joseph | publisher=University of California | year = 1955 | page = 27}}</ref><ref name = Menachery>Menachery G; 1973, 1998; Mundalan, A. M; 1984; Podipara, Placid J. 1970; Leslie Brown, 1956</ref> [[Saint Thomas Christians]] include [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]],<ref name="Ponnumuthan1996">{{cite book|author=Selvister Ponnumuthan|title=Authentic Interpretation in Canon Law: Reflections on a Distinctively Canonical Institution|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zcedqS4jOusC&pg=PA103|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1996|publisher=Gregorian&Biblical BookShop|isbn=978-88-7652-721-0|pages=103–}}</ref> [[Syro-Malankara Catholic]],<ref name="Williams1996">{{cite book|author=Raymond Brady Williams|title=Christian Pluralism in the United States: The Indian Immigrant Experience|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w1uk6zZQKzAC&pg=PA144|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=13 November 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57016-9|pages=144–}}</ref> [[Malankara Orthodox Church|Malankara Orthodox]],<ref name="Russell2010">{{cite book|author=Thomas Arthur Russell|title=Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FmMarHDbglgC&pg=PT40|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=June 2010|publisher=Universal-Publishers|isbn=978-1-59942-877-2|pages=40–}}</ref> [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobite]]<ref name="AndersonTang2005">{{cite book|author1=Allan Anderson|author2=Edmond Tang|title=Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LDZgKELq7AoC&pg=PA248|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2005|publisher=OCMS|isbn=978-1-870345-43-9|pages=248–}}</ref> and [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church|Marthoma]].<ref name="McGuckin2010">{{cite book|author=John Anthony McGuckin|title=The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JmFetR5Wqd8C&pg=PA377|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=15 December 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-9254-8|pages=377–}}</ref> [[Latin Rite]] Christians were converted by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in the 16th and 19th centuries,<ref name=autogenerated14>{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA192|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=192–}}</ref><ref name="RakRaj2008">{{cite book|author1=Knut A. Jacobsen, Selva J. Rak|author2=Selva J. Raj|title=South Asian Christian Diaspora: Invisible Diaspora in Europe and North America|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6L5MxlMIcG0C&pg=PA172|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2008|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-6261-7|pages=172–}}</ref> mainly from communities where fishing was the traditional occupation.<ref name="Subramanian2009">{{cite book|author=Ajantha Subramanian|title=Shorelines: Space and Rights in South India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lsd55y4KbeYC&pg=PA95|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=21 April 2009|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8685-0|pages=95–}}</ref> A significant [[Cochin Jews|Jewish community]] existed in Kerala until the 20th century, when most of them [[Aliyah|migrated to Israel]].<ref name="Roland1998">{{cite book|author=Joan G. Roland|title=The Jewish Communities of India: Identity in a Colonial Era|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kHJccZ92IecC&pg=PA283|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1998|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-7658-0439-6|pages=283–}}</ref> [[Jainism in Kerala|Jainism]] has a considerable following in the [[Wayanad district]].<ref name="LockieCarpenter2012">{{cite book|author1=Stewart Lockie|author2=David Carpenter|title=Agriculture, Biodiversity and Markets: Livelihoods and Agroecology in Comparative Perspective|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cZvlmpwviuMC&pg=PT258|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=4 May 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-54649-5|pages=258–}}</ref><ref name="MathewBaviskar2009">{{cite book|author1=George Mathew|author2=B S Baviskar|title=Inclusion and Exclusion in Local Governance: Field Studies from Rural India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DsDOrvROzPEC&pg=PA204|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=6 January 2009|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-7829-860-3|pages=204–}}</ref> [[Buddhism]] was dominant at the time of [[Ashoka the Great]] but vanished by the 8th century CE.<ref name="thrikodithanam.org">{{cite web |title=Introduction to Temples of Kerala: Evolution of Religion, Gods, Shrines and Temples |url=http://www.thrikodithanam.org/intro.htm |accessdate=24 June 2009}}</ref> | |||
{{bar box |title=[[Religion in Kerala]]<ref name="censusindia1"/> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=left|bars= {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Kerala|Hinduism]]|orange|56.2}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in India|Islam]]|green|24.7}} {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Kerala|Christianity]]|blue|19.0}} {{bar percent|Others|black|0.1}} }} | |||
The [[Cochin Synagogue|Paradesi Synagogue]] at Kochi is the oldest synagogue in the [[Commonwealth Nations|Commonwealth]].<ref name="Judaism">{{cite book|title=Judaism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OrQlNlULwJgC&pg=PA386|accessdate=18 November 2012|publisher=PediaPress|pages=386–|id=GGKEY:XR3XES7NBKZ}}</ref> Certain Hindu communities such as the [[Kshatriyas]], [[Nair]]s, [[Tiyya]]s and the [[Muslim]]s around [[North Malabar]] used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as ''[[marumakkathayam]]'',<ref name="Devi2010">{{cite book|author=R. Raman Nair and L. Sulochana Devi|title=Chattampi Swami: An Intellectual Biography|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K-JRfipEdV0C&pg=PA33|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2010|publisher=South Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-905928-2-6|pages=33–}}</ref><ref name="RaoRao2000">{{cite book|author1=Monika Böck, Aparna Rao|author2=Aparna Rao|title=Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qQOLBhSPRtIC&pg=PA180|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2000|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-911-6|pages=180–}}</ref> although this practice ended in the years after Indian independence.<ref name="Mathews2001">{{cite book|author=M. Mohan Mathews|title=India, Facts & Figures|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cJERxbWDcJUC&pg=PA133|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2001|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-2285-9|pages=133–}}</ref> Other [[Muslim]]s, Christians, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris and the Ezhavas followed ''makkathayam'', a patrilineal system.<ref name=autogenerated21>{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey Of Kerala History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA219|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=219–}}</ref><ref name="Rao2008">{{cite book|author=K.S. Krishna Rao|title=Global Encyclopaedia of the Brahmana Ethnography|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M5EWgRdnLxAC&pg=PA309|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2008|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8220-208-5|pages=309–}}</ref><ref name="GOK_2002b">{{Cite journal | |||
| author=Government of Kerala | |||
| year=2002b | |||
| title=Marumakkathayam | |||
| journal=Department of Public Relations (Government of Kerala) | |||
| url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/keralam/kathayam.htm | |||
| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060521080409/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/keralam/kathayam.htm | |||
| archivedate=21 May 2006 | |||
| accessdate=29 January 2006 }}</ref> Owing to the former matrilineal system, women in Kerala enjoy a high social status.<ref name="Encyclopædia">"Kerala." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 June 2008</ref> However, gender inequality among low caste men and women is reportedly higher compared to that in other castes.<ref name="Lindberg_2004">{{Cite journal |author=Lindberg A |date=July 2004 |title=Modernization and Effeminization in India: Kerala Cashew Workers since 1930 |journal=18th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies (EASAS) |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/16AnnaLindberg.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=28 December 2008 |ref=harv }}</ref> | |||
{{rp|1}} | |||
{{clear}} | |||
===Gender=== | |||
There are a number of possible explanations for the position of women in Kerala. One is the rise of communist governing bodies in Kerala. These governments helped to distribute land and implement education reforms. Another explanation is a tradition of matrilineal inheritance in Kerala.<ref name="Encyclopædia"/> This was common among certain influential castes and is a factor in the value placed on daughters. Christian missionaries also influenced Malayali women in that they started schools for girls from poor families. Opportunities for women like education and gainful employment often translate into a lower birth rate, which in turn, makes education and employment more likely to be accessible and more beneficial for women. This creates an upward spiral for both the women and children of the community that is passed on to future generations of both boys and girls. Low birth rate and high literacy rate are often the twin hallmarks of the healthy advancement of a society. | |||
While having the opportunities that education affords them such as participating in politics, keeping up to date on news, reading religious texts, etc., these tools have not translated into full, equal rights for the women of Kerala. At Cochin University women must be in their hostels by dark, while men are free to roam at any hour. There is a general attitude that women must be restricted for their own benefit. Women who break the rules are often looked down on. Kerala is a state in flux where, despite the social progress made so far, gender still influences social mobility.<ref>Brenda Maddox mentions in: Maddox, Brenda. "A Marxist Paradise For Women?" New Statesman. (London, England: 1996) 128 no4440 30 Jan. 14 1999.</ref><ref>Antherjanam, Lalithambika. Cast Me Out If You Will. New York: The Feminist Press, 1997.</ref><ref>Jeffrey, Robin. "Governments and Culture: How Women Made Kerala Literate." Pacific Affairs. Volume 60, Issue 3 (Autumn, 1987), 447-472.</ref> | |||
===Human Development Index=== | |||
As of 2011 Kerala has a [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) of 0.790 which comes under the "very high" category and it is the highest in the country.<ref name="IDHR 2011" /> Comparatively higher spending of the government in primary level education, health care and elimination of poverty from the 19th century onward had helped the state to keep a very high HDI;<ref name=UNDP2005>{{cite web|title=Kerala HDR 2005|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/asiathepacific/india/name,3397,en.html|work=Human Development Report|publisher=United Nations|location=Asia and the Pacific}}</ref><ref name=UNDP20054>{{cite web|title=Human Development Report 2005|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR05_complete.pdf|work=Human Development Report|publisher=United Nations|location=Asia and the Pacific}}</ref> report was prepared by the central government's Institute of Applied Manpower Research.<ref name="hdi kerala chart">{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wire-news/human-development-index-rose-21-per-cent-kerala-tops-chart_603650.html |title=Human Development Index rose 21 per cent; Kerala tops chart |date=21 October 2011 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref name="hdi kerala">{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/news/30309881_1_human-development-education-index-india-s-hdil |title=Growth, reforms lift living standards in India: Human development Index |year=2011 |publisher=Economic Times}}</ref> However, the Human Development Report, 2005 prepared by Centre for Development Studies envisages a virtuous phase of inclusive development for the state since the advancement in human development had already started aiding the economic development of the state.<ref name="UNDP2005"/> | |||
According to a 2005–2006 national survey, Kerala has the highest literacy rate among Indian states; 93.91%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|title=State of Literacy|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|work=India Census 2011|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=30 June 2013|format=PDF}}</ref> Life expectancy of 74 years was among the highest in India as of 2011.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2562589.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Kerala tops in literacy rate, health services | date=22 October 2011 | first=J. | last=Balaji}}{{dead link|date=March 2013}}</ref> Kerala's rural poverty rate fell from 69% (1970–1971) to 12% (2010); the overall (urban and rural) rate fell 47% between the 1970s and 2000s.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively.<ref name="princeton6"/> These changes stem largely from efforts begun in the late 19th century by the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore to boost social welfare.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=EFA (Education for All) Global Monitoring Report |year=2003 |publisher=UNESCO |page=156 |accessdate=12 November 2007 |format=PDF |url=http://www.unesco.org/education/efa_report/chapter4.pdf |ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Kutty VR |year=2000 |title=Historical analysis of the development of health care facilities in Kerala State, India |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=103–109 |accessdate=12 November 2007 |format=PDF |url=http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/1/103.pdf |doi=10.1093/heapol/15.1.103 |pmid=10731241 |ref=harv }}</ref> This focus was maintained by Kerala's post-independence government.<ref name="Brenkert_Malone_2003"/><ref name="Varma_2005"/>{{rp|48}} The [[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and the [[World Health Organisation]] designated Kerala the world's first "[[Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative|baby-friendly]] state" because of its effective promotion of breast-feeding over formulas.<ref>{{cite web|month=August |title=Kerala Named World's First WHO-UNICEF "Baby-Friendly State" |work=United Nations Foundation |url=http://www.unwire.org/unwire/20020801/28062_story.asp |accessdate=14 March 2009 }}</ref> As of 2004, more than 95% of births were hospital-delivered.<ref name="Kutty_2004">{{Cite book |author=Kutty VR |editor=Nair PRG, Shaji H |year=2004 |title=Why low birth weight (LBW) is still a problem in Kerala: A preliminary exploration |series=Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development |publisher=Centre for Development Studies |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=81-87621-60-5 |accessdate=28 December 2008 |format=PDF |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/57.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|6}} ''[[Ayurveda]]'' (both elite and popular forms),<ref name="Unnikrishnan_2004">{{Cite journal |last=Unnikrishnan |first=E |year=2004 |title=''Materia Medica'' of the Local Health Traditions of Payyannur |journal=Centre for Development Studies |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/80.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=22 January 2006 |ref=harv}}</ref>{{rp|13}} ''[[siddha]]'', and many endangered and endemic modes of [[traditional medicine]], including ''kalari'', ''marmachikitsa'' and ''vishavaidyam'', are practised. Some occupational communities such as [[Kaniyar]] were known as native medicine men in relation with practice of such streams of medical systems, apart from their traditional vocation.<ref>Angus Stewart, woodburn The Religious attitude: A psychological study of its differentiation, 1927</ref> | |||
These propagate via ''[[gurukula]]'' discipleship,<ref name="Unnikrishnan_2004"/>{{rp|5–6}} and comprise a fusion of both medicinal and supernatural treatments.<ref name="Unnikrishnan_2004"/>{{rp|15}} | |||
Kerala has undergone the "[[demographic transition]]" characteristic of such [[developed nation]]s as Canada, Japan, and Norway.<ref name="Tharamangalam_2005"/>{{rp|1}} as 11.2% of people are over the age of 60,<ref name="Varma_2005"/> and due to the low birthrate of 18 per 1,000.<ref name="Kutty_2004_6">{{Cite book |author=Kutty VR |editor=Nair PRG, Shaji H |year=2004 |title=Why low birth weight (LBW) is still a problem in Kerala: A preliminary exploration |series=Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development |publisher=Centre for Development Studies |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=81-87621-60-5 |accessdate=12 November 2007 |format=PDF |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/57.pdf |page=6 }}</ref> In 1991, Kerala's [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) was the lowest in India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians; 1.78, and Muslims; 2.97.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Alagarajan M |date=December 2003 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h18j4h5w37507h21/ |title=An analysis of fertility differentials by religion in Kerala: A test of the interaction hypothesis |journal=Population Research and Policy Review |doi=10.1023/B:POPU.0000020963.63244.8c|format=PDF |volume=22 |page=557 |ref=harv |issue=5/6}}</ref> The [[sub-replacement fertility]] level and [[infant mortality rate]] are lower compared to those of other states; estimated from 12<ref name="Brenkert_Malone_2003"/><ref name="Kutty_2004_6"/>{{rp|49}} to 14<ref name="Krishnaswami_2004">{{Cite book |author=Krishnaswami P |editor=Neelakantan S, Nair PRG, Shaji H |year=2004 |title=Morbidity Study: Incidence, Prevalence, Consequences, and Associates |series=Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development |publisher=Centre for Development Studies |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=81-87621-66-4 |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/63.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=31 December 2008 }}</ref>{{rp|5}} deaths per 1,000 live births. According to Human Development Report 1996, Kerala's Gender Development Index was reported to be 597; higher than any other state of India. Many factors, such as high rates of female literacy, education, work participation and life expectancy, along with favourable [[sex ratio|female-to-male ratio]], had contributed to it.<ref name="Joseph">{{cite book |author=Ammu Joseph |editor= Oommen M.A. |year=1999 |title=Rethinking Development: Kerala's Development Experience |series= |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location= |isbn=978-81-7022-765-6 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=lzV3bQh-L94C |pages=479–486 |accessdate= }}</ref> Kerala's [[sex ratio|female-to-male ratio]] of 1.058 is higher than that of the rest of India.<ref name="Tharamangalam_2005"/>{{rp|2}}. The state also is regarded as the "least corrupt Indian state" according to the surveys conducted by Transparency International (2005)<ref>{{cite web |title=India Corruption Study — 2005 |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |date=June 2005 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://archive.transparency.org/regional_pages/asia_pacific/newsroom/news_archive2/india_corruption_study_2005}}</ref> and India Today (1997)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jean Dreze|author2=Amartya Sen|title=India: Development and Participation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UpOl35r8UHQC&pg=PA368|accessdate=24 September 2012|date=28 November 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925749-2|page=368}}</ref> | |||
Kerala is the cleanest and healthiest state in India.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sunil Mani|author2=Anjini Kochar|title=Kerala's Economy: Crouching Tiger, Sacred Cows|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wKeRAtvXl8oC&pg=PA121|accessdate=24 September 2012|date=1 January 2006|publisher=D.C. Books|isbn=978-81-264-1359-1|pages=121–}}</ref> However, Kerala's [[morbidity rate]] is higher than that of any other Indian state—118 (rural) and 88 (urban) per 1,000 people. The corresponding figures for all India were 55 and 54 per 1,000 respectively as of 2004.<ref name="Krishnaswami_2004"/>{{rp|5}} Kerala's 13.3% [[prevalence]] of low [[birth weight]] is higher than that of [[First World]] nations.<ref name="Kutty_2004_6"/> Outbreaks of [[water-borne disease]]s such as [[diarrhoea]], [[dysentery]], [[hepatitis]], and [[typhoid]] among the more than 50% of people who rely on 3 million [[water well]]s is an issue worsened by the lack of [[sanitary sewer|sewers]].<ref name="Roy_2004">{{Cite book |author=Roy MKP |year=2004 |title=Water quality and health status in Kollam Municipality |journal=Centre for Development Studies |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/56.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=28 December 2008 }}</ref>{{rp|5–7}} In respect of women empowerment, some negative factors such as higher suicide rate, lower share of earned income, complaints of sexual harassment and limited freedom are reported.<ref name="Joseph"/> | |||
==Education== | |||
{{Main|Education in Kerala}} | |||
[[File:It@schoolDSCN2389.JPG|thumb|Hardware training for students given by "IT@SCHOOL" project]] | |||
The [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts including results—series expansion for trigonometric functions.<ref name=roy>{{cite journal|last=Roy|first=Ranjan|year=1990|title=Discovery of the Series Formula for <math> \pi </math> by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha|work=Mathematics Magazine|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|volume=63|issue=5|pages=291–306}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Pingree | first = David | authorlink = David Pingree | title = Hellenophilia versus the History of Science | year = 1992 | journal = Isis | volume = 83 | issue = 4 | pages = 554–563 | jstor = 234257 | doi = 10.1086/356288|quote=One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read any more the ''Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society'', in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series ''without'' the calculus; but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution.}}</ref> Following the instructions of the [[Wood's despatch]] of 1854, both the princely states, Travancore and Cochin, launched mass education drives with the support from different agencies mainly based on castes and communities and introduced a system of [[grant-in-aid]] to attract more private initiatives.<ref name=Devrep53-58 /> The efforts by leaders, [[Ayya Vaikundar|Vaikunda Swami]], [[Narayana Guru]] and [[Ayyankali]], towards the socially discriminated castes in the state, with the help of community-based organisations like [[Nair Service Society]], [[Sree Narayana Trust|SNDP]], Muslim Mahajana Sabha, Yoga Kshema Sabha (of Nambudiris) and different congregations of Christian churches, led to developement in the mass education of Kerala.<ref name="Devrep53-58">{{Cite book |author=Planning Commission, India |title=Kerala Development Report |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7188-594-7 |pages=53–58 |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
In 1991, Kerala became the first state in India to be recognised as a completely literate state, though the effective literacy rate at that time was only 90%. As of 2007, the net enrollment in elementary education was almost 100 per cent and was almost balanced among different sexes, social groups and regions, unlike other states of India.<ref name="Devrep255-258">{{Cite book |author=Planning Commission, India |title=Kerala Development Report |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7188-594-7 |pages=255–258 |accessdate=}}</ref> The state topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in the year 2006–2007.<ref>{{Cite news|author=D Suresh Kumar |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-13/india/27920991_1_edi-education-development-index-district-information-system |title=Kerala tops primary education index |publisher=The Times of India |date=13 October 2008 |accessdate=30 July 2009}}</ref> According to the first Economic Census, conducted in 1977, 99.7% of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 km, 98.6% had a middle school within 2 km and 96.7% had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 km.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Srikumar Chattopadhyay |title=Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=gOrvghLklKoC |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-8069-294-9 |page=62 |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
The educational system prevailing in the state schooling is for 10 years, which are streamlined into lower primary, upper primary and secondary school stages with a ''4+3+3'' pattern.<ref name="Devrep255-258"/> After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll in [[Junior college|Higher Secondary Schooling]] in one of the three major streams—[[liberal arts]], [[commerce]] or science.<ref name="Edu_Ker"/> Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional under-graduate (UG) programmes. The majority of the public schools are affiliated with the [[Kerala State Education Board]]. Other familiar educational boards are the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), the [[Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE), and the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS). English is the language of instruction in most self-financing schools, while government and government-aided schools offer English or Malayalam.<ref name="Edu_Ker">{{cite web| title=Education in Kerala |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=54 |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=}}{{dead link|date=March 2013}}</ref> Though the education cost is generally considered low in Kerala,<ref>Najith Kumar, K.K. George, "Kerala's education system: from inclusion to exclusion", [[Economic and Political Weekly]], 10 October 2009, VOL XLIV, NO 41, page 55</ref> according to the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per capita spending on education by the rural households in Kerala was reported to be {{Indian Rupee}}41 for Kerala, more than twice the national average. The survey also revealed that the rural-urban difference in the household expenditure on education was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.<ref>Najith Kumar, K.K. George, "Kerala's education system: from inclusion to exclusion", Economic and Political Weekly, 10 October 2009, VOL XLIV, NO 41, page 56</ref> | |||
Universities in Kerala are [[Central University of Kerala]], [[Kannur University]], [[Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[University of Calicut]], [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]], [[University of Kerala]], [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]], [[Kerala Agricultural University]], [[Aligarh Muslim University]] Malappuram, [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]], [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]], [[EFLU Malappuram Campus]], [http://www.darulhuda.com and an islamic university (Darul Huda Islamic university]). Premier educational institutions in Kerala are the [[Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode]], [[National Institute of Technology Calicut]] (NITC) and the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology|Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Trivandrum]] (IIST). The Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM) | |||
==Culture== | |||
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{{Main|Culture of Kerala}} | |||
The culture of Kerala is composite and cosmopolitan in nature and it's an integral part of [[Indian culture]].<ref name="Menon3">{{cite book |title=Cultural Heritage of Kerala |author=A. Sreedhara Menon |publisher=D C Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-264-1903-6 |pages=13–15 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC |accessdate=}}</ref> It has been elaborated through centuries of contact with neighboring and overseas cultures.<ref name="Bhagyalekshmy_2004d_29">{{cite book|author=S. Bhagyalekshmy|title=Contribution of Travancore to Karnatic Music|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VVftZwEACAAJ|accessdate=6 January 2013|year=2004|publisher=Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala}}</ref> However, the geographical insularity of Kerala from the rest of the country has resulted in development of a distinctive lifestyle, art, architecture, language, literature and social institutions.<ref name="Menon3"/> There are around 10,000 festivals celebrated in the state.<ref name=1000hrs /> The [[Malayalam calendar]], a solar calendar started from 825 CE in Kerala,<ref name="Devika2005">{{cite book|author=J. Devika|title=Her-self: Early Writings on Gender by Malayalee Women, 1898–1938|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Xyr6gXmva-gC&pg=PA5|accessdate=17 November 2012|year=2005|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85604-74-9|page=5}}</ref> finds common usage in planning agricultural and religious activities.<ref name="Singh2004">{{cite book|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=People of India: Maharashtra|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C&pg=PA1524|accessdate=17 November 2012|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-102-0|page=1524}}</ref> | |||
===Dance=== | |||
{{Main|Arts of Kerala }} | |||
Kerala is home to a number of [[performance art]]s. These include five classical dance forms: [[Kathakali]], [[Mohiniyattam]], [[Koodiyattom]], [[Thullal]] and [[Krishnanattam]], originated and developed in the temple theatres during the classical period under the patronage of royal houses.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.sruti.org/library/sruti%20ranjani/2004/sruti_ranjani_2004.pdf | title=Classical Dance Art Forms of Kerala | author=Kala Menon | journal=Sruti Ranjini |date=November 2004 | volume=14 | issue=1 | page=11}}</ref> [[Kerala natanam]], [[Kaliyattam]], [[Theyyam]], [[Koothu]] and [[Padayani]] are other dance forms associated with the temple culture of the region.<ref name="Menon2008">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=Cultural heritage of Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC&pg=PA106|accessdate=17 November 2012|year=2008|publisher=D C Books|isbn=978-81-264-1903-6|page=106}}</ref> Some traditional dance forms such as [[Margamkali]], [[Parichamuttu]] and [[Chavittu nadakom]] are popular among the Christians,<ref name=autogenerated12>{{cite book|author=S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC&pg=PA352|accessdate=17 November 2012|year=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-370-8|page=352}}</ref><ref name="Nārāyaṇappaṇikkar1991">{{cite book|author=Kāvālaṃ Nārāyaṇappaṇikkar|title=Folklore of Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xH6BAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 November 2012|year=1991|publisher=National Book Trust, India|page=146}}</ref><ref name="Kasbekar2006">{{cite book|author=Asha Kasbekar|title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, And Lifestyle|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PA43|accessdate=17 November 2012|year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-636-7|pages=43–44}}</ref> while [[Oppana]] and [[Duffmuttu]] are popular among the Muslims of the state.<ref name=autogenerated12 /><ref name=autogenerated22>{{cite book|author=Motilal (UK) Books of India|title=Tourist Guide Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZYfRBcLdTNYC&pg=PA8|accessdate=17 November 2012|date=1 February 2008|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-7478-164-2|page=8}}</ref> | |||
===Music=== | |||
Development of classical music in Kerala is attributed to the contributions it received from the traditional performance arts associated with the temple culture of Kerala.<ref name="Menon2">{{cite book |title=The Legacy of Kerala |author=A. Sreedhara Menon |publisher=D C Books |year=1982 |isbn=978-81-264-2157-2 |pages=48–51 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC |accessdate=}}</ref> Development of the indigenous classical music form, [[Sopana Sangeetham]], illustrates the rich contribution that temple culture has made to the arts of Kerala.<ref name="Menon2"/> [[Carnatic music]] dominates Keralite traditional music. This was the result of [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]]'s popularisation of the genre in the 19th century.<ref name="Bhagyalekshmy_2004d_29" /> Raga-based renditions known as ''sopanam'' accompany ''kathakali'' performances.<ref name="SchechnerAppel1990">{{cite book|author1=Richard Schechner|author2=Willa Appel|title=By Means of Performance: Intercultural Studies of Theatre and Ritual|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K5ZuV_nn7KkC&pg=PA145|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=25 May 1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33915-5|page=145}}</ref> ''Melam''; including the ''paandi'' and ''panchari'' variants, is a more percussive style of music:<ref name=autogenerated9>{{cite book|author=Om Gupta|title=Encyclopaedia Of India Pakistan & Bangladesh|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VY1nTMBQ9vQC&pg=PA1840|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 April 2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-389-2|page=1840}}</ref> it is performed at ''[[mandir|Kshetram]]''-centered festivals using the ''[[chenda]]''.<ref name="BroughtonEllingham2000">{{cite book|author1=Simon Broughton|author2=Mark Ellingham|author3=Richard Trillo|title=World Music Volumn 2 Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific: The Rough Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA97|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2000|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-636-5|page=97}}</ref> ''[[Panchavadyam]]'' is a different form of percussion ensemble, in which artists use five types of percussion instrument.<ref name=autogenerated11>{{cite book|author=Om Gupta|title=Encyclopaedia Of India Pakistan & Bangladesh|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VY1nTMBQ9vQC&pg=PA1838|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 April 2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-389-2|page=1838}}</ref> Kerala's visual arts range from [[Murals of Kerala|traditional murals]] to the works of [[Raja Ravi Varma]], the state's most renowned painter.<ref name="Menon2"/> Most of the castes and communities in Kerala have rich collections of folk songs and ballads associated with a variety of themes; [[Vadakkan Pattukal]] (Northern Ballads), ''Thekkan pattukal'' (Southern Ballads), ''Vanchi pattukal'' (Boat Songs), ''[[Mappila Pattukal]] (Muslim songs) and ''Pallipattukal'' (Church songs) are a few of them.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Legacy of Kerala |author=A. Sreedhara Menon |publisher=D C Books |year=1982 |isbn=978-81-264-2157-2 |page=41 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
===Cinema=== | |||
{{Main|Cinema of Kerala}} | |||
[[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam films]] carved a niche for themselves in the Indian film industry with the presentation of social themes.<ref name="Menon">{{cite book | title=Cultural Heritage of Kerala |first=Sreedhara |last=Menon |publisher=D C Books |year=2008 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC |isbn=81-264-1903-2 |pages=128–129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |first=Amaresh |last=Datta |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Encyclopaedia_of_Indian_Literature.html?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&redir_esc=y |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |pages=751–753}}</ref> Directors from Kerala, like [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]], [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]], [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and [[G. Aravindan]], have made a considerable contribution to the Indian [[parallel cinema]]. Kerala has also given birth to numerous actors, such as [[Satyan]], [[Bharath Gopi]], [[Prem Nazir]],[[Jayan]] [[Mohanlal]], [[Mamooty]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]], [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[Thilakan]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]]. Late Malayalam actor [[Prem Nazir]] holds the world record for having acted as the protagonist of over 720 movies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/11/02/stories/2003110200250500.htm|title=Magic of Sophia Loren |date=2 October 2003|accessdate=200–07–12|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Since the 1980s, actors [[Mammootty]] and [[Mohanlal]] have dominated the movie industry; Mammootty has won three National Awards for best actor while Mohanlal has two to his credit.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sura's Year Book 2006 |author=Subburaj V.V.K |page=620|isbn=978-81-7254-124-8 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Fz2WDD8sB0MC |publisher=Sura Books}}</ref> | |||
===Literature=== | |||
[[Malayalam literature]] starts from the late medieval period and includes such notable writers as the 14th-century [[Niranam poets]] (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar),<ref name="Nair1967">{{cite book|author=P. K. Parameswaran Nair|title=History of Malayalam literature|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cHNkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1967|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|page=296}}</ref><ref name="Laet1994">{{cite book|author=Sigfried J. de Laet|title=History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ixCyd2lByggC&pg=PA407|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1994|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-102813-7|page=407}}</ref> and the 17th-century poet [[Ezhuthachan|Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]], whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and poetry.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|author=S. C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TDCKdPpbFPAC&pg=PA164|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-370-8|page=164}}</ref><ref name="George1998">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Eng when Poetry Comes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MZqqyxVkufQC&pg=PA58|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0413-3|page=58}}</ref> [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]] and [[Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran]] are noted for their contribution to Malayalam prose.<ref name=autogenerated16>{{cite book|author=P. K. Parameswaran Nair|title=History of Malayalam literature|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cHNkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1967|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|pages=118–121}}</ref><ref name="Sinhā2009">{{cite book|author=Madhubālā Sinhā|title=Encyclopaedia of South Indian literature|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8qQpAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2009|publisher=Anmol Publ.|isbn=978-81-261-3740-4|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Vilanilam1987">{{cite book|author=John V. Vilanilam|title=Religious communication in India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a0UeAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1987|publisher=Kairali Books International|page=66}}</ref> The "[[triumvirate poets of modern malayalam|triumvirate of poets]]" (''Kavithrayam''): [[Kumaran Asan]], [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]], and [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]], are recognised for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics, and towards a more [[lyrics|lyrical]] mode.<ref name="Al̲ikkōṭȧ1979">{{cite book|author=Sukumār Al̲ikkōṭȧ|title=Mahakavi Ulloor|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1VkOAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1979|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|page=52}}</ref><ref name="Indian and Foreign Review">{{cite book|title=Indian and Foreign Review|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XaRnAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1983|publisher=Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|page=25}}</ref><ref name="Tarakan1990">{{cite book|author=Ke. Eṃ Tarakan|title=A brief survey of Malayalam literature: history of literature|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3nhkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1990|publisher=K.M. Tharakan|pages=41–52}}</ref> | |||
In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jnanpith]] winning poets and writers like [[G. Sankara Kurup]], [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] and [[O. N. V. Kurup]] had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.<ref name=autogenerated24>{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Biographical, Historical, Religious, Administrative, Ethnological, Commercial and Scientific. Mahi-Mewat|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mc6C5dVHbGAC&pg=PA4542|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo|isbn=978-81-7755-272-0|page=4542}}</ref><ref name="Accessions List, South Asia">{{cite book|title=Accessions List, South Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lPcoAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=July 1994|publisher=E.G. Smith for the U.S. Library of Congress Office, New Delhi|page=21}}</ref><ref name="Indian Writing Today">{{cite book|title=Indian Writing Today|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1wUtAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1967|publisher=Nirmala Sadanand Publishers|page=21}}</ref><ref name="DattaAkademi1987">{{cite book|author1=Amaresh Datta|author2=Sahitya Akademi|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|page=2394}}</ref><ref name="Malayalam Literary Survey">{{cite book|title=Malayalam Literary Survey|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=k5JkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=1993|publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi|page=19}}</ref> Later, writers like [[O. V. Vijayan]], [[Kamaladas]], [[M. Mukundan]], [[Arundhati Roy]], had gained international recognition.<ref name="MukundanPillai2004">{{cite book|author1=Eṃ Mukundan|author2=C. Gopinathan Pillai|title=Eng Adityan Radha Adn Others|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1N5QcHakKdoC&pg=PP3|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1883-3|page=3}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari2002">{{cite book|author=Ed. Vinod Kumar Maheshwari|title=Perspectives On Indian English Literature|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JcY2-ldWIKsC&pg=PA126|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0093-0|page=126}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri2008">{{cite book|author=Amit Chaudhuri|title=Clearing a Space: Reflections On India, Literature, and Culture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AQeN2PoAx2IC&pg=PA44|accessdate=18 November 2012|year=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-906165-01-7|pages=44–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian's First Novel Wins Booker Prize in Britain |work=New York Times |date=15 October 1997 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DD173FF936A25753C1A961958260 | first=Sarah | last=Lyall}}</ref> | |||
===Cuisine=== | |||
{{Main|Cuisine of Kerala}} | |||
[[File:Sadhya DSW.jpg|thumb|Onam Sadya]] | |||
Kerala cuisine has a multitude of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes prepared using fish, poultry and meat. Culinary spices have been cultivated in Kerala for millennia and they are characteristic of its cuisine.<ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite book|author1=Murdoch Books Pty Limited|author2=Murdoch Books Test Kitchen|title=India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d_cHBuYD3CQC&pg=PA10|accessdate=17 November 2012|date=1 July 2010|publisher=Murdoch Books|isbn=978-1-74196-438-7|page=10}}</ref> Rice is a dominant staple that is eaten at all times of day.<ref name="Majumdar2010">{{cite book|author=Majumdar|title=Consumer Behaviour: Insights From Indian Market|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KF57x1Nrn2UC&pg=RA1-PA79|accessdate=17 November 2012|year=2010|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-3963-7|page=181}}</ref> Breakfast dishes are frequently based on the rice preparations ''[[idli]]'', ''[[puttu]]'', ''[[Idiyappam]]'', or pulse-based [[Vada (food)|vada]] or [[tapioca]].<ref name="Muthachen1970">{{cite book|author=Rachel Muthachen|title=Regional Indian Recipes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h5xXz_UFV7QC&pg=PA1|accessdate=17 November 2012|date=1 January 1970|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7224-035-6|page=1}}</ref> These may be accompanied by [[chutney]], ''[[Chickpea|kadala]]'', ''[[payasam]]'', ''[[Mung bean|payar]] [[pappadam]]'', ''[[Appam]]'', chicken curry, beef fry, egg masala and fish curry.<ref name=Newton /> Lunch dishes include [[rice and curry]] along with ''[[rasam]]'', ''pulisherry'' and ''[[sambar (dish)|sambar]]''.<ref name=autogenerated15>{{cite book|author=James Newton|title=Jay Rai's Kitchen - Keralan Cuisine|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5zDWhOU-I04C&pg=PT4|accessdate=17 November 2012|publisher=Springwood emedia|isbn=978-1-4761-2308-0|pages=4–}}</ref> ''[[Sadhya]]'' is a vegetarian meal, often served on a banana leaf and followed with a cup of [[payasam]].<ref name="Kannampilly2003">{{cite book|author=Vijayan Kannampilly|title=Essential Kerala Cook Book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pYfOCaAPb3sC&pg=PA11|accessdate=17 November 2012|date=30 May 2003|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-302950-2|pages=10–11}}</ref> Popular snacks include banana chips, yam crisps, tapioca chips, ''unniyappam'' and ''kuzhalappam''.<ref name="Kerala with Lakshadweep">{{cite book|title=Kerala with Lakshadweep|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yJJuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 November 2012|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Outlook Publishing|page=27}}</ref><ref name="Koilparampil1982">{{cite book|author=George Koilparampil|title=Caste in the Catholic community in Kerala: a study of caste elements in the inter rite relationships of Syrians and Latins|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nXnaAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 November 2012|year=1982|publisher=Dept. of Sociology, St. Teresa's College|page=233}}</ref><ref name="(Swami.)2000">{{cite book|author=Paramatmananda (Swami.)|title=Talks|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=p77mUECpIjgC|accessdate=17 November 2012|year=2000|publisher=Mata Amritanandamayi Center|isbn=978-1-879410-79-4|page=24}}</ref> Sea food specialities include [[karimeen]], prawn, shrimp and other crustacean dishes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Cuisine |url=http://www.ecotours.in/kerala-cuisine.htm | publisher=Ecotours |year= |accessdate= }}</ref> Kerala is one of the only places in India where there is no communal distinction between the different food types. People of all religions share the same vegetarian and non vegetarian dishes. | |||
===Elephants=== | |||
Elephants have been an integral part of culture of the state. Kerala is home to the largest domesticated population of elephant in India—about 700 [[Indian elephants]], owned by temples as well as individuals.<ref name="Varghese2006">{{cite book|author=Theresa Varghese|title=Stark World Kerala|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 November 2012|year=2006|publisher=Stark World Pub.|isbn=978-81-902505-1-1|page=224}}</ref> These elephants are mainly employed for the processions and displays associated with festivals celebrated all around the state. About 10,000 festivals are celebrated in the state annually and some animal lovers have sometimes raised concerns regarding the overwork of domesticated elephants.<ref name=1000hrs>{{cite news |title=India's overworked elephants |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8533776.stm |publisher=BBC |year=2010}}</ref> In Malayalam literature, elephants are referred to as the 'sons of the ''[[sahyadri|sahya]]''.<ref name="Satchidanandan2001">{{cite book|author=K. Satchidanandan|title=Indian Poetry: Modernism and After|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AXiNXRM_KzMC&pg=PR14|accessdate=17 November 2012|year=2001|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1092-9|pages=14–}}</ref> The elephant is the state animal of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name="Profile">{{cite web |title=About Kerala |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=37 |publisher=Government of Kerala |accessdate=17 November 2012 }}{{dead link|date=March 2013}}</ref> | |||
==Media== | |||
{{Main|Media in Kerala}} | |||
The media, telecommunications, broadcasting and cable services are regulated by the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]. The National Family Health Survey – 3, conducted in 2007, ranked Kerala as a state with the [[Indian states ranking by media exposure|highest media exposure in India]]. Dozens of newspapers are published in Kerala, in nine major languages,<ref name=rniindia>{{cite web | |||
|url = https://rni.nic.in/pii.htm | |||
|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5msdKSAqi | |||
|archivedate = 18 January 2010| title = General Review| accessdate =1 September 2006 | |||
|publisher=Registrar of Newspapers for India }}</ref> but principally Malayalam and English.<ref name=autogenerated7>{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Eng when Poetry Comes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MZqqyxVkufQC&pg=PA186|accessdate=17 November 2012|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0413-3|page=186}}</ref> Most widely circulating [[List of Malayalam language newspapers|Malayalam-language newspapers]] are ''[[Malayala Manorama]], [[Mathrubhumi]], [[Madhyamam]], [[Deshabhimani]], [[Mangalam]], [[Kerala Kaumudi]], [[Chandrika]], [[Thejas]], [[Udaya keralam]], [[Janayugam]], [[Janmabhumi]], [[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]'' and ''[[Siraj Daily]]''. [[List of Malayalam periodicals|Major Malayalam periodicals]] include ''[[Mathrubhumi]], [[India Today|India Today Malayalam]], [[Madhyamam Weekly]], [[Grihalakshmi]], [[Vanitha]], Dhanam, [[Chithrabhumi]]'', and ''[[Bhashaposhini]]''. | |||
The English reading population is slowly gaining strength in Kerala. [[The Hindu]] is the largest read newspaper in the State; followed by [[Deccan Chronicle]], [[The New Indian Express]] and [[The Times of India]]. | |||
[[Doordarshan]] is the state-owned television broadcaster. [[Multi system operator]]s provide a mix of Malayalam, English and international channels via cable television. Some of the popular Malayalam television channels are [[Asianet]], [[Surya TV]], [[Kiran TV]], [[Mazhavil Manorama]], [[Manorama News]], [[Indiavision]], [[Kairali TV]], [[WE TV|Kairali WE]], [[Kairali People]], [[Yes Indiavision]], [[Asianet News]], [[Asianet Plus]], [[Asianet Movies]], [[Amrita TV]], [[Reporter]], [[Jaihind]], [[Jeevan TV]], [[Mathrubhumi News]], [[Kerala Kaumudi|Kaumudi]], [[Shalom TV]], [[Powervision]], [[Goodness]], [[Athmeyayathra]] and [[Media One TV]]. Television serials, reality shows and the Internet have become major sources of entertainment and information for the people of Kerala. A Malayalam version of [[Google News]] was launched in September 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.google.com/news?ned=ml_in|title=Google Malayalam News}}</ref> A sizeable "people's science" movement has taken root in the state, and such activities as writers' cooperatives are becoming increasingly common.<ref name="Tharamangalam_2005"/><ref name="Ranjith_2004">{{Cite book |author=Ranjith KS |editor=Nair PRG, Shaji H |year=2004 |title=Rural Libraries of Kerala |series=Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development |publisher=Centre for Development Studies |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=81-87621-81-8 |pages=20–21 |url=http://krpcds.org/publication/downloads/78.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=28 December 2008 }}</ref>{{rp|2}} [[BSNL]], [[Reliance Infocomm]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Vodafone]], [[Idea]], [[Tata Docomo]] and [[Aircel]] are the major cell phone service providers in the state.<ref name="TRAI2012">{{cite web |title=Press Release, TRAI |publisher=TRAI |url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/PressRealease/Document/InfoPress-Telecom%20Subscription%20Data_%2029022012.pdf |year=2012 |accessdate= }}</ref> [[Broadband]] Internet services are widely available throughout the state; some of the major [[ISP]]s are [[BSNL]], [[Asianet|Asianet Satellite communications]], [[Reliance Communications]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] and [[VSNL]]. According to the Telecom Regulatory Commission of India (TRAI) report, as of January 2012 the total number of wireless phone subscribers in Kerala is about 34.3 million and the wireline subscriber base is at 3.2 million, accounting for the [[Telephone Density|telephone density]] of 107.77.<ref name="TRAI2012"/> Unlike in many other States, the urban-rural divide is not visible in Kerala with respect to mobile phone penetration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tele-density in Kerala |publisher=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/08/stories/2011060857900500.htm |year=2011 |accessdate= }}</ref> | |||
==Sports== | |||
{{Main|Sports in Kerala}} | |||
[[Image:JasmineSimhalan-kalaripayatt-silambam.gif|thumb|A ''kalaripayattu'' practitioner]] | |||
By 21st century, almost all of the native sports and games from Kerala have either disappeared or become just an art form performed during local festivals; including [[Poorakkali]], [[Padayani]], Thalappandukali, Onathallu, Parichamuttukali, Velakali, Kilithattukali etc.<ref name="PRD-sports">{{cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/sportsmain.htm | title=Sports and Games in Kerala | publisher=Public Relations Dept, Kerala |year=2002 | accessdate=9 June 2012}}</ref> However, ''[[Kalaripayattu]]'', regarded as "the mother of all martial arts in the world", as an exception was practised as indigenous martial sport.<ref>{{cite book | title=Muay Thai | publisher=Meyer & Meyer Verlag | author=Arnaud Van Der Veere | year=2012 | page=8 | isbn=978-1-84126-328-1}}</ref> Another traditional sport of Kerala is the boat race, especially the race of [[Snake boat]]s.<ref name="PRD-sports"/> | |||
Cricket and football became popular in the state; both were introduced in Malabar during the British colonial period in the 19th century. Cricketers, like [[Tinu Yohannan]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=It's advantage Tinu at the Mecca of cricket |publisher=The Hindu |date=13 June 2002 |accessdate=11 November 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/13/stories/2002061300030400.htm|archiveurl=http://0-web.archive.org.innopac.up.ac.za/web/20080420214041/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/13/stories/2002061300030400.htm|archivedate=20 April 2008 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and [[Abey Kuruvilla]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30182.html | title=Abey Kuruvilla-Profile | publisher=ESPN | accessdate=9 June 2012}}</ref> found places in the national cricket team. However, the [[Kerala cricket team]] had never won or performed well at the [[Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="PRD-sports"/> A cricket club from Kerala, the [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala|Kochi Tuskers]], played in the [[Indian Premier League]]'s [[2011 Indian Premier League|third season]]. However, the team was disbanded after the season because of conflict of interests among its franchises.<ref name="India Wins World Twenty20 Thriller">{{Cite news |title=India Wins World Twenty20 Thriller |publisher=The Hindu |date=25 September 2007 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/25/stories/2007092559400100.htm |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Football is one of the most widely played and watched sport with huge support for club and district level matches.Kerala is one of the major footballing states in India along with West Bengal and Goa and has produced national players of the likes of [[I. M. Vijayan]], [[C. V. Pappachan]], [[V. P. Sathyan]], and [[Jo Paul Ancheri]].<ref>[http://0-web.archive.org.innopac.up.ac.za/web/20080429194252/http://www.the-aiff.com/awards.php AIFF Award Player of the Year] – All India Football Federation</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=James Wray and Ulf Stabe |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/india/news/article_1356109.php/Viva_marks_the_resurgence_of_Kerala_football |title=Viva marks the resurgence of Kerala football |publisher=Monstersandcritics.com |date=15 September 2007 |accessdate=30 July 2009}}</ref> The Kerala state football team had won the [[Santhosh Trophy]] five times; in 1973, 1992, 1993, 2001 and 2004. They were also the runner-ups for eight times.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/tournament-history.php?tournamentdetail=22 | title=Past Winners | publisher=All India Football Federation | accessdate=9 June 2012}}</ref> | |||
Among the prominent athletes hailing from the state, [[P. T. Usha]], [[Shiny Wilson]] and [[M.D. Valsamma]] are both [[Padma Shri]] as well as [[Arjuna Award]] winners while [[K. M. Beenamol]] and [[Anju Bobby George]] are [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]] as well as [[Arjuna Award]] winners. [[T. C. Yohannan]], [[Suresh Babu]], [[Sinimol Paulose]], Angel Mary Joseph, [[Mercy Kuttan]], K. Saramma, [[Rosa Kutty|K. C. Rosakutty]] and Padmini Selvan are the other Arjuna Award winners from Kerala.<ref name="PRD-sports"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://keralaathletics.org/history.html | title=Kerala State Athletics Association: History | publisher=Kerala State Athletics Association | accessdate=12 June 2012}}</ref> Volleyball is another popular sport<ref>{{cite book | title=The Rough Guide to South India |author=David Abram, Nick Edwards |url= |publisher=Rough Guides |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6 |page=64 |accessdate=}}</ref> and is often played on makeshift courts on sandy beaches along the coast. [[Jimmy George]] was a notable Indian volleyball player, rated in his prime as among the world's ten best players.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jimmy George |work=Sports Portal |publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://sportal.nic.in/legenddetails.asp?sno=667&moduleid=&maincatid=59&subid=0&comid=55 |archiveurl=http://0-web.archive.org.innopac.up.ac.za/web/20080514040141/http://sportal.nic.in/legenddetails.asp?sno=667&moduleid=&maincatid=59&subid=0&comid=55 |archivedate=14 May 2008 }}</ref> Other popular sports include badminton, basketball and [[kabaddi]].<ref name="Reddy2005">{{cite book|author=P.A. Reddy|title=Sports Promotion In India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T37m8eRAEX0C&pg=PA119|accessdate=17 November 2012|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-927-2|pages=31–42}}</ref> | |||
==Tourism== | |||
{{Main|Tourism in Kerala}} | |||
[[File:Munnar hillstation kerala.jpg|thumb|right|[[Munnar]], a [[hill station]] and a [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] in Kerala]] | |||
Its [[culture of Kerala|culture and traditions]], coupled with its varied [[demographics of Kerala|demographics]], have made Kerala one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'s [[National Geographic Traveler|Traveller]] magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world"<ref name="Kerala Tourism">{{cite web|title=Kerala Tourism: Paradises in the world |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/11/stories/2004051100040100.htm|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=20 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pravasikairali.com/Homepage.aspx?p=articles&news=447 |title=Pravasi KairaLi Home |publisher=Pravasikairali.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-11}}</ref> and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime".<ref name="Kerala India">{{cite web|title=Kerala – The Gateway of India|url=http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/26162|publisher=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=3 January 2012}}</ref> [[Travel and Leisure]] names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".<ref name="Kerala Tourism"/><ref>{{Cite news |author= |title=Kerala : National Geographic Traveler selects Kerala as 'one of the 50 must-see destinations of a lifetime' |publisher=Travel Portal of India|date=27 January 2009 |accessdate=11 June 2011 |url=http://www.travelportalofindia.com/2009/07/kerala-national-geographic-traveler-selects-kerala-as-one-of-the-50-must-see-destinations-of-a-lifetime/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |title=Kerala – God's Own Country|publisher=Kerala Homestays|date=27 January 2009 |accessdate=11 June 2011 |url=http://www.keralahomestaysonline.com/main/kerala.asp}}</ref> In 2012, it overtook [[Taj Mahal]] to be the number one travel destination in Google's search trends for India.<ref>{{Cite news |author= |title=Kerala beats Taj in Google Search Trends for 2012|publisher=Indian Express|date=28 December 2012 |accessdate=11 January 2012 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tourism-kerala-beats-taj-in-google-search-trends-for-2012/1051412}}</ref> Kerala's beaches, backwaters, mountain ranges and wildlife sanctuaries are the major attractions for both domestic and international tourists. The city of [[Kochi]] ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala.<ref>http://www.keralatourism.org/destination-wise-foreign-2010.pdf</ref><ref name="Tourism Statistics">{{cite web|publisher=Government of Kerala, Tourism Department|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/tourismstatistics/Tourist-Statistics2008.pdf|title=Tourist statistics – 2008|accessdate=22 October 2010}}</ref> | |||
Until the early 1980s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination to other states of the country.<ref name="HinduTourism">{{Cite news |author=Santhanam K |title=An ideal getaway |work=The Hindu Magazine |publisher=The Hindu |date=27 January 2002 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/01/27/stories/2002012700400800.htm |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In 1986 the government of Kerala declared tourism as an industry and it was the first state in India to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tourism beckons |publisher=The Hindu |date=11 May 2004 |accessdate=9 August 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/11/stories/2004051100040100.htm |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Marketing campaigns launched by the [[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation]], the government agency that oversees tourism prospects of the state, resulted in the growth of the tourism industry.<ref name="Tourism">{{cite book |title=Tourism Marketing |author=Dasgupta Devashish |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-317-3182-6 |page=203 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC |accessdate= }}</ref> Many advertisements branded Kerala with a catchy tagline ''[[God's Own Country|Kerala, God's Own Country]]''.<ref name="Tourism"/> Today, Kerala tourism is a global brand and regarded as one of the destinations with highest recall.<ref name="Tourism"/> In 2006, Kerala attracted 8.5 million tourist arrivals, an increase of 23.68% over the previous year, making the state one of the fastest-growing destinations in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourist Statistics — 2006 |work=Department of Tourism |publisher=Government of Kerala |year=2006 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/php/media/data/tourismstatistics/TS2006.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080626195845/http://www.keralatourism.org/php/media/data/tourismstatistics/TS2006.pdf |archivedate=26 June 2008|format=PDF}}</ref> In 2011, tourist inflow to Kerala crossed the 10-million mark.<ref name="bizstd">{{cite web |title=Tourist inflow to Kerala crosses 10 million mark |publisher=Business-Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tourist-inflow-to-kerala-crosses-10-million-mark/474524/ |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Sunset at Varkala Beach Kerala India.jpg|thumb|left|Varkala beach]] | |||
Ayurvedic tourism became very popular since the 1990s, and private agencies have played a notable role in tandem with the initiatives of Tourism Department.<ref name="HinduTourism"/> Kerala is known for its [[ecotourism]] initiatives and in this segment it promotes mountaineering, trekking and bird-watching programmes in the [[Western Ghats]] as the major products.<ref name="Devrep47">{{Cite book |author=Planning Commission, India |title=Kerala Development Report |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ul-OkF5gUJQC |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7188-594-7 |page=47 |accessdate=}}</ref> As of 2005, the state's tourism industry was a major contributor to the [[economy of Kerala|state's economy]], which is currently growing at a rate of 13.31%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourist Statistics — 2005 (Provisional) |work=Department of Tourism |publisher=Government of Kerala |year=2005 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://www.keralatourism.org/php/media/data/tourismstatistics/TOURISTSTATISTICS2005.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080626195846/http://www.keralatourism.org/php/media/data/tourismstatistics/TOURISTSTATISTICS2005.pdf |archivedate=26 June 2008|format=PDF}}</ref> The revenue from tourism increased five-fold between 2001 and 2011 and crossed the {{INR}}190 billion mark in 2011. Moreover, the industry provides employment opportunity to approximately 1.2 million people.<ref name="bizstd"/> | |||
[[File:Koravankorvatti.jpg|thumb|right|The stone sculpture of Kuruvan and Kuruvati at Ramakkalmedu in Kerala]] | |||
The most popular tourist attractions in the state are beaches, backwaters and hill stations. Major beaches are at [[Kovalam]], [[Varkala]], [[Fort Kochi]], [[Cherai]], [[Kappad]], [[Muzhappilangad]] and [[Bekal]]. Popular hill stations are at [[Munnar]], [[Wayanad]], [[Wagamon]], [[Peermade]], [[Nelliampathi]] and [[Ponmudi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Tapan K Panda |title=Tourism Marketing |publisher=ICFAI Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-314-0469-0 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=4A0j6ZlJQfkC |pages=173–177 |accessdate= }}</ref> Kerala's ecotourism destinations include 12 wildlife sanctuaries and two national parks: [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]], [[Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Thattekad Bird Sanctuary]], [[Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Muthanga|Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary]], and [[Eravikulam National Park]] are the most popular among them.<ref>{{cite book |author=M.R. Biju |title=Sustainable Dimensions Of Tourism Management |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-8324-129-8 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=AkAdvTbg0dEC |pages=151–165 |accessdate= }}</ref> The "[[Kerala Backwaters|backwaters]]" are an extensive network of interlocking rivers (41 west-flowing rivers), lakes, and canals that center around [[Alleppey]], [[Kumarakom]] and [[Punnamada]] (where the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race is held in August). [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]] and the [[Mattancherry Palace]] are two notable heritage sites. According to a survey conducted among foreign tourists, ''Elephants, fireworks display and huge crowd'' are the major attractions of Thrissur Pooram. [[Nemmara Vela]] is also famous for the fireworks.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The stars of Pooram show are jumbos |publisher=The Hindu |date=26 May 2006 |accessdate=11 November 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/26/stories/2006052610410500.htm |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> | |||
==Major festivals and religious pilgrimage== | |||
*[[Sabarimala|Sabarimala pilgrimage]] | |||
*[[Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam]] | |||
*[[Thrissur Pooram]] | |||
*[[Maramon Convention]] | |||
*[[Attukal Temple|Attukal Pongala]] | |||
==See also== | |||
{{portal|India|Kerala}} | |||
* [[Bibliography of India]] | |||
* [[List of people from Kerala]] | |||
* [[List of tallest buildings in Kerala]] | |||
* [[Outline of Kerala]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|30em}} | |||
==External links== | |||
{{Sister project links|Kerala}} | |||
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kerala}} | |||
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Kerala|Kerala}} | |||
* [http://www.kerala.gov.in/ Official entry portal] of the Government of Kerala | |||
* [http://www.keralatourism.org/ Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala] | |||
* [http://www.censuskerala.org/ Directorate of Census Operations] of Kerala | |||
* [http://www.www.pravasikairali.com/ Online News Portal] Published from Kerala | |||
{{Geographic location|Centre = Kerala | |||
|North= [[Karnataka]] | |||
|Northeast = | |||
|East = [[Tamil Nadu]] | |||
|Southeast = | |||
|South= Indian Ocean | |||
|Southwest = | |||
|West = [[Lakshadweep Sea]] | |||
|Northwest = [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] | |||
}} | |||
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{{States and union territories of India}} | |||
[[Category:Kerala| ]] | |||
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Latest revision as of 00:29, 25 September 2013
Template:Use Indian English 30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí. Template:Infobox state Kerala Template:IPAc-en, regionally referred to as Keralam (കേരളം), is a state in the south-west region of India on the Malabar coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 as per the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam-speaking regions. Spread over Template:Convert it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and north east, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 census, Kerala is the twelfth largest state by population and is divided into 14 districts. Malayalam (മലയാളം) is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. The state capital is Thiruvananthapuram, other major cities include Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur, and Kollam.
The region was a prominent spice exporter from 3000 BCE to 3rd century. The Chera Dynasty was the first powerful kingdom based in Kerala, though it frequently struggled against attacks from the neighbouring Cholas and Pandyas. During the Chera period Kerala remained an international spice trading center. Later, in the 15th century, the lucrative spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, and eventually paved the way for the European colonisation of the whole of India. After independence, Travancore and Cochin joined the Republic of India and Travancore-Cochin was given the status of a state. Later, the state was formed in 1956 by merging the Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin (excluding four southern taluks), and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara.
Kerala is the state with the lowest positive population growth rate in India (3.44%) and has a density of 819 people per km2. The state has the highest Human Development Index (HDI) (0.790) in the country according to the Human Development Report 2011.[1] It also has the highest literacy rate 95.5, the highest life expectancy (Almost 77 years) and the highest sex ratio (as defined by number of women per 1000 men: 1,084 women per 1000 men) among all Indian states. Kerala has the lowest homicide rate among Indian states, for 2011 it was 1.1 per 100,000.[2] A survey in 2005 by Transparency International ranked it as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala has witnessed significant emigration of its people, especially to the Gulf states during the Gulf Boom during the 1970s and early 1980s, and its economy depends significantly on remittances from a large Malayali expatriate community. Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The culture of the state traces its roots from 3rd century CE. It is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed over centuries under influences from other parts of India and abroad.
Production of pepper and natural rubber contributes to a significant portion of the total national output. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew and spices are important. The state's coastline extends for Template:Convert, and around 1.1 million people of the state are dependent on the fishery industry which contributes 3% of the state's income. The state's Template:Convert of roads, constitute 4.2% of all Indian roadways. There are three existing and two proposed international airports. Waterways are also used as a means of transportation. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine different languages; mainly English and Malayalam. Kerala is an important tourist destination, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism, and tropical greenery among its major attractions.
Kerala got selected as state of states in 2013 based on the criteria of GDP Governance, health, education etc. Kerala’s 10% rise in GDP is 3% more than the national GDP. Rise in capital expenditure is 30% against national average of 5%. 35% rise in two-wheelers owners against national average of 15%. Teacher pupil ratio jumped from 2:100 to 4:100.[3]
Etymology
A 3rd-century BCE rock inscription by the Mauryan emperor Asoka the Great refers to the local ruler as Keralaputra (Sanskrit for "son of Kerala"; or "son of Chera[s]", this is contradictory to a popular theory that etymology derives "kerala" from "kera", or coconut tree in Malayalam).[4]
Two thousand years ago, one of three states in the region was called Cheralam in Classical Tamil: Chera and Kera are variants of the same word.[5] The Graeco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to this Keralaputra as Celobotra.[6] Ralston Marr derives "Kerala" from the word "Cheral" that refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings.[7] In turn the word "Cheral" is derived from the proto-Tamil-malayalam word for "lake". Another theory suggests the name is derived from the Arabic "Khair Allah" Generally in land-scarce costly-housing Singapore, shopping for a home is considered one of many largest investments Singaporeans would ever make of their life. Substantial amounts of each money and time would have been spent participating the true property brokers to both assist in house-hunt or for home house owners to make time for potential buyers to view their home that's intended for sale.
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Ancient religious texts
According to Hindu mythology, the land of Kerala was recovered from the sea by Parasurama, an avatar of Vishnu; hence Kerala is also called Parasurama Kshetram ("The Land of Parasurama"). Parasurama was an axe-wielding warrior sage. He threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari.[9] Consensus among more scientific geographers agrees that a substantial portion of this area was indeed under the sea in ancient times.[10] The legend later expanded, and found literary expression in the 17th or 18th century with Keralolpathi, which traces the origin of aspects of early Kerala society, such as land tenure and administration, to the story of Parasurama.[11] In medieval times Kuttuvan might have emulated Parasurama tradition of throwing his spear into the sea to symbolize his lordship of the sea.[12] Another much earlier Puranic character associated with Kerala is Mahabali, an Asura and a prototypical king of justice, who ruled the earth from Kerala. He won the war against the Devas, driving them into exile. The Devas pleaded before Lord Vishnu, who took his fifth incarnation as Vamana and pushed Mahabali down to Patala (the netherworld) to placate the Devas. There is a belief that, once a year during the Onam festival, Mahabali returns to Kerala.[13]
The Matsya Purana, which is among the oldest of the 18 Puranas,[14][15] makes the Malaya Mountains of Kerala (and Tamil Nadu) the setting for the story of Lord Matsya, the first incarnation of Lord Vishnu, and King Manu, the first man and the king of the region.[16][17] The earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala by name is the Aitareya Aranyaka of the Rigveda.[18] It is also mentioned in both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the two great Hindu epics.[19]
History
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Pre-history
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Prehistorical archaeological findings include dolmens of the Neolithic era in the Marayur area in Idukki district. They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from muni (hermit or sage) and ara (dolmen).[20] Rock engravings in the Edakkal Caves (in Wayanad) are thought to date from the early to late Neolithic eras around 6000 BCE.[21][22] Archaeological studies have identified many Mesolithic, Neolithic and Megalithic sites in Kerala.[23] The studies point to the indigenous development of the ancient Kerala society and its culture beginning from the Paleolithic age, and its continuity through Mesolithic, Neolithic and Megalithic ages.[24] However, foreign cultural contacts have assisted this cultural formation.[25] The studies suggest possible relationship with Indus Valley Civilization during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.[26]
Ancient period
Kerala was a major spice exporter from as early as 3000 BCE, according to Sumerian records.[27] Its fame as the land of spices attracted ancient Babylonians, Assyrians and Egyptians to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. Arabs and Phoenicians were also successful in establishing their prominence in the Kerala trade during this early period.[28] The word Kerala is first recorded (as Keralaputra) in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription (Rock Edict 2) left by the Maurya emperor Asoka (274–237 BCE).[29] The Land of Keralaputra was one of the four independent kingdoms in southern India during Asoka's time, the others being Chola, Pandya, and Satiyaputra.[30] Scholars hold that Keralaputra is an alternate name of the Cheras, the first powerful dynasty based on Kerala.[31][32] These territories once shared a common language and culture, within an area known as Tamiḻakam.[33] While the Cheras ruled the major part of modern Kerala, its southern tip was in the kingdom of Pandyas,[34] which had a trading port sometimes identified in ancient Western sources as Nelcynda (or Neacyndi).[35] At later times the region fell under the control of the Pandyas, Cheras, and Cholas. Ays and Mushikas were two other remarkable dynasties of ancient Kerala, whose kingdoms lay to the south and north of Cheras respectively.[36][37]
In the last centuries BCE the coast became famous among the Greeks and Romans for its spices, especially black pepper. The Cheras had trading links with China, West Asia, Egypt, Greece, and the Roman Empire. In the foreign-trade circles the region was identified by the name Male or Malabar.[38] Muziris, Berkarai, and Nelcynda were among the principal ports at that time.[39] The value of Rome's annual trade with India as a whole was estimated at no less than 50,000,000 sesterces;[40] contemporary Sangam literature describes Roman ships coming to Muziris in Kerala, laden with gold to exchange for pepper. One of the earliest western traders to use the monsoon winds to reach Kerala may have been Eudoxus of Cyzicus, around 118 or 166 BCE, under the patronage of Ptolemy VIII, a king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Various Roman establishments in the port cities of the region, such as a temple of Augustus and barracks for garrisoned Roman soldiers, are marked in the Tabula Peutingeriana: the only surviving map of the Roman cursus publicus.[41][42]
Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala.[43] Jewish connection with Kerala started as early as 573 BCE.[44][45] Arabs also had trade links with Kerala, possibly started before the 4th century BCE, as Herodotus (484–413 BCE) noted that goods brought by Arabs from Kerala were sold to the Jews at Eden.[39] They intermarried with local people, and from this mixture the large Muslim Mappila community of Kerala are descended.[46] In the 4th century, some Christians also immigrated from Persia and joined the early Syrian Christian community who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century.[47] Mappila was an honorific title that had been assigned to respected visitors from abroad; and Jewish, Syrian Christian, and Muslim immigration might account for later names of the respective communities: Juda Mappilas, Nasrani Mappilas, and Muslim Mappilas.[48][49] According to the legends of these communities, the earliest Christian churches,[50] mosque,[51] and synagogue (1568 CE)[52] in India were built in Kerala. The combined number of Muslims, Christians, and Jews was relatively small at this early stage. They co-existed harmoniously with each other and with local Hindu society, aided by the commercial benefit from such association.[46]
Early medieval period
Much of history of the region from the 6th to the 8th century is unknown.[29] A Second Chera Kingdom ( c. 800–1102), also known as Kulasekhara dynasty of Mahodayapuram, was established by Kulasekhara Varman, which at its zenith ruled over a territory comprising the whole of modern Kerala and a smaller part of modern Tamil Nadu. During the early part of Kulasekara period, the southern region from Nagerkovil to Thiruvalla was ruled by Ay kings, who lost their power in the 10th century and thus the region became a part of the Kulasekara empire.[53][54] During Kulasekhara rule, Kerala witnessed a flourishing period of art, literature, trade and the Bhakti cult of Hinduism.[55] A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils, became linguistically separate during this period.[56] For the local administration, the empire was divided into provinces under the rule of Naduvazhis, with each province comprising a number of Desams under the control of chieftains, called as Desavazhis.[55]
The inhibitions, caused by a series of Chera-Chola wars in the 11th century, resulted in the decline of foreign trade in Kerala ports. Buddhism and Jainism disappeared from the land.[57] The social system became fractured with internal divisions on the lines of caste.[58] Finally, the Kulasekhara dynasty was subjugated in 1102 by the combined attack of Later Pandyas and Later Cholas.[53] However, in the 14th century, Ravi Varma Kulashekhara (1299–1314) of the southern Venad kingdom was able to establish a short-lived supremacy over southern India. After his death, in the absence of a strong central power, the state was fractured into about thirty small warring principalities; most powerful of them were the kingdom of Samuthiri in the north, Venad in the south and Kochi in the middle.[59][60]
Colonial era
The monopoly of maritime spice trade in the Indian Ocean stayed with Arabs during the high and late medieval periods. However, the dominance of Middle East traders got challenged in the European Age of Discovery during which the spice trade, particularly in black pepper, became an influential activity for European traders.[61] Around the 15th century, the Portuguese began to dominate the eastern shipping trade in general, and the spice-trade in particular, culminating in Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498.[62][63][64] The Zamorin of Calicut permitted the new visitors to trade with his subjects. The Portuguese trade in Calicut prospered with the establishment of a factory and fort in his territory. However, Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his jurisdiction provoked Zamorin and finally led to conflicts between them. The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between Zamorin and king of Kochi; they allied with Kochi and when Francisco de Almeida was appointed as the Viceroy of Portuguese India in 1505, his headquarters was at Kochi. During his reign, the Portuguese managed to dominate relations with Kochi and established a few fortresses in Malabar coast.[65] Nonetheless, the Portuguese suffered severe setbacks from the attacks of Zamorin forces; especially from naval attacks under the leadership of admirals of Calicut known as Kunjali Marakkars, which compelled them to seek a treaty. In 1571, Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the battle at Chaliyam fort.[66]
The weakened Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch East India Company, who took advantage of continuing conflicts between Kozhikode and Kochi to gain control of the trade.[67] The Dutch in turn were weakened by constant battles with Marthanda Varma of the Travancore Royal Family, and were defeated at the Battle of Colachel in 1741.[68] An agreement, known as "Treaty of Mavelikkara", was signed by the Dutch and Travancore in 1753, according to which the Dutch were compelled to detach from all political involvements in the region.[69][70][71] In the meantime, Marthanda Varma annexed many smaller northern kingdoms through military conquests, resulting in the rise of Travancore to a position of preeminence in Kerala.[72]
In 1766, Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore invaded northern Kerala.[73] His son and successor, Tipu Sultan, launched campaigns against the expanding British East India Company, resulting in two of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars.[74][75] Tipu ultimately ceded Malabar District and South Kanara to the Company in the 1790s; both were annexed to Madras Presidency of British India in 1792.[76][77][78] The Company forged tributary alliances with Kochi in 1791 and Travancore in 1795.[79] Thus, by the end of 18th century, the whole of Kerala fell under the control of the British, either administered directly or under suzerainty.[80]
There were major revolts in Kerala during its transition to democracy in the 20th century; most notable among them are the 1921 Malabar Rebellion and the 1946 Punnapra-Vayalar uprising in Travancore.[81] In the Malabar Rebellion, Mappila Muslims of Malabar rioted against Hindu zamindars and the British Raj.[82] Some social struggles against caste inequalities also erupted in the early decades of 20th century, leading to the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation that opened Hindu temples in Travancore to all castes;[83]
Post colonial period
After British India was partitioned in 1947 into India and Pakistan, Travancore and Cochin joined the Union of India and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form Travancore-Cochin.[84] On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act merging the Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin (excluding four southern taluks, which were merged with Tamil Nadu), and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara.[85][86] In 1957, elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly were held, and a reformist, Communist-led government came to power, under E. M. S. Namboodiripad.[86] It was one of the first Communist government (In 1945, San Marino, a sovereign state in Italy, elected the first[87][88]), which was democratically elected in the world.[89]
Geography
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
The state is wedged between the Lakshadweep Sea and the Western Ghats. Lying between north latitudes 8°18' and 12°48' and east longitudes 74°52' and 77°22',[90] Kerala experiences the humid equatorial tropic climate. The state has a coast of Template:Convert[91] and the width of the state varies between 11 and 121 km (22–75 miles).[92] Geographically, Kerala can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands; rugged and cool mountainous terrain, the central mid-lands; rolling hills, and the western lowlands; coastal plains.[93] The state is located at the extreme southern tip of the Indian subcontinent and lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate; hence, it is subject to comparatively low seismic and volcanic activity.[94] Pre-Cambrian and Pleistocene geological formations compose the bulk of Kerala's terrain.[95][96] A catastrophic flood in Kerala in 1341 CE drastically modified its terrain and consequently affected its history; it also created a natural harbor for spice transport.[97]
The eastern region of Kerala consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' rain shadow.[93] Forty-one of Kerala's west-flowing rivers,[98] and three of its east-flowing ones originate in this region.[99][100] The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near Palakkad; hence also known Palghat, where the Palakkad Gap breaks through to provide access to the rest of India.[101] The Western Ghats rise on average to 1,500 m (4920 ft) above sea level,[102] while the highest peaks reach around 2,500 m (8200 ft).[103] Anamudi, the highest peak in south India, is at an elevation of 2,695 metres (8,842 ft).[104] The elevations of the eastern portions of the Nilgiri Hills and Palni Hills range from 250 and 1,000 m (820 and 3300 ft).[105][106]
Kerala's western coastal belt is relatively flat to the eastern region,[107] and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected brackish canals, lakes, estuaries,[108] and rivers known as the Kerala Backwaters.[109] The state's largest lake Vembanad, dominates the Backwaters; it lies between Alappuzha and Kochi and is more than Template:Convert in area.[110] Around 8% of India's waterways are found in Kerala.[111] Kerala's forty-four rivers include the Periyar; 244 km, Bharathapuzha; 209 km, Pamba; 176 km, Chaliyar; 169 km, Kadalundipuzha; 130 km, Chalakudipuzha; 130 km, Valapattanam; 129 km and the Achankovil River; 128 km. The average length of the rivers is 64 km. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by monsoon rain.[112] As Kerala's rivers are small and lacking in delta, they are more prone to environmental effects. The rivers face problems such as sand mining and pollution.[113] The state experiences several natural hazards like landslides, floods, lightning and droughts; the state was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.[114]
Benefits of Residing in a Apartment or Landed property in Singapore Property New Launches & Project Showcase In Singapore Many residential Singapore property sales involve buying property in Singapore at new launches. These are often homes underneath building, being sold new by developers. New Launch Singapore Property, 28 Imperial Residences Coming To Geylang Lorong 26 The property market is slowing down, based on personal property transactions in May Cell Apps FREE Sign Up Log in Property Brokers Feedback
Individuals all wish to be seen having the identical foresight as the experts in property investment or the massive names in their own fields. Thus the discharge of these tales works to encourage different buyers to observe suit. Bartley Ridge is the most popular new launch in district 13. Irresistible pricing from $1,1xx psf. Bartley Ridge is a ninety nine-12 months leasehold new condominium at Mount Vernon road, good next to Bartley MRT station (CC12). If you want to get more Rehda Johor chairman Koh Moo Hing said potential property consumers in the two areas Http://Modern.Dowatch.Net/Profile/Mic31K/Created/Topics are now adopting a wait-and-see attitude. How can I get the ebrochure and flooring plans of the new launch projects ? The Existing Mortgage on your HDB District 13, Freehold condominium District 11, Freehold Cluster landed house Sea Horizon EC @ Pasir Ris
FindSgNewLaunch is the main Singapore Property web site - one of the best place to begin your actual estate search whether you might be an investor, shopping for for own use, or searching for a spot to lease. With detailed details about each property, together with maps and pictures. We deliver you probably the most complete choice out there. No. For brand spanking new Singapore property gross sales, you possibly can withdraw at any time earlier than booking the unit, without penalty. On the preview, the agent will let you recognize the exact worth for you to resolve whether or not to proceed or not. Solely when you resolve to proceed will the agent book the unit for you. Pending for Sale Licence Approval All Pending for Sale Licence Approval New launch FREEHOLD condominium @ Braddell New launch condominium combined growth at Yishun PROJECT TITLE
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Oceanfront Suites, irresistible pricing for a 946 leasehold property with magnificent sea view. Dreaming of basking and feeling the warmth of pure sunlight is now just a click on away. Oceanfront Suites - Seaside residing no longer needs to remain an unattainable This Cambodia new launch, a mega development has also 762 residential models. Additionally located within this Oxley abroad property is a mega shopping center with 627 outlets and also up to 963 available workplace spaces and is surrounded by quite a few Embassy, resorts, Casinos and many vacationer relax space. Belysa EC @ Pasir Ris Esparina EC @ Sengkang Dell Launches World's first Gender-GEDI Female Entrepreneurship Index on 06/04/thirteen by Istanbul, Turkey. Paris Ris EC @ Paris Ris in search of indication of curiosity.
The developer should open a Venture Account with a financial institution or monetary establishment for every housing venture he undertakes, before he's issued with a Sale License (license to sell models in his development). All payments from buyers before completion of the challenge, and construction loans, go into the mission account. New launch rental LA FIESTA, an thrilling new condominium located along Sengkang Square / Compassvale Highway is a brief stroll to the bustling Sengkang City Centre the place the bus interchange, Sengkang MRT and LRT stations are located. Glorious location,Premium rental with Bayfront resort lifestyle theme and views ofwaterscape. Close to EC pricing - Worth for cash! Apr 02, 2013 Sengkang New Rental Launch, La Fiesta- Sengkang MRTstation at your gate.
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Template:Wide image
Climate
With around 120–140 rainy days per year,[115]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger Kerala has a wet and maritime tropical climate influenced by the seasonal heavy rains of the southwest summer monsoon and northeast winter monsoon.[116] Around 65% of the rainfall occurs from June to August corresponding to the southwest monsoon, and the rest from September to December corresponding to northeast monsoon.[116] Southwest monsoon; The moisture-laden winds, on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian Peninsula, because of its topography, become divided into two parts: the "Arabian Sea Branch" and the "Bay of Bengal Branch".[117] The "Arabian Sea Branch" of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats in Kerala,[118] thus making the area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon.[119][120] Northeast monsoon: The distribution of pressure patterns is reversed during this season and the cold winds from North India pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and precipitate it in the east coast of peninsular India.[121][122] In Kerala, the influence of the northeast monsoon is seen in southern districts only.[123] Kerala's rainfall averages 3,107 mm (122 in) annually. Some of Kerala's drier lowland regions average only 1,250 mm (49 in); the mountains of eastern Idukki district receive more than 5,000 mm (197 in) of orographic precipitation: the highest in the state. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. During summer, the state is prone to gale force winds, storm surges, cyclone-related torrential downpours, occasional droughts, and rises in sea level.[124]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger The mean daily temperatures range from 19.8 °C to 36.7 °C.[125] Mean annual temperatures range from 25.0–27.5 °C in the coastal lowlands to 20.0–22.5 °C in the eastern highlands.[124]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger
Flora and fauna
Template:Infobox region symbols
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
Most of the biodiversity is concentrated and protected in the Western Ghats. Out of the 4,000 flowering plant species 900 species are medicinal plants; 1,272 of which are endemic to Kerala and 159 threatened.[126]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger Its 9,400 km2 of forests include tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations—3,470 km2), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations—4,100 km2 and 100 km2, respectively), and montane subtropical and temperate (shola) forests (highest elevations—100 km2). Altogether, 24% of Kerala is forested.[126]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger Two of the world's Ramsar Convention listed wetlands—Lake Sasthamkotta and the Vembanad-Kol wetlands—are in Kerala, as well as 1455.4 km2 of the vast Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Subjected to extensive clearing for cultivation in the 20th century,[127]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger much of the remaining forest cover is now protected from clearfelling.[128] Eastern Kerala's windward mountains shelter tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests, which are common in the Western Ghats.[129][130]
Kerala's fauna are notable for their diversity and high rates of endemism: it includes 102 species of mammals (56 of which are endemic), 476 species of birds, 202 species of freshwater fishes, 169 species of reptiles (139 of them endemic), and 89 species of amphibians (86 endemic).[131] These are threatened by extensive habitat destruction, including soil erosion, landslides, salinisation, and resource extraction. In the forests, sonokeling, Dalbergia latifolia, anjili, mullumurikku, Erythrina, and Cassia number among the more than 1,000 species of trees in Kerala. Other plants include bamboo, wild black pepper, wild cardamom, the calamus rattan palm, and aromatic vetiver grass, Vetiveria zizanioides.[126]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger Indian Elephant, Bengal Tiger, Indian Leopard, Nilgiri Tahr, Common Palm Civet, and Grizzled Giant Squirrel are also found in the forests.[126]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger Reptiles include the King Cobra, viper, python, and Mugger Crocodile. Kerala's birds include legion—Malabar Trogon, the Great Hornbill, Kerala Laughingthrush, Darter, Southern Hill Myna and several emblematic species. In lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as kadu; stinging catfish and Choottachi; Orange chromide—Etroplus maculatus are found.[126]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger
50 year old Petroleum Engineer Kull from Dawson Creek, spends time with interests such as house brewing, property developers in singapore condo launch and camping. Discovers the beauty in planing a trip to places around the entire world, recently only coming back from .
Subdivisions
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
The state's 14 districts are distributed among Kerala's six regions: North Malabar (far-north Kerala), South Malabar (northern KerTravancore (southern Kerala) and Southern Travancore (far-south Kerala). The districts which serve as the administrative regions for taxation purposes, are further subdivided into 75 taluks; these have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records. Taluks of Kerala are further divided into 1453 revenue villages.[132] Consequent to the 73rd and 74th Amendment to the Constitution of India, the Local self-government Institutions are to function as the third tier of Government and it constitutes 14 District Panchayats, 152 Block Panchayats, 978 Grama Panchayats, 60 Municipalities, 5 Corporations and 1 Township.[133] Mahé, a part of the Indian union territory of Puducherry,[134] though 647 km away from it,[135] is a coastal exclave surrounded by Kerala on all of its landward approaches.[136]
In India, self-governance of the major cities rests with Municipal corporations; there are five such bodies governing Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode, Kollam and Thrissur.[137] Kochi metropolitan area is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala.[138] According to a survey by economics research firm, Indicus Analytics, Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode, Kochi, Thrissur and Kannur found place in the 10 best cities in India to spend life; the survey used parameters such as health, education, environment, safety, public facilities and entertainment to rank the cities.[139]
Government and administration
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
Kerala hosts two major political alliances: the United Democratic Front (India) (UDF); led by the Indian National Congress and the Left Democratic Front (Kerala) (LDF); led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). At present, the UDF is the ruling coalition in government; Oommen Chandy of the Indian National Congress is the Chief Minister while V.S. Achuthanandan of the LDF is the Leader of Opposition. Strikes, protests and marches are ubiquitous in Kerala because of the comparatively strong presence of labour unions.[140][141] According to the Constitution of India, Kerala has a parliamentary system of representative democracy for its governance; universal suffrage is granted to state residents.[142] The government structure is organised into the three branches:
- Legislature: The unicameral legislature, the Kerala Legislative Assembly, comprises elected members and special office bearers; the Speaker and Deputy Speaker elected by the members from among themselves. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker and in the Speaker's absence, by the Deputy Speaker. The state has 140 assembly constituencies.[143] The state elects 20 and nine members for representation in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha respectively.[144]
- Executive: The Governor of Kerala is the constitutional head of state, and is appointed by the President of India.[145] Shri Nikhil Kumar is the Governor of Kerala.[146] The executive authority is headed by the Chief Minister of Kerala, who is the de facto head of state and is vested with extensive executive powers; the head of the party attaining majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed to the post by the Governor.[145] The Council of Ministers, has its members appointed by the Governor, taking the advice of the Chief Minister.[145] Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.[147]
- Judiciary: The judiciary consists of the Kerala High Court and a system of lower courts.[148] The High Court, located at Kochi,[149] has a Chief Justice along with 23 permanent and seven additional pro tempore justices as of 2012.[150] The high court also hears cases from the Union Territory of Lakshadweep.[151][152]
The local self-government bodies; Panchayat, Municipalities and Corporations existed in Kerala since 1959, however, the major initiative to decentralise the governance was started in 1993, conforming to the constitutional amendments of central government in this direction.[153] With the enactment of Kerala Panchayati Raj Act and Kerala Municipality Act in the year 1994, the state implemented various reforms in the local self-governance.[154] Kerala Panchayati Raj Act envisages a 3-tier system of local-government with Gram panchayat, Block panchayat and District Panchayat forming a hierarchy.[155] The acts ensure clear demarcation of power among these institutions.[153] However, Kerala Municipality Act envisages a single-tier system for urban areas, with the institution of municipality designed at par with Gram panchayat of the former system. Substantial administrative, legal and financial powers are delegated to these bodies to ensure efficient decentralisation.[156] As per the present norms, the state government devolves about 40 per cent of the state plan outlay to the local government.[157] 50 year old Petroleum Engineer Kull from Dawson Creek, spends time with interests such as house brewing, property developers in singapore condo launch and camping. Discovers the beauty in planing a trip to places around the entire world, recently only coming back from .
Economy
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
DTZ's public sale group in Singapore auctions all forms of residential, workplace and retail properties, outlets, homes, lodges, boarding homes, industrial buildings and development websites. Auctions are at present held as soon as a month.
We will not only get you a property at a rock-backside price but also in an space that you've got longed for. You simply must chill out back after giving us the accountability. We will assure you 100% satisfaction. Since we now have been working in the Singapore actual property market for a very long time, we know the place you may get the best property at the right price. You will also be extremely benefited by choosing us, as we may even let you know about the precise time to invest in the Singapore actual property market.
The Hexacube is offering new ec launch singapore business property for sale Singapore investors want to contemplate. Residents of the realm will likely appreciate that they'll customize the business area that they wish to purchase as properly. This venture represents one of the crucial expansive buildings offered in Singapore up to now. Many investors will possible want to try how they will customise the property that they do determine to buy by means of here. This location has offered folks the prospect that they should understand extra about how this course of can work as well.
Singapore has been beckoning to traders ever since the value of properties in Singapore started sky rocketing just a few years again. Many businesses have their places of work in Singapore and prefer to own their own workplace area within the country once they decide to have a everlasting office. Rentals in Singapore in the corporate sector can make sense for some time until a business has discovered a agency footing. Finding Commercial Property Singapore takes a variety of time and effort but might be very rewarding in the long term.
is changing into a rising pattern among Singaporeans as the standard of living is increasing over time and more Singaporeans have abundance of capital to invest on properties. Investing in the personal properties in Singapore I would like to applaud you for arising with such a book which covers the secrets and techniques and tips of among the profitable Singapore property buyers. I believe many novice investors will profit quite a bit from studying and making use of some of the tips shared by the gurus." – Woo Chee Hoe Special bonus for consumers of Secrets of Singapore Property Gurus Actually, I can't consider one other resource on the market that teaches you all the points above about Singapore property at such a low value. Can you? Condominium For Sale (D09) – Yong An Park For Lease
In 12 months 2013, c ommercial retails, shoebox residences and mass market properties continued to be the celebrities of the property market. Models are snapped up in report time and at document breaking prices. Builders are having fun with overwhelming demand and patrons need more. We feel that these segments of the property market are booming is a repercussion of the property cooling measures no.6 and no. 7. With additional buyer's stamp responsibility imposed on residential properties, buyers change their focus to commercial and industrial properties. I imagine every property purchasers need their property funding to understand in value.
After independence, the state was managed as a democratic socialist welfare economy. From the 90s, liberalisation of the mixed economy allowed onerous Licence Raj restrictions against capitalism and foreign direct investment to be lightened, leading to economic expansion and increase in employment. In the fiscal years 2007–2008, the nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) was Template:INRConvert. GSDP growth; 9.2% in 2004–2005 and 7.4% in 2003–2004 had been high compared to average of 2.3% annually in the 80s and between 5.1%[158]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger and 5.99%[159] in the 90s.[158]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger The state recorded 8.93% growth in enterprises from 1998 to 2005, higher than the nation's rate of 4.80%.[160] Human Development Index rating is the highest in India; 0.790.[161] This apparently paradoxical "Kerala phenomenon" or "Kerala model of development" of very high human development and not much high economic development resulted due to a stronger service sector.[124]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger[162]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger
Kerala's economy depends on emigrants working in foreign countries, mainly in the Gulf states countries such as United Arab Emirates or Saudi Arabia), and remittances annually contribute more than a fifth of GSDP.[163] As of 2008, the Gulf countries altogether had a Keralite population of more than 2.5 million, who send home annually a sum of Template:USD6.81 billion, which is more than 15.13% of remittance to India in 2008; the highest among Indian states.[164] Of the $71 billion in remittances sent to India in 2012, Kerala still received the highest among the states: $11.3 billion, which is nearly 16%.[165]
According to a study commissioned by the Kerala State Planning Board, the state should look for other reliable sources instead of relying on remittances to finance its expenditure.[166]
Tertiary sector, comprising transport, storage, communications, tourism, banking and insurance, real estate and other services, contributed 63.22% of the state GDP in 2011-2012. Agriculture and allied sectors contributed 15.73% while manufacturing, construction and utilities contributed only 21.05% of the GDP.[167][168] Nearly half of Kerala's people are dependent on agriculture alone for income.[169] Around 600 varieties[126]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger of rice which are Kerala's most important staple food and cereal crop[170]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger are harvested from 3105.21 km2; a decline from 5883.4 km2 in 1990[170]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger. While, 688,859 tonne paddy are produced per annum.[171] Other key crops include coconut; 899,198 ha, tea, coffee; 23% of Indian production,[172]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger or 57,000 tonnes[172]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger), rubber, cashews, and spices—including pepper, cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Around 1.050 million fishermen haul an annual catch of 668,000 tonnes as of 1999–2000 estimate; 222 fishing villages are strung along the 590 km coast. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland. Kerala's coastal belt of Karunagappally is known for high background radiation from thorium-containing monazite sand. In some coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 mGy/yr and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.[173]
Traditional industries manufacturing items; coir, handlooms, and handicrafts employ around one million people.[174] As per the 2006-07 census by SIDBI there are 1,468,104 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Kerala employing 3,031,272 people.[175][176] The KSIDC has promoted more than 650 medium and large manufacturing firms in Kerala generating employment for 72,500 people.[177] A small mining sector of 0.3% of GSDP involves extraction of ilmenite, kaolin, bauxite, silica, quartz, rutile, zircon, and sillimanite.[171] Home gardens and animal husbandry also provide work for many people. Other major sectors are tourism, manufacturing, and business process outsourcing. As of March 2002, Kerala's banking sector comprised 3341 local branches; each branch served 10,000 persons, lower than the national average of 16,000; the state has the third-highest bank penetration among Indian states.[178] On 1 October 2011, Kerala became the first state in the country to have at least one banking facility in every village.[179] Unemployment in 2007 was estimated at 9.4%;[180] underemployment, low employability of youths, and a 13.5% female participation rate are chronic issues,[181]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger as is the practice of Nokku kooli, 'wages for looking on'.[182] By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively.[183]
Technopark, Trivandrum is the largest IT employer in Kerala and employs 35,000 people. It was the first technology park in India[184][185] and with the inauguration of the Thejaswini complex on 22 February 2007, Technopark became the largest IT Park in India.[186] Software giants like Infosys, Oracle, TCS, Capgemini, HCL, USTGlobal, Nest, Suntec, IBS etc. have offices here.[187] Trivandrum is also the IT Hub of Kerala and hold around 80% of the software exports.[188] Another IT Park, Technocity is also in the making . The Grand Kerala Shopping Festival (GKSF) claimed to be Asia's largest shopping festival was started in the year 2007.[189] Since then it has become an annual shopping event being conducted in the December–January period.
The state's budget of 2012–2013 is Template:INR481.42 billion.[190] The state government's tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) amounted to Template:INR217.22 billion in 2010–2011; up from Template:INR176.25 billion in 2009–2010. Its non-tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Kerala reached Template:INR19,308 million in 2010–2011.[190] However, Kerala's high ratio of taxation to GSDP has not alleviated chronic budget deficits and unsustainable levels of government debt, which have impacted social services.[191] A record total of 223 hartals were observed in 2006, resulting in a revenue loss of over Template:INR2000 crore (Template:INR20 billion).[192]
Agriculture
Agriculture in Kerala has passed through many phases. The major change occurred in the 1970s, when production of rice reduced due to increased availability of rice supply all over India and decreased availability of labour supply.[193] Consequently, investment in rice production decreased and a major portion of the land shifted to the cultivation of perennial tree crops and seasonal crops.[194][195] Profitability of crops is reducing due to shortage of farm labour, the high price of land and the uneconomic size of operational holdings.[196]
Kerala produces 97% of the national output of black pepper[197] and accounts for 85% of the area under natural rubber in the country.[198][199] Coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, and spices—including cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg—comprise a critical agricultural sector.[200][201][202][203][204][205] The key agricultural staple is rice, with varieties grown in extensive paddy fields.[206] Home gardens comprise a significant portion of the agricultural sector.[207] Related animal husbandry is also important, and is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women, the marginalised, and the landless.[208][209] The state government promotes these activity via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as the Sunandini.[210][211][212]
Though the contribution of agricultural sector to the state economy was on the decline in 2012-13, under the strength of the allied livestock sector, it has picked up from 7.03% (2011–12) to 7.2%. In the current fiscal(2013–14), the contribution has been estimated at a high of 7.75%. The total growth of farm sector has recorded a 4.39% increase in 2012-13, over a paltry 1.3% growth in the previous fiscal.The primary sector comprising agriculture has only a share of 9.34% in the sectoral distribution of Gross State Domestic Product at Constant Price, whereas the secondary and tertiary sectors has contributed 23.94% and 66.72% respectively.
Fisheries
With 590 km of coastal belt,[213] 400,000 hectares of inland water resources[214] and about 220,000 active fishermen,[215] Kerala is one of the leading producers of fish in India.[216] According to 2003–04 reports, about 1.1 million people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries. The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 608,000 tons in 2003–04.[217] This contributes to about 3% of the total economy of the state. In 2006, about 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from the state.[218] During the southwest monsoon, a suspended mud bank would be developed along the shore, which in turn leads to calm ocean water and hence peak output from the fishery industry. This phenomenon is locally called chakara.[219][220] The fish landings consist of a large variety: pelagic species; 59%, demersal species; 23%, crustaceans and molluscs.[218]
Transport
Roads
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
Kerala has Template:Convert of roads; it accounts for 4.2% of India's total. This translates to about Template:Convert of road per thousand population, compared to an average of Template:Convert in the country. Roads in Kerala include 1,524 km of national highway; it is 2.6% of the nation's total, 4341.6 km of state highway and 18900 km of district roads.[221] Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through two national highways: NH 47 and NH 17, and the eastern side is accessible through various state highways.[222] There is also a hill highway proposed, to make easy access to eastern hills.[223] National Highway 17 with the longest stretch of 421 km connects Edapally to Panvel; it starts from Kochi and passes through Kozhikode, Kannur and Kasaragod before entering Karnataka.[222]
The Department of Public Works is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways system and major district roads.[224] The Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP), which includes the GIS-based Road Information and Management Project (RIMS), is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways in Kerala; it also oversees a few major district roads.[225][226] Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 10–11% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Road density is nearly four times the national average, reflecting the state's high population density. Kerala's annual total of road accidents is among the nation's highest. The accidents are mainly the result of the narrow roads and irresponsible driving.[227] National Highways in Kerala are the narrowest compared to other parts of the country and will remain so for unforeseeable future, as Kerala state government has requested and got special approval(exemption) for narrow national highways in the state compared to other parts of the country. In Kerala, highways will be 45-meters wide, where as in other states National Highways are minimum 4 lane, 60-meters wide, grade separated highways as well as 6/8 lane access-controlled expressways.[228][229] NHAI has threatened the kerala state government that it will give high priority to other states in highway development as political commitment to the better highways has been lacking from the government,[230] although State had the highest road accident rate in the country, with most fatal accidents taking place along the State’s NHs.[231]
Railways
The Indian Railways' Southern Railway line runs through the state connecting most of the major towns and cities except those in the highland districts of Idukki and Wayanad.[232] The railway network in the state is controlled by two out of six divisions of Southern Railway; Thiruvananthapuram Railway division and Palakkad Railway Division.[233] Thiruvananthapuram Central (TVC) is the busiest railway station in the state. Kerala's major railway stations are Kannur (CAN), Kozhikode (CLT), Tirur (TIR), Shornur Junction (SRR), Palakkad Junction (PGT), Thrissur Railway Station (TCR), Aluva (AWY), Ernakulam Town (North) (ERN), Ernakulam Junction (South) (ERS), Alappuzha (ALLP), Kottayam (KTYM), Tiruvalla (TRVL), Chengannur (CNGR), Kayamkulam Junction (KYJ), Kollam Junction (QLN) and Thiruvananthapuram Central (TVC).
Major railway transport between Beypore–Tirur began on 12 March 1861, from Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section in 1902, from Shenkottai–Punalur on 26 November 1904, from Nilambur-Shoranur in 1927, from Punalur–Thiruvananthapuramon 4 November 1931, from Ernakulam–Kottayam in 1956, from Kottayam–Kollam in 1958, from Thiruvananthapuram–Kanyakumari in 1979 and from Thrissur-Guruvayur Section in 1994.[234]
Airports
Kerala has three international airports; Trivandrum International Airport, Cochin International Airport and Calicut International Airport. Two international airports were proposed, at Kannur and Pathanamthitta as of 2008.[235] Officials say that the Kannur International Airport will be completed in December 2015 and will make Kerala the only state in the country to have four international airports.[236][237] The Cochin International Airport is the largest and busiest in the state, and was the first Indian airport to be incorporated as a public limited company; it was funded by nearly 10,000 non-resident Indians from 30 countries.[238]
Inland water transport
As Kerala has numerous backwaters, waterways are used for commercial inland navigation. The transportation is mainly done with country craft and passenger vessels.[195] There are 67 navigable rivers in the state. The total length of the inland waterways in the state is 1687 km.[239] The main constraints to the expansion of inland navigation are lack of depth in the waterway caused by silting, lack of maintenance of navigation system and bank protection, accelerated growth of the water hyacinth, lack of modern inland craft terminals, and lack of a cargo handling system.[195] A 205 km canal, National Waterway 3, runs between Kottapuram and Kollam.[240]
Demographics
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
DTZ's public sale group in Singapore auctions all forms of residential, workplace and retail properties, outlets, homes, lodges, boarding homes, industrial buildings and development websites. Auctions are at present held as soon as a month.
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In 12 months 2013, c ommercial retails, shoebox residences and mass market properties continued to be the celebrities of the property market. Models are snapped up in report time and at document breaking prices. Builders are having fun with overwhelming demand and patrons need more. We feel that these segments of the property market are booming is a repercussion of the property cooling measures no.6 and no. 7. With additional buyer's stamp responsibility imposed on residential properties, buyers change their focus to commercial and industrial properties. I imagine every property purchasers need their property funding to understand in value.
Template:India census population
Kerala is home to 2.76% of India's population; at 859 persons per km2, its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the rest of India, which is at a population density of 370 persons per km2.[241] Trivandrum is the largest and most populous city in Kerala. In the state, the rate of population growth is India's lowest, and the decadal growth of 4.9% in 2011 is less than one third of the all-India average of 17.64%.[241] Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 by adding 15.6 million people to reach 29.1 million residents in 1991; the population stood at 33.3 million by 2011.[241] Kerala's coastal regions are the most densely settled, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. Around 31.8 million Keralites are predominantly of Malayali descent.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. State's 321,000 indigenous tribal Adivasis, 1.10% of the population, are concentrated in the east.[242]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger Malayalam, one of the classical languages in India, is Kerala's official language,[243] however Tamil is also widely understood.[244][245][246] Kannada, Tulu, Hindi, Bengali, Mahl and various Adivasi (tribal) languages are also spoken.[245][247][248][249]
As of early 2013, there are close to 2.5 million (7.5% of state population) migrant workers from other states of India in Kerala.[250]
Religion
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little sectarianism.[251] According to 2001 Census of India figures, 56.2% of Kerala's residents are Hindus, 24.7% are Muslims, 19% are Christians, and the remaining 0.1% follows other religions.[252] The major Hindu castes are Dalit, Ezhava,Thiyya, Nadars, Nair and Nambudiri. The rest of the Hindu castes, including those in the list of Other Backward Class (OBC), are minority communities. Islam and Judaism arrived in Kerala through Arab traders.[253] Muslims of Kerala, generally referred to as Moplahs, mostly follow the Shafi'i Madh'hab under Sunni Islam.[254] The major Muslim organisations are Sunni, Mujahid and Jama'at-e-Islami.[255] Christianity is believed to have reached the shores of Kerala in 52 AD with the arrival of St Thomas, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ.[256][257] Saint Thomas Christians include Syro-Malabar Catholic,[258] Syro-Malankara Catholic,[259] Malankara Orthodox,[260] Jacobite[261] and Marthoma.[262] Latin Rite Christians were converted by the Portuguese in the 16th and 19th centuries,[125][263] mainly from communities where fishing was the traditional occupation.[264] A significant Jewish community existed in Kerala until the 20th century, when most of them migrated to Israel.[265] Jainism has a considerable following in the Wayanad district.[266][267] Buddhism was dominant at the time of Ashoka the Great but vanished by the 8th century CE.[268]
Template:Bar box
The Paradesi Synagogue at Kochi is the oldest synagogue in the Commonwealth.[269] Certain Hindu communities such as the Kshatriyas, Nairs, Tiyyas and the Muslims around North Malabar used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as marumakkathayam,[270][271] although this practice ended in the years after Indian independence.[272] Other Muslims, Christians, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris and the Ezhavas followed makkathayam, a patrilineal system.[273][274][275] Owing to the former matrilineal system, women in Kerala enjoy a high social status.[276] However, gender inequality among low caste men and women is reportedly higher compared to that in other castes.[277]
Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger
50 year old Petroleum Engineer Kull from Dawson Creek, spends time with interests such as house brewing, property developers in singapore condo launch and camping. Discovers the beauty in planing a trip to places around the entire world, recently only coming back from .
Gender
There are a number of possible explanations for the position of women in Kerala. One is the rise of communist governing bodies in Kerala. These governments helped to distribute land and implement education reforms. Another explanation is a tradition of matrilineal inheritance in Kerala.[276] This was common among certain influential castes and is a factor in the value placed on daughters. Christian missionaries also influenced Malayali women in that they started schools for girls from poor families. Opportunities for women like education and gainful employment often translate into a lower birth rate, which in turn, makes education and employment more likely to be accessible and more beneficial for women. This creates an upward spiral for both the women and children of the community that is passed on to future generations of both boys and girls. Low birth rate and high literacy rate are often the twin hallmarks of the healthy advancement of a society.
While having the opportunities that education affords them such as participating in politics, keeping up to date on news, reading religious texts, etc., these tools have not translated into full, equal rights for the women of Kerala. At Cochin University women must be in their hostels by dark, while men are free to roam at any hour. There is a general attitude that women must be restricted for their own benefit. Women who break the rules are often looked down on. Kerala is a state in flux where, despite the social progress made so far, gender still influences social mobility.[278][279][280]
Human Development Index
As of 2011 Kerala has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.790 which comes under the "very high" category and it is the highest in the country.[1] Comparatively higher spending of the government in primary level education, health care and elimination of poverty from the 19th century onward had helped the state to keep a very high HDI;[281][282] report was prepared by the central government's Institute of Applied Manpower Research.[283][284] However, the Human Development Report, 2005 prepared by Centre for Development Studies envisages a virtuous phase of inclusive development for the state since the advancement in human development had already started aiding the economic development of the state.[281]
According to a 2005–2006 national survey, Kerala has the highest literacy rate among Indian states; 93.91%.[285] Life expectancy of 74 years was among the highest in India as of 2011.[286] Kerala's rural poverty rate fell from 69% (1970–1971) to 12% (2010); the overall (urban and rural) rate fell 47% between the 1970s and 2000s.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively.[183] These changes stem largely from efforts begun in the late 19th century by the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore to boost social welfare.[287][288] This focus was maintained by Kerala's post-independence government.[124][161]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organisation designated Kerala the world's first "baby-friendly state" because of its effective promotion of breast-feeding over formulas.[289] As of 2004, more than 95% of births were hospital-delivered.[290]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger Ayurveda (both elite and popular forms),[291]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger siddha, and many endangered and endemic modes of traditional medicine, including kalari, marmachikitsa and vishavaidyam, are practised. Some occupational communities such as Kaniyar were known as native medicine men in relation with practice of such streams of medical systems, apart from their traditional vocation.[292]
These propagate via gurukula discipleship,[291]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger and comprise a fusion of both medicinal and supernatural treatments.[291]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger
Kerala has undergone the "demographic transition" characteristic of such developed nations as Canada, Japan, and Norway.[162]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger as 11.2% of people are over the age of 60,[161] and due to the low birthrate of 18 per 1,000.[293] In 1991, Kerala's total fertility rate (TFR) was the lowest in India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians; 1.78, and Muslims; 2.97.[294] The sub-replacement fertility level and infant mortality rate are lower compared to those of other states; estimated from 12[124][293]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger to 14[295]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger deaths per 1,000 live births. According to Human Development Report 1996, Kerala's Gender Development Index was reported to be 597; higher than any other state of India. Many factors, such as high rates of female literacy, education, work participation and life expectancy, along with favourable female-to-male ratio, had contributed to it.[296] Kerala's female-to-male ratio of 1.058 is higher than that of the rest of India.[162]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger. The state also is regarded as the "least corrupt Indian state" according to the surveys conducted by Transparency International (2005)[297] and India Today (1997)[298]
Kerala is the cleanest and healthiest state in India.[299] However, Kerala's morbidity rate is higher than that of any other Indian state—118 (rural) and 88 (urban) per 1,000 people. The corresponding figures for all India were 55 and 54 per 1,000 respectively as of 2004.[295]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger Kerala's 13.3% prevalence of low birth weight is higher than that of First World nations.[293] Outbreaks of water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, and typhoid among the more than 50% of people who rely on 3 million water wells is an issue worsened by the lack of sewers.[300]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger In respect of women empowerment, some negative factors such as higher suicide rate, lower share of earned income, complaints of sexual harassment and limited freedom are reported.[296]
Education
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts including results—series expansion for trigonometric functions.[301][302] Following the instructions of the Wood's despatch of 1854, both the princely states, Travancore and Cochin, launched mass education drives with the support from different agencies mainly based on castes and communities and introduced a system of grant-in-aid to attract more private initiatives.[303] The efforts by leaders, Vaikunda Swami, Narayana Guru and Ayyankali, towards the socially discriminated castes in the state, with the help of community-based organisations like Nair Service Society, SNDP, Muslim Mahajana Sabha, Yoga Kshema Sabha (of Nambudiris) and different congregations of Christian churches, led to developement in the mass education of Kerala.[303]
In 1991, Kerala became the first state in India to be recognised as a completely literate state, though the effective literacy rate at that time was only 90%. As of 2007, the net enrollment in elementary education was almost 100 per cent and was almost balanced among different sexes, social groups and regions, unlike other states of India.[304] The state topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in the year 2006–2007.[305] According to the first Economic Census, conducted in 1977, 99.7% of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2 km, 98.6% had a middle school within 2 km and 96.7% had a high school or higher secondary school within 5 km.[306]
The educational system prevailing in the state schooling is for 10 years, which are streamlined into lower primary, upper primary and secondary school stages with a 4+3+3 pattern.[304] After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll in Higher Secondary Schooling in one of the three major streams—liberal arts, commerce or science.[307] Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional under-graduate (UG) programmes. The majority of the public schools are affiliated with the Kerala State Education Board. Other familiar educational boards are the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), and the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). English is the language of instruction in most self-financing schools, while government and government-aided schools offer English or Malayalam.[307] Though the education cost is generally considered low in Kerala,[308] according to the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per capita spending on education by the rural households in Kerala was reported to be Template:Indian Rupee41 for Kerala, more than twice the national average. The survey also revealed that the rural-urban difference in the household expenditure on education was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.[309]
Universities in Kerala are Central University of Kerala, Kannur University, Mahatma Gandhi University, University of Calicut, National University of Advanced Legal Studies, University of Kerala, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Aligarh Muslim University Malappuram, Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, EFLU Malappuram Campus, and an islamic university (Darul Huda Islamic university). Premier educational institutions in Kerala are the Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode, National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC) and the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Trivandrum (IIST). The Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram (IISER-TVM)
Culture
People are nonetheless rushing to buy properties in Singapore. A new residential condominium mission in Bedok had a long queue three days before its official launch and bought more than 350 units on the very first day. Nonetheless, there is a ‘development' that had emerged in 2011 that the majority have possibly overlooked.
In August, more than a hundred individuals across 16 states reportedly had been sickened with salmonella after consuming mangos In September, the Meals and Drug Administration detained mango imports from a Mexican packing house after the fruits had been linked to the sickenings Save Cash On Your Online Purchasing Make saving money when purchasing on-line a breeze with Bodge's favourite app, Invisible Hands. This helpful program does the price-checking analysis for you, and will warn you when a unique site has a better value - or let you realize that you have found the most effective deal. Watch Posted by Edison Foo September 29, 2013 HEARTH SALE!!! From only $9xx,000! We hope this listing will help launch your search for new properties in Singapore. It's unlawful to purchase ice cream after 6 pm, in Newark.
for a borrower with one or more excellent residential property loans3; and No SSD will be payable by the seller if the property is bought more than three years after it was bought. Non-extension of the Jan 2009 Funds assistance measures for the property market when the measures expire. Permitting up to 2 years of property tax deferral for land accepted for improvement. Lively secondary marketplace for easy exit of property investments. Curiosity on mortgage fee is tax deductible when the property is rented out. We've progressive property tax rates for residential properties- the higher the value of the residential property, the upper the tax charge. Why do I've to pay property tax on my house when I'm an onwer-occupier and not deriving rental earnings? Palacio Cluster Landed
After obtaining a Sale License (topic to authorities circumstances meant to guard individuals shopping for property in Singapore), he might www.rmmonline.com proceed to sell units in his growth. Funding in the property market of Singapore is likely one of the few investment choices the place utilizing the bank's cash could not be any easier. The power of expats, to make a down payment, leverage the capital and consequently improve total return on investment, is excessive in Singapore. PRs who own a HDB flat must sell their flat inside six months of buying a non-public residential property in Singapore. EVERLASTING residents (PRs) now face unprecedented limits on their skill to purchase property in Singapore. New Condo in 2013 March Foreigners are eligible for Singapore greenback mortgage loan. housing grant
Skilled property brokers in Singapore will assist the client and defend their interests throughout the acquisition, and will help safe the provide at the best possible price. The agents may even be sure that all paperwork are in order and that the vendor is the rightful proprietor of the property. Most of the property brokers share their databases with each other. Tuesday's measures come after the Monetary Authority of Singapore in June tightened rules on property loans, and closed loopholes that allowed some householders to circumvent loan restrictions and avoid paying levies when buying extra property. Contact us for a FREE housing loan analysis and to study concerning the newest mortgage to worth on Singapore housing loans. J Gateway Condominium (Bought Out) Oct, 2013
6. Completion of automotive park, roads and drains serving the housing project 5% 7. Notice of Vacant Possession (Upon obtaining Temporary Occupation Permit) The estimates given by SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator are not quotations and are usually not binding in any way on SingaporeHousingLoan.sg or the consumer. The method of calculation does not exactly mirror that of which is being used by the individual monetary establishment and the data provided should be used as a information only. SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator does not pre-qualify you for any housing loan from any monetary institution. Undercover Report Finds Unlawful Rat Meat Sold In London Market Unpasteurized Tempeh Linked To Salmonella Outbreak That Sickens 60 Hottest EC Launch in Sengkang!
BuyRentSingaporeProperty.com is dedicated in providing the newest residential launches, Developer's sales, new launches, resale, HIGH tasks and rental of properties in Singapore. Then there are new launch property condos in the mid-tier range. These are sometimes in the vicinity of the city fringe, in areas corresponding to Newton and Novena Tanjong Rhu. These new launch projects are popular due to their proximity to town heart, the place the enterprise and entertainment centers and all the amenities they provide, but they're usually cheaper than the City core region tasks. Why submit cheques to register for new property launches in Singapore? Riversails Apartment @ Higher Serangoon LakeVille @ Jurong Lakeside Condo by MCL Ferra Condo @ Leonie Hill
People are nonetheless rushing to buy properties in Singapore. A new residential condominium mission in Bedok had a long queue three days before its official launch and bought more than 350 units on the very first day. Nonetheless, there is a ‘development' that had emerged in 2011 that the majority have possibly overlooked.
In August, more than a hundred individuals across 16 states reportedly had been sickened with salmonella after consuming mangos In September, the Meals and Drug Administration detained mango imports from a Mexican packing house after the fruits had been linked to the sickenings Save Cash On Your Online Purchasing Make saving money when purchasing on-line a breeze with Bodge's favourite app, Invisible Hands. This helpful program does the price-checking analysis for you, and will warn you when a unique site has a better value - or let you realize that you have found the most effective deal. Watch Posted by Edison Foo September 29, 2013 HEARTH SALE!!! From only $9xx,000! We hope this listing will help launch your search for new properties in Singapore. It's unlawful to purchase ice cream after 6 pm, in Newark.
for a borrower with one or more excellent residential property loans3; and No SSD will be payable by the seller if the property is bought more than three years after it was bought. Non-extension of the Jan 2009 Funds assistance measures for the property market when the measures expire. Permitting up to 2 years of property tax deferral for land accepted for improvement. Lively secondary marketplace for easy exit of property investments. Curiosity on mortgage fee is tax deductible when the property is rented out. We've progressive property tax rates for residential properties- the higher the value of the residential property, the upper the tax charge. Why do I've to pay property tax on my house when I'm an onwer-occupier and not deriving rental earnings? Palacio Cluster Landed
After obtaining a Sale License (topic to authorities circumstances meant to guard individuals shopping for property in Singapore), he might www.rmmonline.com proceed to sell units in his growth. Funding in the property market of Singapore is likely one of the few investment choices the place utilizing the bank's cash could not be any easier. The power of expats, to make a down payment, leverage the capital and consequently improve total return on investment, is excessive in Singapore. PRs who own a HDB flat must sell their flat inside six months of buying a non-public residential property in Singapore. EVERLASTING residents (PRs) now face unprecedented limits on their skill to purchase property in Singapore. New Condo in 2013 March Foreigners are eligible for Singapore greenback mortgage loan. housing grant
Skilled property brokers in Singapore will assist the client and defend their interests throughout the acquisition, and will help safe the provide at the best possible price. The agents may even be sure that all paperwork are in order and that the vendor is the rightful proprietor of the property. Most of the property brokers share their databases with each other. Tuesday's measures come after the Monetary Authority of Singapore in June tightened rules on property loans, and closed loopholes that allowed some householders to circumvent loan restrictions and avoid paying levies when buying extra property. Contact us for a FREE housing loan analysis and to study concerning the newest mortgage to worth on Singapore housing loans. J Gateway Condominium (Bought Out) Oct, 2013
6. Completion of automotive park, roads and drains serving the housing project 5% 7. Notice of Vacant Possession (Upon obtaining Temporary Occupation Permit) The estimates given by SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator are not quotations and are usually not binding in any way on SingaporeHousingLoan.sg or the consumer. The method of calculation does not exactly mirror that of which is being used by the individual monetary establishment and the data provided should be used as a information only. SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator does not pre-qualify you for any housing loan from any monetary institution. Undercover Report Finds Unlawful Rat Meat Sold In London Market Unpasteurized Tempeh Linked To Salmonella Outbreak That Sickens 60 Hottest EC Launch in Sengkang!
BuyRentSingaporeProperty.com is dedicated in providing the newest residential launches, Developer's sales, new launches, resale, HIGH tasks and rental of properties in Singapore. Then there are new launch property condos in the mid-tier range. These are sometimes in the vicinity of the city fringe, in areas corresponding to Newton and Novena Tanjong Rhu. These new launch projects are popular due to their proximity to town heart, the place the enterprise and entertainment centers and all the amenities they provide, but they're usually cheaper than the City core region tasks. Why submit cheques to register for new property launches in Singapore? Riversails Apartment @ Higher Serangoon LakeVille @ Jurong Lakeside Condo by MCL Ferra Condo @ Leonie Hill
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
The culture of Kerala is composite and cosmopolitan in nature and it's an integral part of Indian culture.[19] It has been elaborated through centuries of contact with neighboring and overseas cultures.[310] However, the geographical insularity of Kerala from the rest of the country has resulted in development of a distinctive lifestyle, art, architecture, language, literature and social institutions.[19] There are around 10,000 festivals celebrated in the state.[311] The Malayalam calendar, a solar calendar started from 825 CE in Kerala,[312] finds common usage in planning agricultural and religious activities.[313]
Dance
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. Kerala is home to a number of performance arts. These include five classical dance forms: Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Koodiyattom, Thullal and Krishnanattam, originated and developed in the temple theatres during the classical period under the patronage of royal houses.[314] Kerala natanam, Kaliyattam, Theyyam, Koothu and Padayani are other dance forms associated with the temple culture of the region.[315] Some traditional dance forms such as Margamkali, Parichamuttu and Chavittu nadakom are popular among the Christians,[316][317][318] while Oppana and Duffmuttu are popular among the Muslims of the state.[316][319]
Music
Development of classical music in Kerala is attributed to the contributions it received from the traditional performance arts associated with the temple culture of Kerala.[320] Development of the indigenous classical music form, Sopana Sangeetham, illustrates the rich contribution that temple culture has made to the arts of Kerala.[320] Carnatic music dominates Keralite traditional music. This was the result of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma's popularisation of the genre in the 19th century.[310] Raga-based renditions known as sopanam accompany kathakali performances.[321] Melam; including the paandi and panchari variants, is a more percussive style of music:[322] it is performed at Kshetram-centered festivals using the chenda.[323] Panchavadyam is a different form of percussion ensemble, in which artists use five types of percussion instrument.[324] Kerala's visual arts range from traditional murals to the works of Raja Ravi Varma, the state's most renowned painter.[320] Most of the castes and communities in Kerala have rich collections of folk songs and ballads associated with a variety of themes; Vadakkan Pattukal (Northern Ballads), Thekkan pattukal (Southern Ballads), Vanchi pattukal (Boat Songs), Mappila Pattukal (Muslim songs) and Pallipattukal (Church songs) are a few of them.[325]
Cinema
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
Malayalam films carved a niche for themselves in the Indian film industry with the presentation of social themes.[326][327] Directors from Kerala, like Adoor Gopalakrishnan, John Abraham, Kamal and G. Aravindan, have made a considerable contribution to the Indian parallel cinema. Kerala has also given birth to numerous actors, such as Satyan, Bharath Gopi, Prem Nazir,Jayan Mohanlal, Mamooty, Suresh Gopi, Dileep, Murali, Oduvil Unnikrishnan, Cochin Haneefa, Thilakan and Nedumudi Venu. Late Malayalam actor Prem Nazir holds the world record for having acted as the protagonist of over 720 movies.[328] Since the 1980s, actors Mammootty and Mohanlal have dominated the movie industry; Mammootty has won three National Awards for best actor while Mohanlal has two to his credit.[329]
Literature
Malayalam literature starts from the late medieval period and includes such notable writers as the 14th-century Niranam poets (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar),[330][331] and the 17th-century poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and poetry.[332][333] Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar and Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran are noted for their contribution to Malayalam prose.[334][335][336] The "triumvirate of poets" (Kavithrayam): Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon, and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer, are recognised for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics, and towards a more lyrical mode.[337][338][339]
In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith winning poets and writers like G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, M. T. Vasudevan Nair and O. N. V. Kurup had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.[340][341][342][343][344] Later, writers like O. V. Vijayan, Kamaladas, M. Mukundan, Arundhati Roy, had gained international recognition.[345][346][347][348]
Cuisine
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
Kerala cuisine has a multitude of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes prepared using fish, poultry and meat. Culinary spices have been cultivated in Kerala for millennia and they are characteristic of its cuisine.[349] Rice is a dominant staple that is eaten at all times of day.[350] Breakfast dishes are frequently based on the rice preparations idli, puttu, Idiyappam, or pulse-based vada or tapioca.[351] These may be accompanied by chutney, kadala, payasam, payar pappadam, Appam, chicken curry, beef fry, egg masala and fish curry.[201] Lunch dishes include rice and curry along with rasam, pulisherry and sambar.[352] Sadhya is a vegetarian meal, often served on a banana leaf and followed with a cup of payasam.[353] Popular snacks include banana chips, yam crisps, tapioca chips, unniyappam and kuzhalappam.[354][355][356] Sea food specialities include karimeen, prawn, shrimp and other crustacean dishes.[357] Kerala is one of the only places in India where there is no communal distinction between the different food types. People of all religions share the same vegetarian and non vegetarian dishes.
Elephants
Elephants have been an integral part of culture of the state. Kerala is home to the largest domesticated population of elephant in India—about 700 Indian elephants, owned by temples as well as individuals.[358] These elephants are mainly employed for the processions and displays associated with festivals celebrated all around the state. About 10,000 festivals are celebrated in the state annually and some animal lovers have sometimes raised concerns regarding the overwork of domesticated elephants.[311] In Malayalam literature, elephants are referred to as the 'sons of the sahya.[359] The elephant is the state animal of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the Government of Kerala.[132]
Media
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. The media, telecommunications, broadcasting and cable services are regulated by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. The National Family Health Survey – 3, conducted in 2007, ranked Kerala as a state with the highest media exposure in India. Dozens of newspapers are published in Kerala, in nine major languages,[360] but principally Malayalam and English.[361] Most widely circulating Malayalam-language newspapers are Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam, Deshabhimani, Mangalam, Kerala Kaumudi, Chandrika, Thejas, Udaya keralam, Janayugam, Janmabhumi, Deepika and Siraj Daily. Major Malayalam periodicals include Mathrubhumi, India Today Malayalam, Madhyamam Weekly, Grihalakshmi, Vanitha, Dhanam, Chithrabhumi, and Bhashaposhini. The English reading population is slowly gaining strength in Kerala. The Hindu is the largest read newspaper in the State; followed by Deccan Chronicle, The New Indian Express and The Times of India.
Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Malayalam, English and international channels via cable television. Some of the popular Malayalam television channels are Asianet, Surya TV, Kiran TV, Mazhavil Manorama, Manorama News, Indiavision, Kairali TV, Kairali WE, Kairali People, Yes Indiavision, Asianet News, Asianet Plus, Asianet Movies, Amrita TV, Reporter, Jaihind, Jeevan TV, Mathrubhumi News, Kaumudi, Shalom TV, Powervision, Goodness, Athmeyayathra and Media One TV. Television serials, reality shows and the Internet have become major sources of entertainment and information for the people of Kerala. A Malayalam version of Google News was launched in September 2008.[362] A sizeable "people's science" movement has taken root in the state, and such activities as writers' cooperatives are becoming increasingly common.[162][363]Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years.
To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for
One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier
The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved
First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen
The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01
Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, Tata Docomo and Aircel are the major cell phone service providers in the state.[364] Broadband Internet services are widely available throughout the state; some of the major ISPs are BSNL, Asianet Satellite communications, Reliance Communications, Airtel and VSNL. According to the Telecom Regulatory Commission of India (TRAI) report, as of January 2012 the total number of wireless phone subscribers in Kerala is about 34.3 million and the wireline subscriber base is at 3.2 million, accounting for the telephone density of 107.77.[364] Unlike in many other States, the urban-rural divide is not visible in Kerala with respect to mobile phone penetration.[365]
Sports
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
By 21st century, almost all of the native sports and games from Kerala have either disappeared or become just an art form performed during local festivals; including Poorakkali, Padayani, Thalappandukali, Onathallu, Parichamuttukali, Velakali, Kilithattukali etc.[366] However, Kalaripayattu, regarded as "the mother of all martial arts in the world", as an exception was practised as indigenous martial sport.[367] Another traditional sport of Kerala is the boat race, especially the race of Snake boats.[366]
Cricket and football became popular in the state; both were introduced in Malabar during the British colonial period in the 19th century. Cricketers, like Tinu Yohannan,[368] and Abey Kuruvilla,[369] found places in the national cricket team. However, the Kerala cricket team had never won or performed well at the Ranji Trophy.[366] A cricket club from Kerala, the Kochi Tuskers, played in the Indian Premier League's third season. However, the team was disbanded after the season because of conflict of interests among its franchises.[370] Football is one of the most widely played and watched sport with huge support for club and district level matches.Kerala is one of the major footballing states in India along with West Bengal and Goa and has produced national players of the likes of I. M. Vijayan, C. V. Pappachan, V. P. Sathyan, and Jo Paul Ancheri.[371][372] The Kerala state football team had won the Santhosh Trophy five times; in 1973, 1992, 1993, 2001 and 2004. They were also the runner-ups for eight times.[373]
Among the prominent athletes hailing from the state, P. T. Usha, Shiny Wilson and M.D. Valsamma are both Padma Shri as well as Arjuna Award winners while K. M. Beenamol and Anju Bobby George are Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna as well as Arjuna Award winners. T. C. Yohannan, Suresh Babu, Sinimol Paulose, Angel Mary Joseph, Mercy Kuttan, K. Saramma, K. C. Rosakutty and Padmini Selvan are the other Arjuna Award winners from Kerala.[366][374] Volleyball is another popular sport[375] and is often played on makeshift courts on sandy beaches along the coast. Jimmy George was a notable Indian volleyball player, rated in his prime as among the world's ten best players.[376] Other popular sports include badminton, basketball and kabaddi.[377]
Tourism
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
Its culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demographics, have made Kerala one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. National Geographic's Traveller magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world"[378][379] and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime".[380] Travel and Leisure names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".[378][381][382] In 2012, it overtook Taj Mahal to be the number one travel destination in Google's search trends for India.[383] Kerala's beaches, backwaters, mountain ranges and wildlife sanctuaries are the major attractions for both domestic and international tourists. The city of Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala.[384][385]
Until the early 1980s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination to other states of the country.[386] In 1986 the government of Kerala declared tourism as an industry and it was the first state in India to do so.[387] Marketing campaigns launched by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation, the government agency that oversees tourism prospects of the state, resulted in the growth of the tourism industry.[388] Many advertisements branded Kerala with a catchy tagline Kerala, God's Own Country.[388] Today, Kerala tourism is a global brand and regarded as one of the destinations with highest recall.[388] In 2006, Kerala attracted 8.5 million tourist arrivals, an increase of 23.68% over the previous year, making the state one of the fastest-growing destinations in the world.[389] In 2011, tourist inflow to Kerala crossed the 10-million mark.[390]
Ayurvedic tourism became very popular since the 1990s, and private agencies have played a notable role in tandem with the initiatives of Tourism Department.[386] Kerala is known for its ecotourism initiatives and in this segment it promotes mountaineering, trekking and bird-watching programmes in the Western Ghats as the major products.[391] As of 2005, the state's tourism industry was a major contributor to the state's economy, which is currently growing at a rate of 13.31%.[392] The revenue from tourism increased five-fold between 2001 and 2011 and crossed the Template:INR190 billion mark in 2011. Moreover, the industry provides employment opportunity to approximately 1.2 million people.[390]
The most popular tourist attractions in the state are beaches, backwaters and hill stations. Major beaches are at Kovalam, Varkala, Fort Kochi, Cherai, Kappad, Muzhappilangad and Bekal. Popular hill stations are at Munnar, Wayanad, Wagamon, Peermade, Nelliampathi and Ponmudi.[393] Kerala's ecotourism destinations include 12 wildlife sanctuaries and two national parks: Periyar Tiger Reserve, Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary, and Eravikulam National Park are the most popular among them.[394] The "backwaters" are an extensive network of interlocking rivers (41 west-flowing rivers), lakes, and canals that center around Alleppey, Kumarakom and Punnamada (where the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race is held in August). Padmanabhapuram Palace and the Mattancherry Palace are two notable heritage sites. According to a survey conducted among foreign tourists, Elephants, fireworks display and huge crowd are the major attractions of Thrissur Pooram. Nemmara Vela is also famous for the fireworks.[395]
Major festivals and religious pilgrimage
- Sabarimala pilgrimage
- Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam
- Thrissur Pooram
- Maramon Convention
- Attukal Pongala
See also
Sportspersons Hyslop from Nicolet, usually spends time with pastimes for example martial arts, property developers condominium in singapore singapore and hot rods. Maintains a trip site and has lots to write about after touring Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana.
- Bibliography of India
- List of people from Kerala
- List of tallest buildings in Kerala
- Outline of Kerala
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
External links
Singapore has elevated a tax on foreign property buyers as part of new non permanent measures to chill its residential housing market which has seen continued strong demand regardless of previous efforts to curb prices.
This doc has been ready by All Property Solutions Singapore Pte Ltd. The information including all materials, estimates, calculations, opinions or suggestions contained in this doc have been provided in good faith and have been primarily based on info received from sources All Property Solutions Singapore Pte Ltd has accepted in good faith. No guarantee is made as to the accuracy or reliability of any info contained on this document and neither All Property Options Singapore Pte Ltd nor any individuals involved within the preparation of this doc settle for any form of legal responsibility for its content material.
Rare Industrial Development within Pandan Food Zone area up for sale A home mortgage or mortgage loan is a mortgage to purchase property and secured on the property that you purchase. A house loan is usually repayable in monthly instalments. Earlier than taking over a house mortgage, just remember to can afford the repayments. Do ask for a repayment schedule to help you estimate costs. Starting from March 2012, your bank also needs to give you a residential property mortgage fact sheet to help you perceive the terms of the mortgage. The Topiary EC @ Fernvale any unit in an authorised condominium improvement under the Planning Act; and Approval must be obtained from the Minister for Regulation to buy a restricted residential property. GETTING YOUR PROPERTY SOLD / LEASED? SLA website
Previous rounds of Government measures have had a moderating effect on residential property costs. There is additionally vital provide of housing that may come onto the market over the next two years. Nonetheless, prices in both the HDB resale market and personal residential property have continued to rise in Q2 and Q3 of 2012. Lease Property District 06 Hire Property District 07 Rent Property District 08 Hire Property District 09 Hire Property District 22 Lease Property District 26 Lease Property District 27 JLL appointed unique agent for the sale of 2, 4 and 6 Dunlop Avenue by Expression of Curiosity. Freehold improvement within the prestigious Ardmore Park / Claymore district with potential for en bloc sale Forestville EC @ Woodlands An EC with Iconic Skypark! Home Viewing
Mortgages might be obtained for buy of all freehold properties and some leasehold properties relying upon the utilization and the unexpired lease term. New leasehold residential properties which typically come with ninety nine years leasehold shouldn't be a problem. Banks could also be unwilling to provide loans for residential properties with lower than 60 years unexpired lease. Condominiums are a preferred choice with both expatriates and locals. The huge vary of amenities, from swimming pool and fitness center to round the clock security and scenic surroundings, provide for a snug lifestyle, especially for families. For a listing of condominiums, click on right here Sign an inventory listing of all of the items offered by the owner, together with their condition. Housing mortgage repayments
In case you're searching for a new launching property dwelling or selling one, now you can negotiate together with your property agent on the suitable fee. The Institute of Estate Brokers (IEA) will take away its guidelines on property brokers' commissions subsequent month, to fall according to the Competition Act. In line with latest official figures, there has additionally been little upward movement within the non-public property rental market. Rent House District 05 Rent Home District 06 Hire House District 07 Hire Home District 08 Rent House District 09 Hire House District 10 Lease Home District eleven Hire Home District 12 Hire Home District thirteen Hire House District 14 Hire Home District 15 Hire House District 16 Rent Home District 18 Lease Home District 20 Lease Home District 21 Rent Home District 22 Lease House District 23 Hire House District 24
Equally, jojoba oil is helpful for eradicating eye makeup like kohl, liner, mascara and eyeshadow. The most effective part is this oil does not cause any eye irritation. Since the eye area may be very sensitive, you just have to use the oil with nice care and be sure to do not rub it harshly. Simply, dip a cotton pad into the oil and apply instantly over the eyelashes. Within no time, you can see that it has removed all the make-up. Common software will make the lashes extra stunning.
- Template:Wikivoyage-inline
- 43 yr old Analyst Programmer Courtney from Strathroy, enjoys football, new launching property developers in singapore and compose music. that covered visiting Urnes Stave Church.
- Official entry portal of the Government of Kerala
- Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala
- Directorate of Census Operations of Kerala
- Online News Portal Published from Kerala
Template:Kerala Template:States and union territories of India
Template:Link GA Real Estate Agent Renaldo Lester from Saint-Jean-Chrysostome, has several hobbies which include leathercrafting, property developers in singapore apartment for sale, this contact form, and crochet. Loves to see new cities and places like Ruins of Loropéni.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-CII2011/cii-2011/Table%203.1.pdf
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ P. 204 Ancient Indian History By Madhavan Arjunan Pillai
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web(1st) The breakup shows 94.2 for males and 87.86 for females.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Tourism information on districts –Wayanad, official website of the Govt. of Kerala
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Striving for sustainability, environmental stress and democratic initiatives in Kerala, p. 79; ISBN 81-8069-294-9, Srikumar Chattopadhyay, Richard W. Franke; Year: 2006.
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Kerala." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 December 2011.
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534. See also [1] - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ According to Pliny the Elder, goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [2]
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ De Beth Hillel, David (1832). Travels (Madras publication).
- ↑ Lord, James Henry (1977). The Jews in India and the Far East; Greenwood Press Reprint; ISBN
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ * Bindu Malieckal (2005) Muslims, Matriliny, and A Midsummer Night's Dream: European Encounters with the Mappilas of Malabar, India; The Muslim World Volume 95 Issue 2
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 53.0 53.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 55.0 55.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Malayalam, R. E. Asher, T. C. Kumari, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02242-8, 1997
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 86.0 86.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Marine Fisheries Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Kerala
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 93.0 93.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite map
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Padmalal D, Maya K, Sreebha S & Sreeja R, 2007, Environmental effects of river sand mining: a case from the river catchments of Vembanad lake, Southwest coast of India, Environmental Geology 54(4), 879–889. springerlink.com. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 116.0 116.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 124.0 124.1 124.2 124.3 124.4 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 125.0 125.1 Template:Cite web Cite error: Invalid
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tag; name "autogenerated14" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 126.0 126.1 126.2 126.3 126.4 126.5 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ SengkangTemplate:Dead link - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 132.0 132.1 Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:GR
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Trade Associations in Kerala: Their functioning and implications, S. Muralidharan, Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, 2004
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 145.0 145.1 145.2 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 153.0 153.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 158.0 158.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 161.0 161.1 161.2 Template:Cite news
- ↑ 162.0 162.1 162.2 162.3 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ http://www.spb.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/er12/Chapter1/chapter01.html#Demography
- ↑ http://www.spb.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/er12/Chapter1/Appendix/Appendix1.9.pdf
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 170.0 170.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 171.0 171.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 172.0 172.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 183.0 183.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 190.0 190.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Kerala: Hartals Own Country? 6 July 2008
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 195.0 195.1 195.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 201.0 201.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 218.0 218.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ keralapwd.netTemplate:Dead link
- ↑ 222.0 222.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 241.0 241.1 241.2 [3]Template:Dead link
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 245.0 245.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; David de Beth Hillel, 1832; Lord, James Henry 1977.
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Menachery G; 1973, 1998; Mundalan, A. M; 1984; Podipara, Placid J. 1970; Leslie Brown, 1956
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 276.0 276.1 "Kerala." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 June 2008
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Brenda Maddox mentions in: Maddox, Brenda. "A Marxist Paradise For Women?" New Statesman. (London, England: 1996) 128 no4440 30 Jan. 14 1999.
- ↑ Antherjanam, Lalithambika. Cast Me Out If You Will. New York: The Feminist Press, 1997.
- ↑ Jeffrey, Robin. "Governments and Culture: How Women Made Kerala Literate." Pacific Affairs. Volume 60, Issue 3 (Autumn, 1987), 447-472.
- ↑ 281.0 281.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 291.0 291.1 291.2 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Angus Stewart, woodburn The Religious attitude: A psychological study of its differentiation, 1927
- ↑ 293.0 293.1 293.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 295.0 295.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 296.0 296.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 - ↑ 303.0 303.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 304.0 304.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 307.0 307.1 Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link
- ↑ Najith Kumar, K.K. George, "Kerala's education system: from inclusion to exclusion", Economic and Political Weekly, 10 October 2009, VOL XLIV, NO 41, page 55
- ↑ Najith Kumar, K.K. George, "Kerala's education system: from inclusion to exclusion", Economic and Political Weekly, 10 October 2009, VOL XLIV, NO 41, page 56
- ↑ 310.0 310.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 311.0 311.1 Template:Cite news
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 316.0 316.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 320.0 320.1 320.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 364.0 364.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 366.0 366.1 366.2 366.3 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ AIFF Award Player of the Year – All India Football Federation
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 378.0 378.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ http://www.keralatourism.org/destination-wise-foreign-2010.pdf
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 386.0 386.1 Template:Cite news
- ↑ Template:Cite news
- ↑ 388.0 388.1 388.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 390.0 390.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ Template:Cite news