Gentzen's consistency proof

In mathematics, in the area of complex analysis, Nachbin's theorem (named after Leopoldo Nachbin) is commonly used to establish a bound on the growth rates for an analytic function. This article will provide a brief review of growth rates, including the idea of a function of exponential type. Classification of growth rates based on type help provide a finer tool than big O or Landau notation, since a number of theorems about the analytic structure of the bounded function and its integral transforms can be stated. In particular, Nachbin's theorem may be used to give the domain of convergence of the generalized Borel transform, given below.

Exponential type

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. A function f(z) defined on the complex plane is said to be of exponential type if there exist constants M and τ such that

$|f(r{e}^{i\theta })|\le M{e}^{\tau r}$

in the limit of $r\to \mathrm{\infty }$. Here, the complex variable z was written as $z=r{e}^{i\theta }$ to emphasize that the limit must hold in all directions θ. Letting τ stand for the infimum of all such τ, one then says that the function f is of exponential type τ.

For example, let $f(z)=\sin (\pi z)$. Then one says that $\sin (\pi z)$ is of exponential type π, since π is the smallest number that bounds the growth of $\sin (\pi z)$ along the imaginary axis. So, for this example, Carlson's theorem cannot apply, as it requires functions of exponential type less than π.

Ψ type

Bounding may be defined for other functions besides the exponential function. In general, a function $\mathrm{\Psi }(t)$ is a comparison function if it has a series

$\mathrm{\Psi }(t)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n{t}^n$

with ${\mathrm{\Psi }}_n>0$ for all n, and

$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }\frac{{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{n+1}}{{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n}=0.$

Note that comparison functions are necessarily entire, which follows from the ratio test. If $\mathrm{\Psi }(t)$ is such a comparison function, one then says that f is of Ψ-type if there exist constants M and τ such that

$\left|f\left(r{e}^{i\theta }\right)\right|\le M\mathrm{\Psi }(\tau r)$

as $r\to \mathrm{\infty }$. If τ is the infimum of all such τ one says that f is of Ψ-type τ.

Nachbin's theorem

Nachbin's theorem states that a function f(z) with the series

$f(z)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{f}_n{z}^n$

is of Ψ-type τ if and only if

${\mathrm{lim\; sup}}_{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\left|\frac{f_n}{{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n}\right|}^{1/n}=\tau .$

Borel transform

Nachbin's theorem has immediate applications in Cauchy theorem-like situations, and for integral transforms. For example, the generalized Borel transform is given by

$F(w)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{f_n}{{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n{w}^{n+1}}.$

If f is of Ψ-type τ, then the exterior of the domain of convergence of $F(w)$, and all of its singular points, are contained within the disk

$\left|w\right|\le \tau .$

Furthermore, one has

$f(z)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}{\oint }_{\gamma }\mathrm{\Psi }(zw)F(w)dw$

where the contour of integration γ encircles the disk $\left|w\right|\le \tau$. This generalizes the usual Borel transform for exponential type, where $\mathrm{\Psi }(t)=e^t$. The integral form for the generalized Borel transform follows as well. Let $\alpha (t)$ be a function whose first derivative is bounded on the interval $[0,\mathrm{\infty })$, so that

$\frac{1}{{\mathrm{\Psi }}_n}=\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}{t}^{n}d\alpha (t)$

where $d\alpha (t)={\alpha }^{\prime }(t)dt$. Then the integral form of the generalized Borel transform is

$F(w)=\frac{1}{w}\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}f\left(\frac{t}{w}\right)d\alpha (t).$

The ordinary Borel transform is regained by setting $\alpha (t)=e^{-t}$. Note that the integral form of the Borel transform is just the Laplace transform.

Nachbin resummation

Nachbin resummation (generalized Borel transform) can be used to sum divergent series that escape to the usual Borel resummation or even to solve (asymptotically) integral equations of the form:

$g(s)=s\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}K(st)f(t)dt$

where f(t) may or may not be of exponential growth and the kernel K(u) has a Mellin transform. The solution, pointed out by L. Nachbin himself, can be obtained as $f(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{a_n}{M(n+1)}{x}^n$ with $g(s)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_n{s}^{-n}$ and M(n) is the Mellin transform of K(u). an example of this is the Gram series $\pi (x)\approx \sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{{\log }^n(x)}{n\cdot n!\zeta (n+1)}$

Fréchet space

Collections of functions of exponential type $\tau$ can form a complete uniform space, namely a Fréchet space, by the topology induced by the countable family of norms

$\Vert f{\Vert }_n={\sup }_{z\in \mathbb{ℂ}}\exp [-(\tau +\frac{1}{n})|z\left|\right]|f(z)|$

See also

• Divergent series
• Borel summation
• Euler summation
• Cesàro summation
• Lambert summation
• Nachbin resummation
• Phragmén–Lindelöf principle
• Abelian and tauberian theorems
• Van Wijngaarden transformation

References

• L. Nachbin, "An extension of the notion of integral functions of the finite exponential type", Anais Acad. Brasil. Ciencias. 16 (1944) 143–147.
• Ralph P. Boas, Jr. and R. Creighton Buck, Polynomial Expansions of Analytic Functions (Second Printing Corrected), (1964) Academic Press Inc., Publishers New York, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Library of Congress Card Number 63-23263. (Provides a statement and proof of Nachbin's theorem, as well as a general review of this topic.)
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• Other Sports Official Kull from Drumheller, has hobbies such as telescopes, property developers in singapore and crocheting. Identified some interesting places having spent 4 months at Saloum Delta.
  
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• Garcia J. Borel Resummation & the Solution of Integral Equations Prespacetime Journal nº 4 Vol 4. 2013 http://prespacetime.com/index.php/pst/issue/view/42/showToc